Pyongyang Metro

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Pyongyang Metro
A blue circle with red lettering inside it; underneath the circle is a red V
Pyongyang subway train.jpg
Type D (Puhung Station)
Overview
Native name평양 지하철도
P'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏlto
Locale North Korea, Pyongyang
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines2[1]
Line numberChollima Line
Hyoksin Line
Number of stations16 (Chollima Line : 8, Hyoksin Line : 8)[1]
Daily ridership400,000 (Weekdays)
700,000 (Holidays)
(July 2019)[1]
HeadquartersPyongyang Metro,
City Metro Unit,
Railway Section,
Transport and Communication Commission,
Pyongyang,
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Operation
Began operationSeptember 1973; 47 years ago (1973-09)[2]
Operator(s)Pyongyang Metro Administration Bureau[1][2]
CharacterUnderground railway
Number of vehicles220 (Type D : 216,[3] Type 1 : 4[4])
Technical
System length22.5 km (14.0 mi)[1][2]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Top speed70 km/h (43 mph) (Type D)
hideRoute Map of Pyongyang Metro

P'yongyang Metro.png

Pyongyang Metro
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationPyeongyang Jihacheoldo
McCune–ReischauerP'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏldo

The Pyongyang Metro (Korean: 평양 지하철도; MR: P'yŏngyang Chihach'ŏlto) is the rapid transit system in the North Korean capital Pyongyang. It consists of two lines: the Chollima Line, which runs north from Puhŭng Station on the banks of the Taedong River to Pulgŭnbyŏl Station, and the Hyŏksin Line, which runs from Kwangbok Station in the southwest to Ragwŏn Station in the northeast. The two lines intersect at Chŏnu Station.

Daily ridership is estimated to be between 300,000 and 700,000.[5][6] Structural engineering of the Metro was completed by North Korea, with rolling stock and related electronic equipment imported from China.[7][8][9] This was later replaced with rolling stock acquired from Germany.[10]

The Pyongyang Metro has a museum devoted to its construction and history.

Construction[]

Construction of the metro network started in 1965, and stations were opened between 1969 and 1972 by president Kim Il-sung.[11] Most of the 16 public stations were built in the 1970s, except for the two most grandiose stations—Puhŭng and Yŏnggwang, which were constructed in 1987. According to NK News sources, construction accidents in the 1970s may have killed dozens of workers.[12]

China had provided technical aid for the metro's construction, sending experts to install equipment made in China, including electrical equipment made in Xiangtan, Hunan[13] and the escalator with vertical height of 64 m made in Shanghai.[14][15]

Pyongyang Metro is among the deepest metros in the world, with the track at over 110 metres (360 ft) deep underground; the metro does not have any above-ground track segments or stations. Due to the depth of the metro and the lack of outside segments, its stations can double as bomb shelters, with blast doors in place at hallways.[16][17] It takes three and a half minutes from the ground to the platform by escalator. The metro is so deep that the temperature of the platform maintains a constant 18 °C (64 °F) all year.[18] The Saint Petersburg Metro also claims to be the deepest, based on the average depth of all its stations. The Arsenalna station on Kyiv Metro's Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line is currently the deepest station in the world at 105.5 metres (346 ft).[19] The Porta Alpina railway station, located above the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, was supposed to be 800 m (2,600 ft) underground, but the project was indefinitely shelved in 2012.[20]

The system was initially electrified at 825 Volts, but lowered down to 750 Volts to support operation of the Class GI sets.[21]

In 2012, Korean Central Television released renders of a new station bearing the name Mangyongdae displayed at the Pyongyang Architectural Festival.[22]

In 2018, commercial satellite imagery revealed possible extensions to the metro system, with activity showing three possible new underground facilities being constructed to the west of Kwangbok Station. NK News sources speculated an absence of announcements from state media was due to funding issues, as well as due to the 1970s tunneling accidents.[12]

In 2019, Kaeson station and Tongil Station were modernised,[23] adding TVs that show the next service and brighter lighting. This was followed by Jonu station and Chonsung station in 2020.[24] The TVs can also display a digital version of the Rodong Sinmun.

