Samuel Byck

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Samuel Byck
Samuel Byck.jpg
Born
Samuel Joseph Byck

January 30, 1930
South Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedFebruary 22, 1974
(aged 44)
Baltimore–Washington International Airport, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, U.S.
Known forAttempting to assassinate
President Richard Nixon

Samuel Joseph Byck (January 30, 1930 – February 22, 1974) was an American hijacker and attempted assassin. On February 22, 1974, he attempted to hijack a plane flying out of Baltimore/Washington International Airport, intending to crash into the White House in the hopes of killing President Richard Nixon.[1] During the incident, Byck killed a policeman and a pilot, but was shot and wounded by another policeman before committing suicide.[2][3]

Early life[]

Born to poor Jewish parents in South Philadelphia, Byck dropped out of high school in the ninth grade in order to support his impoverished family. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1954 and was honorably discharged in 1956. He married shortly thereafter, and fathered four children.[4]

Background[]

In 1972, Byck began to suffer from severe bouts of depression after his wife divorced him and several job-related financial failures.[5][6] He admitted himself to a psychiatric ward, for a two-month stay.[7] Byck began to harbor the belief that the Nixon administration was conspiring to oppress the poor.[4]

Byck came to the notice of the Secret Service in 1972, when he threatened Nixon,[4] whom he had resented since the Small Business Administration had turned down his loan application.[1] Byck had also sent tape recordings to various other public figures including scientist Jonas Salk, Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, and composer Leonard Bernstein;[8][9] and had tried to join the Black Panthers. The Secret Service considered Byck to be harmless, and no action was taken at that time.

Assassination attempt[]

In early 1974, Byck made his decision to assassinate Nixon and started to stalk him and follow his movements via news outlets.[10] He planned to do so by hijacking an airliner and crashing it into the White House on a day when Nixon would be there. It has been suggested (for instance, by the 2004 film dramatization of his life) that Byck was inspired by news reports of the buzzing of the White House by U.S. Army soldier Robert K. Preston in a stolen UH-1B Huey helicopter on February 17.[11]

Since Byck was already known to the Secret Service and because legal attempts to purchase a firearm might have resulted in increased scrutiny, Byck stole a .22 caliber revolver from his friend to use in the hijacking.[1] Byck also made a bomb out of two gallon jugs of gasoline and an igniter.[12] All through this process, Byck made audio recordings explaining his motives and his plans; he expected to be considered a hero for his actions and wanted to fully document his reasons for the assassination.[13]

On Friday morning, February 22, 1974, Byck drove to the Baltimore/Washington International Airport. Shortly after 7:00 a.m. EST, he shot and killed Maryland Aviation Administration policeman George Neal Ramsburg[14] before storming a DC-9, Delta Air Lines Flight 523 to Atlanta, which he chose because it was the closest flight that was ready to take off.[1][7] Pilots Reese (Doug) Loftin and Fred Jones immediately complied with Byck's orders and calmly tried to reassure him that they would cooperate, then Loftin told Byck they could not take off with the doors to the aircraft open and then alerted the control tower and summoned police assistance while Byck left to close them.[15] After the pilots told him they could not take off until wheel blocks were removed, he shot them both and grabbed a nearby passenger, ordering her to "fly the plane".[16][17][18] Jones died as he was being removed from the aircraft after the event was concluded; Loftin survived the attack.[2][16][17] Byck told a flight attendant to close the door, or he would blow up the plane.[7] Anne Arundel County policemen attempted to shoot out the tires of the aircraft to prevent its take-off, but the .38 caliber bullets fired from their police-issued Smith & Wesson revolvers failed to penetrate the aircraft's tires and ricocheted off, some hitting the wing of the plane.[7]

After a standoff between Byck and police on the jetway, AAC police-officer Charles Troyer fired four shots through the aircraft door at Byck with a .357 Magnum revolver taken from the deceased Ramsburg.[19] Two of the shots penetrated the thick window of the aircraft door and wounded Byck; before the police could gain entry to the plane, Byck committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.[7][2]

