Territorial evolution of the British Empire
The territorial evolution of the British Empire is considered to have begun with the foundation of the English colonial empire in the late 16th century. Since then, many territories around the world have been under the control of the United Kingdom or its predecessor states. When the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England, the latter country's colonial possessions passed to the new state. Similarly, when Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 to form the United Kingdom, control over its colonial possessions passed to the latter state. Collectively, these territories are referred to as the British Empire. Upon much of Ireland gaining independence in 1922 as the Irish Free State, the other territories of the Empire remained under the control of the United Kingdom.
From 1714 to 1837 the British throne was held by a series of kings who were also the rulers of the German state of Hanover. However, this was purely a personal union, with Hanover maintaining its political independence otherwise, and so it is not usually considered to have formed part of the British Empire.
The nature of the territories (and peoples) ruled as part of the British Empire varied enormously. In legal terms the territories included those formally under the sovereignty of the British monarch (who held the additional title of Emperor (or Empress) of India from 1876 to 1947); various "foreign" territories controlled as protectorates; territories transferred to British administration under the authority of the League of Nations or the United Nations; and miscellaneous other territories, such as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium with Egypt. No uniform system of government was applied to any of these.
A number of countries (dominions) within the British Empire gained independence in stages during the earlier part of the 20th century. Much of the rest of the Empire was dismantled in the twenty years following the end of the Second World War, starting with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and continued until the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. There remain, however, 14 global territories which remain under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom.
Many of the former territories of the British Empire are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Fifteen of these (known, with the United Kingdom, as the 16 Commonwealth realms) retain the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as Head of State. The British monarch is also Head of the Commonwealth, but this is a purely symbolic and personal title; members of the Commonwealth (including the Commonwealth realms) are fully sovereign states.
Governance[]
The British Empire refers to the possessions, dominions and dependencies under the control of the Crown. In addition to the areas formally under the sovereignty of the British monarch, various "foreign" territories were controlled as protectorates; territories transferred to British administration under the authority of the League of Nations or the United Nations; and miscellaneous other territories, such as the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The natures of the administration of the Empire changed both by time and place, and there was no uniform system of government in the Empire.[1][2]
Colonies[]
Colonies were territories that were intended to be places of permanent settlement, providing land for their settlers. The Crown claimed absolute sovereignty over them, although they were not formally part of the United Kingdom itself. Generally their law was the common law of England together with whatever British Acts of Parliament were also applied to them. Over time, a number of colonies were granted "responsible government", making them largely self-governing.
Crown Colony[]
A Crown colony: a type of colonial administration of the English and later the British Empire, whose legislature and administration were controlled by the Crown.[3][4]
Crown colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch. By the middle of the 19th century, the sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. This became the main method of creating and governing colonies.[5] Most Crown colonies, especially the white settler colonies had a bicameral legislature, consisting of an upper house usually called the Legislative council, which members were appointed and served a similar purpose as the British House of Lords. There also existed lower houses which were usually named the Legislative Assembly or House of Assembly. The lower house was usually elected, but suffrage was restricted to free white men only, usually with property ownership restrictions. Since land ownership was widespread, most white men could vote.[6] The governor also often had an Executive Council which had a similar function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the colonial lower house. They held a consultative position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the lower house but were usually members of the upper house.[7] Later as the white colonies gained more internal responsible government, the lower house began to supersede the (usually unelected) upper house as the colonial legislature, and the position of Premier emerged.[8]
Charter colony[]
Charter colony is one of the three classes of colonial government established in the 17th-century English colonies in North America. In a charter colony, the King granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed and charter colonies elected their own governors based on rules spelled out in the charter or other colonial legislation.[9]
Proprietary colony[]
A number of colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries were granted to a particular individual; these were known as proprietary colonies. Proprietary colonies in America were governed by a Lord Proprietor, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign. Eventually these were converted to Crown colonies.[10][11]
Chartered company[]
A chartered company is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration and colonisation. Chartered companies were usually formed, incorporated and legitimised under a royal charter. This document set out the terms under which the company could trade, defined its boundaries of influence, and described its rights and responsibilities. Groups of investors formed companies to underwrite and profit from the exploration of Africa, India, Asia, the Caribbean and North America, under the patronage of the state. Some companies like the East India Company (the most famous), the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Royal African Company ruled large colonial possessions (especially in India), but the Hudson's Bay Company took Canada, and the Royal African Company started to ship slaves from Africa to the West Indies.[12][13]