At the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, it was announced to push forward on the updating and renovation of the Pyongyang Metro, along with the production of new-type subway trains.[25]

Operation[]

The Pyongyang Metro was designed to operate every few minutes. During rush hour, the trains can operate at a minimum interval of two minutes. The trains have the ability to play music and other recordings.[26] In actual service, they run at every 3 minutes in rush hour and every 5 minutes throughout the day.[27]

The Pyongyang Metro is the cheapest in the world to ride, at only five North Korean won (worth half of a US cent) per ticket.[28] Instead of paper tickets, the Metro previously used an aluminium token, with the emblem of the Metro minted on it and the Korean "지". It has used a paper ticket system, with "지" printed with blue ink on it.[27] Tickets are bought at station booths. Nowadays, the network uses contactless cards that feature the logo of the network and a train set on the front, with the terms and conditions on the other side. Gates display the number of trips remaining on the card, with a trip being a tap on entry and exit.[27] Smoking and eating inside the Metro system is prohibited and is punishable by a large fine.

Network[]

The Pyongyang Metro network consists of two lines:

  •   Chollima Line, named after a winged horse from ancient Korean mythology. It spans about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). Construction started in 1968, and the line opened on September 6, 1973. The Mangyongdae Line forms part of the Chollima Line. The total route contains the Puhung, Yonggwang, Ponghwa, Sŭngni, Tongil, Kaeson, Jonu, and Pulgunbyol stations.
  •   Hyŏksin Line, which literally means renewal, spans about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Regular service started on October 9, 1975. The route contains the Kwangbok, Konguk, Hwanggumbol, Konsol, Hyoksin, Jonsung, Samhung, and Rakwon stations. The closed Kwangmyong station is located between the Samhung and Rakwon stations.

The two lines have a linking track, located somewhere near Jonsung station.[29]

Unlike most railway systems, the majority of the stations' names do not refer to their respective locations; instead, stations take their names from themes and characteristics reflecting . A notable exception, Kaesŏn Station ("Triumph station"), is located at the Arch of Triumph.

The network runs entirely underground. The design of the network was based on metro networks in other communist countries, in particular the Moscow Metro.[30] Both networks share many characteristics, such as the great depth of the lines (over 100 metres (330 ft)) and the large distances between stations. Another common feature is the Socialist realist art on display in the stations - such as murals and statues.[31] Staff of the Metro have a military-style uniform that is specific to these workers. Each Metro station has a free toilet for use by patrons. Stations also play state radio-broadcasts and have a display of the Rodong Sinmun newspaper.

In times of war, the metro stations can serve as bomb shelters.[32] For this purpose the stations are fitted with large steel doors.[33] Some sources claim that large military installations are connected to the stations,[34] and also that there exist secret lines solely for government use.[5][35]

One station, Kwangmyŏng, has been closed since 1995 due to the mausoleum of Kim Il-sung being located at that station. Trains do not stop at that station.

The map of the Hyŏksin line shows two additional stations after Kwangbok: (영웅) and (칠골), both of them reportedly under development. The map of the Chollima Line, on the other hand, shows four additional stations, two at each end of the line— (련못), (서포), (청춘) and (만경대)—also planned or under development. However, the most recent maps omit these stations.[27]

In addition to the main system for passenger use, there is reportedly an extra system for government use, similar to Moscow's Metro-2. The secret Pyongyang system supposedly connects important government locations.[36] There is also reportedly a massive underground plaza for mobilization, as well as an underground road connecting two metro stations.[37]

Rolling stock[]

