Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro

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Jair Bolsonaro
Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro
1 January 2019 – present
CabinetSee list
PartyNo party[1]
Election2018
SeatPalácio da Alvorada
Presidential Standard of Brazil.svg

Standard of the President
Official website

The presidency of Jair Bolsonaro started on 1 January 2019.[2] He was elected the 38th president of Brazil on 28 October 2018 by obtaining 55.1% of the valid votes in the 2018 Brazilian general election, defeating Fernando Haddad.[3]

Background[]

Main articles: 2018 Jair Bolsonaro presidential campaign and 2014 Brazilian economic crisis
The president-elect Bolsonaro meets president Michel Temer
Then President-elect Bolsonaro attending the congressional celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Constitution in 2018

Bolsonaro, at the time of his election, was a 27-year member of Congress; his victory has been credited to voter anger at the political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession, and a surge in violent crime.[4] According to sociologist Clara Araújo, “the dissatisfaction over the economic crisis, it seems to me, was channeled along with a discourse about conservative morals”.[5] The economy of Brazil was recovering from crisis, with an unemployment rate of 12 percent at the time of the election, double that of five years prior. The crisis was caused by, among other factors, weak commodity prices; events revealed underlying weaknesses in the economy, which include poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption.[6]

Cabinet and appointments[]

Main article: Bolsonaro administration cabinet members

On 11 October 2018, days before his election victory, Bolsonaro had already announced DEM congressman Onyx Lorenzoni as the future Chief of Staff in his cabinet.[7] On 31 October, President-elect Bolsonaro announced astronaut Marcos Pontes as the future Minister of Science and Technology; as of that date, he had already confirmed two other ministerial nominations: Paulo Guedes as Economy minister, and Augusto Heleno as Defense minister.[8] However, on 7 November, Augusto Heleno was appointed to the Institutional Security Office of Brazil.[9] On the first day of November, Bolsonaro confirmed that anti-graft judge Sérgio Moro had accepted his invitation to serve as Justice minister. The decision drew backlash from the international press because Moro had convicted Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Bolsonaro's chief political rival in the election, for money laundering and corruption.[10][11]

On 11 November 2018, O Estado de S. Paulo released a story stating that Bolsonaro's team has chosen World Bank director and former Finance minister Joaquim Levy to head the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES).[12] A report was later issued by Folha de S. Paulo that Bolsonaro has yet to confirm the nomination of Levy to the post.[13] A press release from Paulo Guedes's team, released the next day, confirmed Levy's appointment.[14] On 15 November 2018, economist Roberto Campos Neto was named as the future Central Bank governor.[15]

In December 2018 the final composition has emerged after weeks of announcements and appointments. The cabinet will include 22 personnel, of which 16 are ministers, two are cabinet-level positions and four are secretaries directly linked to the presidency.[16] The 22 figure is down from 29 in the outgoing administration. Seven of the ministers will be military men, eight have technocrat profiles, and seven are politicians. Hindustan Times commented that "there are just two women in Bolsonaro’s government, which is double the number in the outgoing lineup under President Michel Temer", and that "there are no blacks, despite half of Brazil’s population being at least partly descended from Africans.[17]

Alvim's 16 January speech

On November 7, 2019, Roberto Alvim was nominated Special Secretary for Culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism,[18] only to be fired on January 17, 2020 after appearing to quote a speech by German Nazi politician Joseph Goebbels in a government-sanctioned video.[19][20]

The Bolsonaro cabinet on Inauguration Day, 1 January 2019

On 18 June 2020, Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub stepped back.[21]

Domestic policy[]

See also: 2021 Brazilian Military crisis
Logo of the Bolsonaro administration. "Beloved homeland, Brazil".

In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.[22]

Taxes[]

On several occasions, the Bolsonaro Government zeroed the import tax rate on products such as capital goods, computer or telecommunications goods, which did not have production in Brazil and which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in sectors such as the hospital, industrial and agricultural.[23][24][25]

Energy[]

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[26] In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[26]

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.[27] n 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).[28] As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.[29][30][31] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[28]

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.[32] In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.[33]

Infrastructure[]

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government is to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed, many even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.[34] Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,[35] of the BR-101 in the Northeast,[36] of BR-116 in Bahia,[37] of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,[38] duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,[39] from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,[40] of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,[41] construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay),[42] bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,[43] completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,[44] inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,[45] paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222[46] and the BR-235,[47] in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná [48] and President Dutra Highway,[49] among others. During Bolsonaro government, there has also been a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the Government, for example, inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,[50] start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,[51] in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,[52] among others.