According to a special on the History Channel, he lived for a few minutes, dying after saying "help me" to one of the policemen who entered the plane after he had been shot.[1] A briefcase containing the gasoline bomb was found under his body.[9] The plane never left the gate, and Nixon's schedule was not affected by the assassination attempt, although he was in the White House at the time.[7]

It was subsequently discovered that Byck had sent a tape recording detailing his plan, which he called "Operation Pandora's Box",[9][20] to news columnist Jack Anderson.[21][9][22] A review of records disclosed that Byck had been arrested twice for protesting in front of the White House without a permit, and that he later dressed in a Santa Claus suit for another protest.[7][8] Loftin, the flight's captain, recovered and resumed flying airliners several years later.[15]

In 1987, an FAA document entitled "Troubled Passage: The Federal Aviation Administration During the Nixon–Ford Term 1973–1977" was produced, which mentioned Byck's failed hijacking: "...though Byck lacked the skill and self-control to reach his target, he had provided a chilling reminder of the potential of violence against civil aviation. Under a more relaxed security system, his suicidal rampage might have begun when the airliner was aloft."[20]

Legacy[]

After Byck's failed assassination attempt and subsequent death, he faded into relative obscurity[23] except among members of security organizations;[24] however, one of the long-term consequences of Byck's failed kidnapping was that it helped spur, along with several other failed and successful hijackings,[25] the implementation of new security measures for airlines and airports.[26]

The 9/11 Commission Report mentioned Byck's attempted assassination of Nixon on page 561 in note 21:[27]

As part of his 34-page analysis, the attorney explained why he thought that a fueled Boeing 747, used as a weapon, "must be considered capable of destroying virtually any building located anywhere in the world." DOJ memo, Robert D. to Cathleen C., "Aerial Intercepts and Shoot-downs: Ambiguities of Law and Practical Considerations", Mar. 30, 2000, p. 10. "Also, in February 1974, a man named Samuel Byck attempted to commandeer a plane at Baltimore Washington International Airport with the intention of forcing the pilots to fly into Washington and crash into the White House to kill the President. The man was shot by police and then killed himself on the aircraft while it was still on the ground at the airport."

In popular culture[]

Byck is one of the (failed) assassins portrayed in Stephen Sondheim's and John Weidman's 1991 musical Assassins.[28] His role in the musical is built largely around his tapes sent to Leonard Bernstein and other famous public figures, which he is depicted recording during two scene-length monologues, the first addressed to Bernstein and the second to Nixon himself. Byck also wears a Santa Claus suit throughout the play in reference to an incident where he did so while protesting Nixon.[29][30]

A film based on his story, The Assassination of Richard Nixon, was released in 2004.[31] The film starred Sean Penn as Bicke (the surname spelling having been changed).[32]