VOA report showing a ride on the former West German U-Bahn cars in 2013

When operations on the Metro started in the 1970s, newly built DK4 passenger cars were used, made for North Korea by the Chinese firm Changchun Railway Vehicles. A prototype train of DK4 cars was constructed in 1971 and the first 15 cars were sent to Pyongyang on July 30, 1973. 112 cars had been provided to North Korea by September 1978,[15] but eventually 345 cars were acquired.[38]

In 1974, Kim Jong-il rode a Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works built metro set named 'Autonomy', but is no longer in service and said to be stored in the Pyongyang Metro museum.[39]

Some of the Chinese-made rolling stock was later sold back to China for use on the Beijing Subway, where it was used in three-car sets on line 13. It has since been replaced by newer DKZ5 and DKZ6 trainsets, and it is not known if the DK4 units were returned to Pyongyang. Other sets have been observed operating near the Sinuiju area.[21]

North Koreans riding the Pyongyang Metro in 2012. The portraits above the door are of former leaders Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il.

Since 1997, the Pyongyang Metro has used former German rolling stock from the Berlin U-Bahn.[40] The North Korean government supposedly bought more than twice the number of trainsets required for daily use, prompting speculation that the Metro might contain hidden lines and/or stations that are not open to the public.[36] There are likely three different types of rolling stock in operation:

  • Underground Electric Vehicle Type 1, 4 cars built 2015.[41]
  • D ("Dora"), former West Berlin stock, 126 cars built between 1957 and 1965.[42]
  • DK4, built by CNR Changchun Railway Vehicles. Although only photographed in service up to 2007, one four-car train unit remained in the metro's fleet as a vintage train for special occasions.

The trainsets were given a new red and cream livery in Pyongyang.[40] All advertising was removed and replaced by portraits of leaders, Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. In 2000, a BBC reporter saw "old East German trains complete with their original German graffiti".[10] According to Koryo Tours, they are actually from West Germany.[40] After about 2006, Type D cars were mainly used. The Class GI rolling stock was withdrawn from Metro service in 2001, and those cars are now operating on the railway network around Pyongyang and northern regions as commuter trains.[43][44] One Type D metro car appears to have been converted into a departmental vehicle, with a subsequently installed second driver's cab at the car's back next to the inter carriage door. The metro car is painted in yellow with red warning trims.[45]

In 2015, Kim Jong-un rode a newly manufactured four car train set which was reported to have been developed and built at Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works in North Korea,[46] although the cars appeared to be significantly renovated D-class cars. This set is named 'Underground Electric Vehicle No. 1'. It features a VVVF control and initially fitted with an asynchronous motor but later replaced with a permanent magnet synchronous motor developed by the Kim Chaek University of Technology. It usually runs on the Chollima Line but has also ran on the Hyoksin Line.[41]

Some class D sets have a next stop indicator installed, replacing the portraits of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il.[45]

The shunting locomotives used on the Pyongyang Metro are the GKD5B diesel electric model manufactured by China's CNR Dalian, imported in early 1996.[47]

As a gift to the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, it is reported that the Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works are working to complete new metro cars, promoted by the 80 day campaign.[48] However, in the Korean Central News Agency article summarising the eighty day campaign, there was no mention of any new vehicles being produced.[49] Previously, it was reported that a 4 door set was to be manufactured to mainly run on the Hyoksin line, to be named Underground Electric Vehicle No. 2.[41]

Image Type Maximium Speed Traction Built Manufacturer Country of Origin No. of Cars Number Range Disposition Notes
Ex pyongyang metro.JPG DK4 90 Km/h Resistor Control 1971-1978 CNR Changchun Railway Vehicles China Unknown

(112 or 345)

001 to 1xx Set beginning with 001is likely retained as a special vehicle[50] Derivative of the Beijing Subway's DK3 Series.


Some units sold to the Beijing Subway in 1998, others converted into 1000 Series trains for Korean State Railway services. Some units can be still seen stored in the metro depot.

