Solar power in the European Union

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Map of solar insolation on the Europen continent. Annual values range from 900 kWh per square metre (in Northern Scotland) to 1900 kWh per square metre (in Southern Spain).
Solar potential in Europe

Solar power in the European Union consists of photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal energy.

In 2010, the €2.6 billion European solar heating sector consisted of small and medium-sized businesses, generated 17.3 terawatt-hours (TWh) of energy, employed 33,500 workers, and created one new job for every 80 kW of added capacity.[1]

During 2011, an additional 21.9 gigawatts (GW) of photovoltaics systems were connected to the grid in the European Union, a steep increase from 13.4 GW in 2010.[2] Turnover of the European PV market amounted to approximately €36 billion for this period.[3]

Photovoltaic solar power[]

Further information: Photovoltaics and Growth of photovoltaics
PV growth in watts per capita from 1992 to 2014
  <0.1, n/a
  0.1-1
  1-10
  10-50
  50-100
  100-150
  150-200
  200-300
  300-450

In 2012, photovoltaic systems with a total capacity of 17.2 gigawatt (GW) were connected to the grid in Europe, less than in 2011, when 22.4 GW had been installed. In terms of total installed capacity, according to 's 2012-report, Europe still led the way with more than 70 GW, or 69% of worldwide capacity, producing 85 TWh of electricity annually. This energy volume is sufficient to power the supply needs of over 20 million households.[2]

In 2011, solar photovoltaic continued its growth trend and Italy was the top market for the year, with 9.3 GW connected, followed by Germany (7.5 GW). These two markets were followed by France (1.7 GW) and the United Kingdom (784 MW). In terms of cumulative capacity, Germany with more than 24 GW, is the leading country in Europe,[2] followed by Italy, with more than 12 GW. PV is now a significant part of Europe's electricity mix, producing 2% of the demand in the EU and roughly 4% of peak demand.[2]

PV roof-top system in Berlin, Germany.

In 2011 the EU's solar electricity production is evaluated as ca 44.8 TWh in 2011 with 51.4 GW installed capacity, up 98% on 2010. In 2011 in the EU new installations were 21.5 GW. The solar power share in 2011 was around 3.6% in Italy, 3.1% in Germany and 2.6% in Spain. EuroObserver expects the total installation to reach at least 120 GW in 2020. The national strategies are equivalent to 84 GW solar capacity in 2020 which may underestimate the actual development taking place. For example, according to AGEE-Stat (the Ministry of Environment's Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics), Germany connected solar capacity 7.5 GWp in 2011, twice the 3.5 GWp target. EU accounted for 74% of all newly connected capacity in 2011. According to Photon International magazine the worldwide solar cell production capacity was 12.5 GW in 2009 and 37 GW in 2011. In 2012, production capacities are set to rise to 69 GW, same as the total installed capacity worldwide at the end of 2011.[4]

Denmark reached its governmental goal of achieving 200 MW of photovoltaic capacity by 2020 already in 2012, eight years in advance. Danish energy sector players estimate that this development will result in 1000 MW by 2020.[5] Croatian as the newest member of the EU has a less than enthusiastic embrace of solar power due to a number of reasons. However, in past few years, Croatian solar energy has seen a dramatic increase in the overall output. From 32.4 MWh in 2012, to an additional 46,2 MWh in 2013 with another 108 MWh[6] awaiting to be connected to the national grid and additional power plants under construction with total energy output exceeding 200 MWh. Croatian national renewable energy strategy is to increase participating share of renewable in overall energy mix from current 15.8% (end of 2012) to around 25% by 2020 with solar generating at least 500 MWh.