Agriculture[]

In 2019, a trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union, which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected.[53] However, since then, France, which is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement,[54] through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions.[55]

Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture has been breaking successive production records. It is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons).[56] In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$871.3 billion.[57]

Crime[]

Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as a result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average.[58][59][60]

Gun policy[]

President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on 15 January 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace, extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own a firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years.[61]

Education[]

The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed, the country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate, the MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities.[62][63]

The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018, the best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place.[64] By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking.[65]

In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities.[66] President Bolsonaro has supported the Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties.[66] Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro.[67]

Domestic policy[]

See also: 2021 Brazilian Military crisis
Logo of the Bolsonaro administration. "Beloved homeland, Brazil".

In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.[68]

Taxes[]

On several occasions, the Bolsonaro Government zeroed the import tax rate on products such as capital goods, computer or telecommunications goods, which did not have production in Brazil and which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in sectors such as the hospital, industrial and agricultural.[69][70][71]

Energy[]

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[26] In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[26]

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.[72] n 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).[28] As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.[73][74][75] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[28]

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.[76] In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.[77]

Infrastructure[]

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government is to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed, many even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.[78] Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,[79] of the BR-101 in the Northeast,[80] of BR-116 in Bahia,[81] of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,[82] duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,[83] from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,[84] of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,[85] construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay),[86] bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,[87] completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,[88] inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,[89] paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222[90] and the BR-235,[91] in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná [92] and President Dutra Highway,[93] among others. During Bolsonaro government, there has also been a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the Government, for example, inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,[94] start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,[95] in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,[96] among others.

Defense[]

In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of the Defense area, and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that the country "needs to have the least deterrent power".[97][98]

Election fraud claims[]

After Biden won the 2020 US presidential election, Bolsonaro was quick to make unsubstantiated allegations, along with Trump, that there was a possibility of fraud in the election.[99][100] In an interview, he said he would wait to officially recognise Biden as president.[101]

In January 2021, Bolsonaro said the Brazilian electronic voting system could fall victim to the same fate as that of the United States.[102] He added that lack of confidence in the vote was to blame for the storming of the U.S. Capitol building, and that Brazil should return to printed ballots to avoid fraud.[99]

Bolsonaro has claimed without evidence that the Brazilian electronic voting system is "riddled with fraud".[103] Brazil's electoral authorities and Supreme Court have ordered an investigation into his campaign against the voting system.[104][105] In response he claimed that the country was "under attack" and that he refused to be intimidated by the investigation.[105][106] He also said there would be no election in 2022 unless the system was overhauled; these claims gave rise to thousands of protesters filling the streets to support the overhaul of the electronic voting system.[107] Top judges across the country have rejected Bolsonaro's claims, stating that the system has been free of fraud since its introduction in 1996.[106] Bolsonaro's critics have accused him of trying to stir distrust in the people of Brazil ahead of the 2022 election.[108]

Foreign policy[]

Bolsonaro with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House, Washington, 19 March 2019

Foreign Affairs minister Ernesto Araújo had outlined five measures for the first 100 days of the Bolsonaro administration. The first two were official state visits of President Bolsonaro to the United States and Israel; the third was revising Mercosur policies; the fourth was restoring the coat of arms to the cover of the Brazilian passport; and the fifth was ending visa requirements for U.S. and Canadian citizens.[109]

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.[110] In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil,”[111][112][113][114] although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.[115] Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.[116] His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some as an attempt to curry favor the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US.[117] Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president will be to Israel.[118] Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists."[118] The announcement was warmly received by the Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,[119] but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.[120]"I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.[121]

Argentine President Mauricio Macri with Bolsonaro, 16 January 2019

Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader to be received by Bolsonaro on a state visit to Brasília since he assumed the Brazilian presidency.[122] Bolsonaro praised Macri for ending the 12-years rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans of leaving the Mercosur, he criticized that it gave priority to ideological issues instead of economic ones.[123] A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.[124][125]

Bolsonaro has also praised U.S. President Donald Trump and his foreign policy.[110] Bolsonaro's son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.[126] Bolsonaro is widely considered to be the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members have said that if elected, he will dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil. During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.[127] U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a 'like-minded' partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.[128]