The History Channel also ran a special on Byck entitled The Plot to Kill Nixon.[33]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Clarke, James W. (1 January 1981). Bodea, Cristina; Bou-Habib, Paul; Bowler, Shaun; Leemann, Lucas; Lindstädt, René; Schleiter, Petra (eds.). "American Assassins: An Alternative Typology". British Journal of Political Science (BJPolS). Cambridge, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. 11 (1): 81–104. doi:10.1017/S0007123400002465. ISSN 0007-1234. JSTOR 00071234. LCCN 70022767. OCLC 863011750.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Goeller, David (February 22, 1974). Rowe, Charles S.; Howe III, Josia P. (eds.). "3 die in aborted hijack". Free Lance-Star. 90 (45). Fredericksburg, Virginia: BH Media. Associated Press. p. 1 – via Google Newspapers.
  3. ^ Bates, J. Douglas; Jacques, Thomas F.; Gemmell, Allan A.; Johnson, R.G.; Lane, Richard W.; Johnston Jr., W.B.; Doughier, James; Low, Don, eds. (February 22, 1974). "Three killed in airport gun battle". Eugene Register-Guard. 107 (122). Eugene, Oregon: Guard Publishing Co. United Press International. p. 1A – via Google Newspapers.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Patterson, Hyrum Wright (1 January 2012). "Chapter I: Historical Inquiry". In Cherry, Emily; McLennan, Kathleen; Angelone, Ali; Swisher, Wayne (eds.). Playing Sam Byck: Analysis Of Text And Performance In Sondheim's Assassins (PDF). Graduate School of the University of North Dakota/University of North Dakota Theatre Department (Master of Arts). Theses and Dissertations. 1266. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota. pp. 1–27.
  5. ^ Pettey, Homer B. (1 December 2020). "1. Introduction: A Very Brief History of Psychopathology in Cinema". In Pettey, Homer B. (ed.). Mind Reeling: Psychopathology on Film. SUNY series, Horizons of Cinema. Albany, New York, United States of America: SUNY Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4384-8101-2. LCCN 2020018466 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Barber, James (28 February 2019). Fryer-Biggs, Zachary; Bushatz, Amy; Hubbard, Rachael; Ruiz, Stephen; Blansett, Sarah (eds.). "Military Members Who Turned Extremist". Military.com. Weston, Massachusetts, United States of America: Military Advantage, Inc. (Monster Worldwide). Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
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  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Duersten, Matthew C. (September 12, 2001). Rainey, Darrick (ed.). "The Man in the Santa Claus Suit". LA Weekly. Los Angeles, California: Voice Media Group (Semanal Media LLC). ISSN 0192-1940. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ayton, Mel (14 April 2014). "Chapter Seven: Passkey". Hunting the President: Threats, Plots, and Assassination Attempts—From FDR to Obama (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Regnery History (Regnery Publishing). pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-1-62157-234-3.
  10. ^ Phillips, Robert T.M. (12 June 2008). "16. Preventing Assassination: Psychiatric Consultation to the United States Secret Service". In Meloy, J. Reid; Sheridan, Lorraine; Hoffman, Jens (eds.). Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures: A Psychological and Behavioral Analysis (1st ed.). New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532638-3. Retrieved 22 August 2021 – via Google Books.
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  12. ^ Kryzhanovskiĭ, Mikhail (2007). "Chapter 11: Strategies". In Secara, Claudiu (ed.). White House Special Handbook: How to Rule the World in the 21st Century. New York City, New York: Algora Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-87586-516-4. Retrieved 22 August 2021 – via Google Books.
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  14. ^ Cosgriff, Chris; Schutz, Mike; Weiss, Steven; Humphrey, W. Scott; Thacker, Katherine (eds.). "Officer George Neal Ramsburg". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Baum, Philip (10 March 2016). "Chapter V: 1971–1975". In Ferris, Stewart; Williams, Alastair (eds.). Violence in the Skies: A History of Aircraft Hijacking and Bombing. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Summersdale Publishers Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-78372-790-2. Retrieved 22 August 2021 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Witkin, Richard (23 February 1974). Sulzberger, A.G.; Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meg (eds.). "Hijacker kills 2 and then himself". Sunday edition. The New York Times. CXXV (15). New York City, New York: The New York Times Company. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Warder, Robin (26 March 2014). Frater, Jamie (ed.). "10 People Who Committed Murder On Airplanes". Listverse. Listverse Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  18. ^ Slenske, Michael (1 September 2005). Murphy, Cullen (ed.). "Assassination Attempts". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group (Emerson Collective). 138 (8): 40–41. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.