PV in the European Union (MWpeak)[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
# Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Germany Germany 1,910 3,063 3,846 6,019 9,959 17,370 24,875 32,698 36,402 38,408 39,763 40,716 42,394 45,277 49,016 53,781
2 Italy Italy 46 58 120 458 1,157 3,478 12,764 16,361 18,065 18,622 18,924 19,283 19,692 20,107 20,864 21,594
3 United Kingdom United Kingdom 11 14 19 23 30 75 1,014 1,657 2,782 5,380 8,918 11,899 12,760 13,054 13,616 13,563
4 Spain Spain 58 118 733 3,421 3,438 3,808 4,214 4,516 4,766 4,872 4,774 4,973 4,725 4,751 9,233 11,785
5 France France 26 33 47 104 335 1,054 2,831 4,027 4,625 5,699 6,578 7,200 8,075 9,466 10,576 11,724
6 Netherlands Netherlands 51 51 53 57 68 97 118 321 739 1,048 1,405 2,049 2,903 4,300 6,924 10,213
7 Belgium Belgium 2 4 22 71 574 787 1,812 2,649 3,040 3,140 3,228 3,561 3,846 4,255 4,530 5,646
8 Poland Poland 0.3 0.4 0.6 1 1 2 1.8 3.4 4.2 30 87 194 271 487 1,317 3,936
9 Greece Greece 5 7 9 19 55 205 631 1,543 2,585 2,603 2,613 2,604 2,606 2,652 2,794 3,247
10 Austria Austria 24 29 27 32 53 103 173 421 631 785.2 935.3 1,096 1,248 1,433 1,661 2,220
11 Czech Republic Czech 0 1 4 55 463 1,953 1,959 2,022 2,064 2,067 2,083 2,068 2,070 2,049 2,100 2,073
12 Hungary Hungary 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 4.1 3.7 35 78 138 288 344 754 1,277 1,953
13 Sweden Sweden 4 5 6 8 9 10 18 23 43 79 130 153 231 424 698 1,417
14 Romania Romania 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 2 2.9 49 1,022 1,293 1,325 1,372 1,374 1,377 1,386 1,387
15 Denmark Denmark 3 3 3 3 5 7 16 391 572 602 783 851 906 1,002 1,080 1,300
16 Bulgaria Bulgaria 0 0 0.8 1 6 17 132 933 1,019 1,020 1,021 1,028 1,036 1,036 1,065 1,073
17 Portugal Portugal 3 4 18 68 102 131 143 228 303 423 460 510 569 671 907 1,025
18 Slovakia 0 0 0 <0.1 0.2 144 488 517 588 590 591 528 528 531 472 593
19 Finland Finland 4 4 5 6 8 10 11 11 11 11 15 35 61 125 215 391
20 Slovenia 0.2 0.4 1 2 9 36 90 217 248 256 257 233 258 256 222 267
21 Cyprus Cyprus 0.5 1 1 2 3 6 10 17 35 65 70 84 105 113 129 200
22 Luxembourg 24 24 24 25 26 27 30 76 95 110 125 122 127 134 141 195
23 Malta 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2 2 11 18 28 54 73 94 109 131 151 184
24 Lithuania Lithuania 0 0 0 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1 6.1 68 68 73 80 82 74 83 148
25 Estonia 0 0 0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 107 130
26 Croatia 0.5 1.2 3.2 5.6 12 16 16 20 20 34.2 44.8 50 52 61 69 85
27 Ireland 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1 1.1 2.1 6.0 9.0 29.0 36 40
28 Latvia 0 0 0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 3.0 7
European Union EU (GWp) 2.17 3.42 4.94 10.38 15.86 29.33 51.36 68.64 79.79 87.34 94.57 101.08 106.61 114.55 130.67 150.60
PV in watts per capita[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
# Country 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
1 Germany Germany 304.3 399.5 447.2 474.1 489.8 503.1 512.0 546.9 590.4
2 Netherlands Netherlands 7.1 19.1 39.6 65.4 83.1 120.1 160.9 250.3 400.6
3 Belgium Belgium 165.5 240.0 267.3 277.2 286.7 302.8 338.4 373.2 395.5
4 Italy Italy 210.5 269.0 295.1 303.5 311.3 317.7 325.0 332.4 345.7
5 Malta 27.4 45.0 58.7 127.5 170.5 188.8 247.9 276.0 305.1
6 Greece Greece 55.8 136.7 233.7 236.8 241.7 241.4 242.2 246.9 260.5
7 Luxembourg 59.9 89.9 186.2 200.1 222.0 212.8 215.0 222.6 229.0
8 United Kingdom United Kingdom 16.2 26.3 42.9 81.3 137.7 176.8 193.9 197.0 204.3
9 Czech Republic Czech 186.0 192.5 196.1 196.1 197.7 194.0 192.9 193.0 197.2
10 Spain Spain 91.3 97.8 100.7 102.9 106.0 103.4 109.8 101.8 196.7
11 Austria Austria 20.7 49.9 81.7 90.6 108.9 123.9 142.3 162.4 187.5
12 Denmark Denmark 3.0 70.2 94.8 106.9 138.3 150.4 158.3 173.3 186.0
13 France France 43.5 61.6 71.6 87.6 99.1 107.3 120.5 141.4 157.9
14 Bulgaria Bulgaria 17.7 127.4 139.9 140.8 141.7 144.3 144.8 146.9 152.1
15 Cyprus Cyprus 12.5 19.9 40.2 75.5 82.0 64.7 123.1 130.9 146.9
16 Hungary Hungary 0.4 0.4 1.6 3.9 14.0 29.3 37.6 77.1 130.7
17 Slovenia 44.1 105.7 123.8 124.2 124.8 125.5 124.9 123.9 106.7
18 Portugal Portugal 13.5 21.7 26.8 40.2 44.3 45.4 55.2 65.2 88.3
19 Slovakia 89.8 95.7 99.3 109.0 109.0 100.5 98.1 97.6 86.6
20 Estonia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 80.8
21 Romania Romania 0.1 0.3 51.1 64.8 66.7 69.4 70.0 70.5 71.4
22 Sweden Sweden 2.0 2.5 4.5 8.2 13.3 15.6 23.1 41.9 68.2
23 Finland Finland 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.7 3.6 11.1 22.7 39.0
24 Poland Poland 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 2.03 5.2 7.1 12.8 34.7
25 Lithuania Lithuania 0.0 2.0 22.9 23.2 25.0 27.7 28.8 26.3 29.7
26 Croatia 0.1 0.1 5.1 8.1 10.6 12.0 12.4 14.9 16.9
27 Ireland 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.9 6.0 7.3
28 Latvia 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.6
– European Union EU 102.2 136.3 155.8 171.5 186.1 197.8 208.3 223.6 254.5