On 7 March 2020, Bolsonaro was hosted by the U.S. President Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago for a working dinner, where the two leaders discussed the U.S.-led effort to oust Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, a future trade deal and peace for the Middle East, also Trump reaffirmed his interest in upgrading the American military alliance with Brazil, suggesting give to the country a full NATO membership, as part of an effort to fortify the Western Hemisphere against Russian and Chinese influence.[129][130]

Bolsonaro with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Tel Aviv, 31 March 2019

Bolsonaro praised Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil ... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."[124] Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.[131]

With the intention of the U.S. President Donald Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".[132][133][134][135] After protests for over his use of "homophobic, racist and misogynist remarks", a ceremony hosted by Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce and set to award United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Bolsonaro with person of the year awards for "fostering closer commercial and diplomatic ties between Brazil and the United States" was cancelled.[136]

Bolsonaro with UN Secretary-General António Guterres in September 2019

On 25 January 2020, on his first state visit to India, Bolsonaro said that Brazil will continue to demand a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and that will remain a priority on his government. Together with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, he said that "Brazil and India are two great countries, among the ten largest economies in the world, that together have 1.5 billion inhabitants, are democratic countries. We believe that it will be good for the world if Brazil and India join this group".[137] As the head of the state, he became the chief guest at the Delhi Republic Day parade on 26 January 2020.[138]

On 20 January 2021, in a letter to the new U.S. President, Joe Biden, Bolsonaro wrote that he would work to strengthen ties between Brazil and the U.S. in the areas of economy, environment, defense, technology, both bilaterally and in international institutions in order to strengthen stability and security in the hemisphere and around the world.[139] Biden welcomed Bolsonaro's words and the opportunity for the countries to join efforts, saying, "there are no limits to what Brazil and the U.S. can achieve together" and stressing that his administration was "ready to work closely with the Brazilian government in this new chapter of the bilateral relationship".[140]

On 6 April 2021, Bolsonaro discussed with the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, the creation of a consortium between Brazil and Russia for the mass production of the COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, in Brazilian territory, in addition to cooperation in trade, defense, science and technology.[141][142] During the administration of the U.S. President Donald Trump, the U.S. pushed Brazil to reject Sputnik V.[143] According to The Economist magazine, Bolsonaro’s policies are the main reason the EU has not ratified a trade deal with Mercosur.[144]

On 15 June 2021, Brazil joined NASA's Artemis Space Program.[145] Bolsonaro joined U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and NASA Administrator Bill Nelson to announce that Brazil is "committed to working with the United States and international partners for the fair and peaceful exploration of deep space".[146]

Immigration[]

Bolsonaro speaking to the United Nations General Assembly in September 2019

On 8 January 2019, Minister of Foreign Affairs Ernesto Araújo asked diplomats to inform the UN that Brazil had withdrawn from the Global Compact for Migration.[citation needed]

Venezuela[]

The Bolsonaro administration declared on 12 January 2019 that it recognizes Juan Guaidó, the acting president of Venezuela appointed by the National Assembly, as the legitimate president of Venezuela amidst the Venezuelan presidential crisis.[147]

Free trade[]

Bolsonaro supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.[148]

Agriculture[]

In 2019, a trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union, which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected.[149] However, since then, France, which is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement,[150] through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions.[151]

Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture has been breaking successive production records. It is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons).[152] In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$871.3 billion.[153]

Crime[]

Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as a result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average.[154][155][156]

Gun policy[]

President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on 15 January 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace, extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own a firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years.[157]

Education[]

The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed, the country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate, the MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities.[158][159]

The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018, the best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place.[160] By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking.[161]

In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities.[66] President Bolsonaro has supported the Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties.[66] Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro.[67]

Domestic policy[]

See also: 2021 Brazilian Military crisis
Logo of the Bolsonaro administration. "Beloved homeland, Brazil".

In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.[162]

Taxes[]

On several occasions, the Bolsonaro Government zeroed the import tax rate on products such as capital goods, computer or telecommunications goods, which did not have production in Brazil and which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in sectors such as the hospital, industrial and agricultural.[163][164][165]

Energy[]

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[26] In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[26]

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.[166] n 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).[28] As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.[167][168][169] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[28]

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.[170] In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.[171]

Infrastructure[]

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government is to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed, many even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.[172] Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,[173] of the BR-101 in the Northeast,[174] of BR-116 in Bahia,[175] of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,[176] duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,[177] from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,[178] of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,[179] construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay),[180] bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,[181] completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,[182] inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,[183] paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222[184] and the BR-235,[185] in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná [186] and President Dutra Highway,[187] among others. During Bolsonaro government, there has also been a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the Government, for example, inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,[188] start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,[189] in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,[190] among others.