  19. ^ Linskey, Annie (13 November 2005). Alatzas, Triffon G.; Davis, Sam (eds.). "Policeman remembers his defining moment". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland: Baltimore Sun Media Group Tribune Publishing. ISSN 1930-8965. OCLC 244481759. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Cohn, Douglas; Anderson, Jack (28 July 2004). Kramer, Ruth; Kramer Jr., Donovan; Cooper, Kara K. (eds.). "Sept. 11 Commission missed the boat". Casa Grande Dispatch. Casa Grande, Arizona: Casa Grande Valley Newspapers Inc. OCLC 16877473. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  21. ^ Anderson, Jack (February 28, 1974). Roberts, Morris; Roberts, John H.; Alkek Jr., John H.; Rech, James W.; Reedy, Vince; File, Tom E.; Hall, S.G.; Tipton, Raymond (eds.). "White House crash planned by gunman, according to tape". Victoria Advocate. 128 (296). Victoria, Texas: Victoria Advocate Publishing Company. United Features Syndicate. p. 4A – via Google Newspapers.
  22. ^ Piszkiewicz, Dennis. "Chapter 1: Skyjackers". In Smith, Wayne (ed.). Terrorism's War with America: A History (1st ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press (Greenwood Publishing Group). ISBN 978-0-275-97952-2 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Sotomayor, Eva (13 September 2012). St. Onge, Natallie; Wells, Ben; Chun, Skyler; Ives, Charlotte; Stebnitz, Mason (eds.). "Rep's 'Assassins' slays Milwaukee audiences". Marquette Wire. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Student Media (Marquette University). Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  24. ^ Freedman, Lawrence Zelic (21 March 1994). Ewing, Charles Patrick; Felthous, Alan R.; Slobogin, Christopher (eds.). "Social impact of attack on a president: Its public reverberations". Behavioral Sciences & the Law. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2 (2): 195–206. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370020208. ISSN 1099-0798. LCCN 83647858. OCLC 662526275.
  25. ^ Civil Aviation Security Service (1974). "Attempted Hijacking of Delta Airlines Aircraft at Baltimore, MD.". Worldwide Criminal Acts Involving Civil Aviation – 1974 (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Transportation. p. 3 – via Office of Justice Programs (United States Department of Justice).
  26. ^ Agard, Shon J. Muphy (1 May 2012). "Chapter 1: Background". In Dunlap, Scotty; Collier, Michael (eds.). Civilian aviation screening: A time-series analysis of confiscated firearms at screening checkpoints (PDF). Faculty of the Graduate School of Eastern Kentucky University (Master of Science). Dissertations & Theses. Richmond, Kentucky: Eastern Kentucky University. pp. 1–3 – via ProQuest.
  27. ^ Kean, Thomas H.; Hamilton, Lee H.; Ben-Veniste, Richard; Fielding, Fred F.; Gorelick, Jamie S.; Gorton, Slade; Kerrey, Bob; Lehman, John F.; Roemer, Timothy J.; Thompson, James R.; Zelikow, Philip D.; Kojm, Chris; Marcus, Daniel. "Notes". Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission Report). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 449–567.
  28. ^ Brigatti, Larissa (22 May 2018). Connolly, Ciara; Gibbons, Robert; Payne, Alice; Mahon, Gráinne (eds.). "'Assassins' slays at the gate: "Shoot a prez, win a prize!"". TN2 Magazine. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  29. ^ Robinson, Mark A. (17 April 2014). "Assassins (1990) (Off-Broadway)". In Boehm, Ron (ed.). The World of Musicals: An Encyclopedia of Stage, Screen, and Song (Volume 1: A-L). 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press (ABC-CLIO). p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4408-0097-9. Retrieved 22 August 2021 – via Google Books.
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  31. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0364961/ The Assassination of Richard Nixon. Internet Movie Database (2004).
  32. ^ Dargis, Manohla (29 December 2004). Sulzberger, A.G.; Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meg (eds.). "FILM REVIEW: Hey, You Talkin' to Me?". Arts section. The New York Times. CLII (260). New York City, New York: The New York Times Company. p. E5. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  33. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393599/ "The Plot to Kill Nixon". Internet Movie Database (2005).
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