Concentrated solar power[]

Main article: Concentrated solar power

Solar power, the production of electricity from solar energy, is performed either directly, through photovoltaics, or indirectly, using concentrated solar power (CSP). One advantage that CSP has is the ability to add thermal storage and provide power up to 24 hours a day.[21] Gemasolar, in Spain, was the first to provide 24-hour power.[22] There is considerable academic and commercial interest internationally in a new form of CSP, called STEM, for off-grid applications to produce 24-hour industrial scale power for mining sites and remote communities in Italy, other parts of Europe, Australia, Asia, North Africa and Latin America. STEM uses fluidized silica sand as a thermal storage and heat transfer medium for CSP systems. It has been developed by Salerno-based Magaldi Industries. The first commercial application of STEM will take place in Sicily from 2015.[23]

CSP in Europe (MWpeak)[24][25]
# Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 Spain Spain 10.00 60.00 281.40 531.40 1,151.40 1,953.90 2,303.90
2 Italy Italy 0 0 0 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.35
3 Germany Germany 0 0 0 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
4 France France 0 0 0 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75
European Union EU 10 60 281 738 1,159 1,961 2,311

Solar thermal[]

Main article: Solar thermal energy

Over the next 10 years the European solar thermal will grow on average at a rate of 15% per annum. According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans the total solar thermal capacity in the EU will be 102 GW in 2020 (while 14 GW in 2006).[1]

In June 2009, the European Parliament and Council adopted the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). For the first time, heating and cooling accounting for half of the final energy demand will be covered by a European directive promoting renewable energies. The overall renewable target is legally binding but renewable mix is free. According to the delivered national plans the highest of solar heating markets during 2010-2020 will be in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and Poland in respect to the national target in 2020 and capacity increase. Top countries per capita will be Cyprus, Greece, Austria, Italy, and Belgium.[1]

In some European countries the solar thermal market is still in its infancy. Bulgaria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have extremely low targets in their plans. Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Romania have not included solar thermal in their national plans at all.[1]

Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating. Worldwide the use was 88 GWthermal in 2005. Growth potential is enormous. The EU have been second after China in the installations. If all EU countries had used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU's installed capacity would have been 91 GWth (130 million m2), far beyond the target of 100 million m2 by 2010, set by the White Paper in 1997. In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686,000 tons of oil. ESTIF's minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5,600,000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 million tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1,5 times around the globe.[26]