Defense[]

In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of the Defense area, and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that the country "needs to have the least deterrent power".[191][192]

Agriculture[]

In 2019, a trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union, which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected.[193] However, since then, France, which is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement,[194] through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions.[195]

Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture has been breaking successive production records. It is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons).[196] In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$871.3 billion.[197]

Crime[]

Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as a result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average.[198][199][200]

Gun policy[]

President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on 15 January 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace, extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own a firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years.[201]

Education[]

The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed, the country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate, the MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities.[202][203]

The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018, the best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place.[204] By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking.[205]

In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities.[66] President Bolsonaro has supported the Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties.[66] Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro.[67]

Domestic policy[]

See also: 2021 Brazilian Military crisis
Logo of the Bolsonaro administration. "Beloved homeland, Brazil".

In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.[206]

Taxes[]

On several occasions, the Bolsonaro Government zeroed the import tax rate on products such as capital goods, computer or telecommunications goods, which did not have production in Brazil and which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in sectors such as the hospital, industrial and agricultural.[207][208][209]

Energy[]

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[26] In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[26]

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.[210] n 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).[28] As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.[211][212][213] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[28]

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.[214] In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.[215]

Infrastructure[]

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government is to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed, many even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.[216] Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,[217] of the BR-101 in the Northeast,[218] of BR-116 in Bahia,[219] of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,[220] duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,[221] from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,[222] of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,[223] construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay),[224] bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,[225] completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,[226] inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,[227] paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222[228] and the BR-235,[229] in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná [230] and President Dutra Highway,[231] among others. During Bolsonaro government, there has also been a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the Government, for example, inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,[232] start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,[233] in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,[234] among others.

Defense[]

In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of the Defense area, and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that the country "needs to have the least deterrent power".[235][236]