4-axle trailer car Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works North Korea 2xx 4 axle trailer cars built to lengthen DK4 sets to 3 or 4 cars.[51]
[1] G "Gisela" 70 km/h Resistor Control 1978-1983 LEW Hennigsdorf GDR 120 5xx Retired in 2001 Ex-BVG trains from the Berlin U-Bahn bought second-hand in 1996-1997


Most converted into 500 Series trains for Korean State Railway services.

Pyongyang subway train.jpg D "Dora" 70 km/h Resistor Control 1957 to 1965

Bought in 1999

O&K, DWM, AEG, Siemens FRG 108

(27 4-car sets)

7xx, 8xx and 9xx In service Ex-BVG trains from the Berlin U-Bahn bought second-hand in 1999
Subway (32294099584).jpg Underground Electric Vehicle No. 1 Unknown IGBT-VVVF Inverter and PMSM motors 2015 Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works (with Chinese-built components) DPRK 4

(1 Set)

1xx (101 to 104) In service
[2] Jaju-ho Unknown Unknown

(possibly Resistor Control)

Unknown (before 1974) Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works DPRK Unknown

(at least 2 cars)

N/A Unknown Prototype train. Supposedly stored in the Pyongyang Metro Museum.

Name means self reliance.

[3] GKD5B 45 km/h[52] 12V135Z Diesel engine 1996-1997 CNR Dalian China 2 In service Diesel-electric shunting locomotives

Used to haul metro trains under overhead section from tunnel portal to depot.

Tourism[]

Before 2010, tourists were only allowed to travel between Puhŭng Station (left) and Yŏnggwang Station (right), sparking a conspiracy theory that the two stations comprised the entire system.

In general, tourism in North Korea is allowed only in guided groups with no diversion allowed from pre-planned itineraries. Foreign tourists used to be allowed to travel only between Puhŭng Station and Yŏnggwang Station.[53] However, foreign students were allowed to freely use the entire metro system.[54] Since 2010, tourists have been allowed to ride the metro at six stations,[55] and in 2014, all of the metro stations were opened to foreigners. University students traveling with the have also reported visiting every station.[56]

As of 2014, it is possible for tourists on special Public Transport Tours to take metro rides through both lines, including visits to all stations.[57] In April 2014, the first tourist group visited stations on both metro lines, and it is expected that such extended visits to both metro lines will remain possible for future tourist groups.[58]

The previously limited tourist access gave rise to a conspiracy theory that the metro was purely for show. It was claimed that it only consisted of two stops and that the passengers were actors.[59][60][61]

Museum[]

Pyongyang Metro has its own museum. A large portion of the collection is related to President Kim Il-sung providing "on-the-spot guidance" to the workers constructing the system. Among the exhibits are a special funicular-like vehicle which the president used to descend to a station under construction (it rode down the inclined tunnels that would eventually be used by the escalators), and a railbus in which he rode around the system.[62][63] The museum also has a map of the planned lines; it shows the Chollima and Hyoksin line terminating at a common station near Chilgol, the third line that would cross the Taedong River, eventually terminating near Rakrang and the locations of the depots, one far past the western terminus of the Hyoksin line and the depot in Sopo for the Chollima line.[64]

Gallery[]

  • Mural at Puhŭng Station entrance

  • Staff in a military-style uniform

  • A public newspaper display on a platform

  • A statue of Kim Il-sung at Kaesŏn Station

  • Socialist realist mural at Ponghwa Station

  • 9 September 2015 newspaper at Puhŭng Station

  • Escalators at Puhŭng Station

  • Chandelier at Yŏnggwang Station

  • Mural at Puhŭng Station

  • Pyongyang Metro map at Kaesŏn Station

  • Pyongyang Metro ticket

  • New train was introduced in 2016

Network Map[]

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

See also[]

References[]

Notes[]

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Bibliography[]

  • Pyongyang Metro, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1980
  • Пхеньянский метрополитен. Путеводитель. — КНДР: Издательство «Корея», 1988.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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