Solar heating in the European Union (MWthermal)
# Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1  Germany 7,766 9,036 9,831 10,496 11,416 12,055
2  Austria 2,268 3,031 3,227 2,792 3,448 3,538
3  Greece 2,708 2,853 2,855 2,861 2,885 2,915
4  Italy 1,124 1,410 1,753 2,152 2,380 2,590
5  Spain 988 1,306 1,543 1,659 2,075 2,238
6  France 1,137 1,287 1,470 1,277 1,691 1,802
7  Poland 254 357 459 637 848 1,040
8  Portugal 223 395 526 547 677 717
9  Czech Republic 116 148 216 265 625 681
10  Netherlands 254 285 313 332 605 616
11  Denmark 293 339 379 409 499 550
12  Cyprus 485 490 491 499 486 476
13  United Kingdom 270 333 374 460 455 475
14  Sweden 202 217 227 236 337 342
15  Belgium 188 204 230 226 334 374
16  Ireland 52 85 106 111 177 196
17  Slovenia 96 111 116 123 142 148
18  Hungary 18 59 105 120 125 137
19  Romania 66 80 73 74 93 110
20  Slovakia 67 73 84 100 108 113
21  Croatia 84 98
22  Bulgaria 22 56 74 81 58 59
23  Malta 25 29 32 36 34 35
24  Finland 18 20 23 23 30 33
25  Luxembourg 16 19 22 25 23 27
26  Latvia 1 1 1 3 10 12
27  Lithuania 1 2 2 3 6 8
28  Estonia 1 2 2 3 4 6
European Union EU (in GW) 19.08 21.60 23.49 25.55 29.66 31.39
Notes:
  • The relation between collector area and rated power: 1m2 = 0.7 kWthermal
  • Data source for 2013: Divergent figures from different reports. Total of 31.39 GWth corresponds to figures from EurObserv'ER report,[25] while report from the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) accounts for 30.2 GWth and includes capacity from non-EU member Switzerland.[27]
  • Data sources of previous years: 2012 not sourced – 2011[28] – 2010[29][30] – 2009[31] – 2008[32]
  • For historical data from 2004 to 2010 see collapsed table below
Solar heating in watts per capita[24][25]
# Country 2011 2013
1  Cyprus 609 551
2  Austria 397 419
3  Greece 253 263
4  Germany 130 150
5  Malta 80 83
6  Denmark 78 108
7  Slovenia 65 72
8  Portugal 58 68
9  Czech Republic 53 65
10  Spain 41 48
11  Luxembourg 37 51
12  Sweden 35 36
12  Netherlands 35 37
14  Italy 34 43
15  Ireland 27 43
15  Belgium 27 34
17  France 25 27
18  Slovakia 19 21
19  Poland 17 27
20  Bulgaria 11 8
21  Hungary 9 14
22  United Kingdom 7 7
23  Finland 5 6
24  Romania 4 6
24  Latvia 4 6
26  Estonia 1 4
27  Lithuania 1 3
28  Croatia n.a. 23
European Union EU average 55 62

Organizations[]

  • SolarPower Europe[38] is a member-led association representing organisations active along the whole value chain that aim's to ensure that more energy is generated by solar than any other energy source by 2030 and to lead their members to make solar the core of a smart, sustainable, secure and inclusive energy system in order to reach carbon neutrality before 2050.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d [Solar Thermal Markets in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2010], European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) June 2011 p. 14-15, Figure Capacity in operation 2010/2020
  2. ^ a b c d "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2016". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Fact Sheets". Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  4. ^ Photovoltaic barometer 208[permanent dead link] February 2012
  5. ^ Denmark reaches 2020-goal for solar energy before time 12.09.2012
  6. ^ "Razgrabljeni poticaji za solarne elektrane".
  7. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
  8. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009
  9. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2012 – EurObserv’ER
  12. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2012 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2013 – EurObserv’ER
  14. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2014 – EurObserv’ER
  15. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2015 – EurObserv’ER
  16. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2016 – EurObserv’ER
  17. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2018 – EurObserv’ER
  18. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2019 – EurObserv’ER
  19. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2020 – EurObserv’ER
  20. ^ "Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021". /publications/2021/March/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  21. ^ "Concentrating Solar Power" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  22. ^ Spain's round-the-clock solar power plant
  23. ^ CSP Today, 11 April 2014 "Italian project shows strong potential for sand based CSP"
  24. ^ a b EurObserv'ER: Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer - May 2012
  25. ^ a b c EurObserv'ER: Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer - May 2014 Archived 6 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007 Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ http://www.estif.org/ European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends and Market Statistics in 2013, June 2014 archive
  28. ^ http://www.estif.org European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends and Market Statistics in 2011, June 2012 archive
  29. ^ http://www.estif.org European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends and Market Statistics in 2010, June 2011 archive
  30. ^ http://www.eurobserv-er.org - EurObserv'ER Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer for 2010, May 2011, archive
  31. ^ http://www.estif.org European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends and Market Statistics in 2009, June 2010 archive
  32. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends and Market Statistics in 2008, May 2009 archive
  33. ^ since 2010 overseas departments excluded
  34. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006 Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007
  35. ^ "Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  36. ^ estif.org - European Solar Thermal Industry Federation Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2009[dead link]
  37. ^ estif.org - European Solar Thermal Industry Federation Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2010, June 2011
  38. ^ "SolarPower Europe". Retrieved 11 March 2020.

External links[]

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