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  168. ^ "Invest in Brazil". CAPITAL INVEST: Top M&A Financial Advisors in Brazil (Sao Paulo). 23 August 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  169. ^ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Abril/2021" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS. 3 May 2021. pp. 6, 13. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  170. ^ "Bolsonaro defends agreement with Congress to veto taxes on solar energy". G1 (in Portuguese). 31 March 2021.
  171. ^ "Government resets import tax on solar energy equipment". Government of Brazil (in Portuguese). 31 March 2021.
  172. ^ Retomar obras destrava até R$ 144 bilhões
  173. ^ Obras avançam no Rio Grande do Sul com a duplicação da BR-116
  174. ^ Governo conclui 90% das obras de duplicação do lote 1 na BR-101/SE
  175. ^ Governo entrega duplicação da BR-116 Bahia
  176. ^ DNIT segue com a construção de três viadutos na BR-163/364, em Cuiabá
  177. ^ DNIT finaliza o ano com mais de 163 quilômetros de pista recuperada em Santa Catarina
  178. ^ DNIT advances in the duplication works of the BR-280 in Santa Catarina
  179. ^ Obras de duplicação na BR-381 são destaque em Minas Gerais em 2020
  180. ^ Segunda ponte sobre o Rio Paraná
  181. ^ Publicado Edital para construção da ponte sobre o Rio Paraguai entre Porto Murtinho e Carmelo Peralta
  182. ^ Trecho da BR-163 foi asfaltado no governo Bolsonaro, como afirma post
  183. ^ Ponte do Rio Madeira deve ser inaugurada em abril
  184. ^ BR-222, no Piauí, ganha mais 47 quilômetros de pavimentação asfáltica
  185. ^ BR-235 ganha 77 quilômetros de pista pavimentada em Jeremoabo (BA)
  186. ^ Projeto que prevê concessão de rodovias e redução de tarifas de pedágios no Paraná é aprovado e será debatido a partir de fevereiro
  187. ^ Contrato de concessão da Dutra é prorrogado por mais um ano; ANTT aprova redução no pedágio
  188. ^ Bolsonaro participa de inauguração de trecho da Ferrovia Norte-Sul
  189. ^ Governo firma acordo com Exército para construção de ferrovia na Bahia
  190. ^ Estudos para implantação de ferrovia contarão com apoio de universidade do Pará
  191. ^ "Bolsonaro: Brasil precisa de armamentos, meios de se defender". Metrópole (in Portuguese). 26 October 2019.
  192. ^ "Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixou de se armar por ideologia". Folha de São Paulo (in Portuguese). 26 October 2019.
  193. ^ Mercosur-EU Agreement vai benefit the fruit-growing sector, says Bolsonaro
  194. ^ Bolsonaro: ‘Grande problema para avançar no acordo Mercosul-UE é a França’
  195. ^ Acordo entre Mercosul e UE: Macron exige nova política ambiental de Bolsonaro
  196. ^ Safra 2021 deve superar recorde do ano passado
  197. ^ Faturamento da agropecuária tem recorde de R$ 871,3 bilhões em 2020; governo vê alta de 10% para este ano
  198. ^ "Brasil registra queda de 25% nos assassinatos nos primeiros três dois do ano". G1. 18 April 2019.
  199. ^ "Bolsonaro volta a comemorar queda nos índices de criminalidade". Istoé. 14 October 2019.
  200. ^ "Crimes continuam em queda com Jair Bolsonaro e Moro". Pleno News. 13 November 2019.
  201. ^ "Bolsonaro assina decreto que facilita posse de armas". G1.
  202. ^ Brasil cai em ranking mundial de ciências e matemática e empaca em leitura
  203. ^ Pisa 2018 revela baixo desempenho escolar em leitura, matemática e ciências no Brasil
  204. ^ In the world ranking of universities, the best Brazilian is not even in 250th place
  205. ^ As melhores universidades do mundo, segundo o ranking do THE
  206. ^ "Todas as medidas tomadas pelo governo Bolsonaro até agora". VEJA.com.
  207. ^ Governo Federal zera o imposto de importação de mais de 530 produtos
  208. ^ Brasil zera imposto de importação para bens de informática e de telecomunicações
  209. ^ Governo zera imposto de importação de quase 500 produtos para atrair investimentos
  210. ^ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS. 3 May 2021. pp. 6, 14. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  211. ^ "Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? - Sharenergy". Sharenergy (in Portuguese). 3 February 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  212. ^ "Invest in Brazil". CAPITAL INVEST: Top M&A Financial Advisors in Brazil (Sao Paulo). 23 August 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  213. ^ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Abril/2021" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS. 3 May 2021. pp. 6, 13. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  214. ^ "Bolsonaro defends agreement with Congress to veto taxes on solar energy". G1 (in Portuguese). 31 March 2021.
  215. ^ "Government resets import tax on solar energy equipment". Government of Brazil (in Portuguese). 31 March 2021.
  216. ^ Retomar obras destrava até R$ 144 bilhões
  217. ^ Obras avançam no Rio Grande do Sul com a duplicação da BR-116
  218. ^ Governo conclui 90% das obras de duplicação do lote 1 na BR-101/SE
  219. ^ Governo entrega duplicação da BR-116 Bahia
  220. ^ DNIT segue com a construção de três viadutos na BR-163/364, em Cuiabá
  221. ^ DNIT finaliza o ano com mais de 163 quilômetros de pista recuperada em Santa Catarina
  222. ^ DNIT advances in the duplication works of the BR-280 in Santa Catarina
  223. ^ Obras de duplicação na BR-381 são destaque em Minas Gerais em 2020
  224. ^ Segunda ponte sobre o Rio Paraná
  225. ^ Publicado Edital para construção da ponte sobre o Rio Paraguai entre Porto Murtinho e Carmelo Peralta
  226. ^ Trecho da BR-163 foi asfaltado no governo Bolsonaro, como afirma post
  227. ^ Ponte do Rio Madeira deve ser inaugurada em abril
  228. ^ BR-222, no Piauí, ganha mais 47 quilômetros de pavimentação asfáltica
  229. ^ BR-235 ganha 77 quilômetros de pista pavimentada em Jeremoabo (BA)
  230. ^ Projeto que prevê concessão de rodovias e redução de tarifas de pedágios no Paraná é aprovado e será debatido a partir de fevereiro
  231. ^ Contrato de concessão da Dutra é prorrogado por mais um ano; ANTT aprova redução no pedágio
  232. ^ Bolsonaro participa de inauguração de trecho da Ferrovia Norte-Sul
  233. ^ Governo firma acordo com Exército para construção de ferrovia na Bahia
  234. ^ Estudos para implantação de ferrovia contarão com apoio de universidade do Pará
  235. ^ "Bolsonaro: Brasil precisa de armamentos, meios de se defender". Metrópole (in Portuguese). 26 October 2019.
  236. ^ "Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixou de se armar por ideologia". Folha de São Paulo (in Portuguese). 26 October 2019.
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