Protectorates and protected states[]
A protectorate is a territory which is not formally annexed but in which, by treaty, grant or other lawful means, the Crown has power and jurisdiction. A protectorate differs from a "protected state". A protected state is a territory under a foreign ruler which enjoys British protection, over whose foreign affairs she exercises control, but in respect of whose internal affairs she does not exercise jurisdiction.[2]
Dominions[]
Dominions were semi-independent polities that were nominally under the Crown, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, beginning in the later part of the 19th century.[14][15] The dominions had been previously Crown colonies, and some of the colonies had been united to form dominions such as Union of South Africa and Commonwealth of Australia. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 clarified the status of the dominions, recognizing them as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." The Statute of Westminster 1931 converted this status into legal reality, making them essentially independent members of what was then called the British Commonwealth. Initially, the Dominions conducted their own trade policy, some limited foreign relations and had autonomous armed forces, although the British government claimed and exercised the exclusive power to declare wars. However, after the passage of the Statute of Westminster the language of dependency on the Crown of the United Kingdom ceased, where the Crown itself was no longer referred to as the Crown of any place in particular but simply as "the Crown". Arthur Berriedale Keith, in Speeches and Documents on the British Dominions 1918–1931, stated that "the Dominions are sovereign international States in the sense that the King in respect of each of His Dominions (Newfoundland excepted) is such a State in the eyes of international law". After then, those countries that were previously referred to as "Dominions" became Commonwealth realms where the sovereign reigns no longer as the British monarch, but as monarch of each nation in its own right, and are considered equal to the United Kingdom and one another. [16]
Mandates[]
Mandates were forms of territory created after the end of the First World War. A number of German colonies and protectorates and Ottoman provinces were held as mandates by the United Kingdom (Tanganyika, British Cameroons, Togoland, Palestine and Mesopotamia); and its dominions of Australia (New Guinea, Nauru), New Zealand (Western Samoa), and South Africa (South West Africa). In theory these territories were governed on behalf of the League of Nations for the benefit of their inhabitants. Most converted to United Nations Trust Territories in 1946.[17]
British Raj[]
The British Raj, also called the Indian Empire, was the imperial political structure in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947, comprising British India (a Crown colony: presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) and Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown exercised through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India.[18]
Current territories[]
Within twenty years of the partition and independence in 1947 of British India (considered to be the most important colonial possession), most of the Empire's territories had achieved full independence. Today 14 former colonies (since 2002 known as British Overseas Territories) remain under British rule; the term "colonies" is no longer officially used to describe these.
Almost all of the British Overseas Territories are islands (or groups of islands) with a small population; some are in very remote areas of the world. Of the territories with a permanent population, all have at least some degree of internal self-government, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for defence and external relations.
The fourteen British Overseas Territories are:
- Anguilla
- Bermuda
- British Antarctic Territory
- British Indian Ocean Territory
- British Virgin Islands
- Cayman Islands
- Falkland Islands
- Gibraltar
- Montserrat
- Pitcairn Islands
- Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Saint Helena
- Ascension Island
- Tristan da Cunha
- South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
- Turks and Caicos Islands
The three Crown dependencies are:
- Guernsey
- Isle of Man
- Jersey
List[]
Legend[]
!±! | Crown dependency | Part of the United Kingdom | |
:±: | Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state | Overseas territories | |
£IMP | Currency pegged to the GBP | CYP | Pound sterling derived currency |
!T! | Common law legal system to various extent | [X] | Westminster style parliamentary system |
abc | English as a dominant or an official language | /\\/ | Left-hand traffic |
Colour-coding[]
Colour | Description |
---|---|
Present-day members of the Commonwealth | |
Present-day British Overseas Territories | |
Crown dependencies |
Africa[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Ashanti | 1901–1957 | Colony | Became a part of the dominion of Ghana |
Basutoland | 1868 | Protectorate | Wanted to join the Cape Colony, but was authorized to join the Colony of Natal instead. Eventually was placed under direct authority of the High Commissioner for South Africa. |
1871 | Annexed to Cape Colony | ||
1884 | Colony | ||
1965 | Self-governing colony | ||
1966 | Independent as Lesotho | ||
Bechuanaland Protectorate | 1884–1965 | Protectorate | Resident Commissioner assigned 1884, but Protectorate status declared after treaties with several chiefs were signed in 1885 |
1965–66 | Self-governing protectorate | ||
1966 | Independent as Botswana | ||
Bight of Benin | 1852–1861 | Protectorate | |
1861 | United with Bight of Biafra | ||
Bight of Biafra | 1849–1861 | Protectorate | |
1861 | United with Bight of Benin | ||
Bights of Biafra and Benin | 1861–1891 | Protectorate | |
British Bechuanaland (see also under "Bechuanaland") |
1885–1895 | Crown colony | |
1895 | Incorporated into Cape Colony | Now a part of the Northern Cape and North West provinces of South Africa | |
British Cameroons | 1916–1919 | Occupation | |
1919–1946 | League of Nations mandated territory | ||
1946–1961 | United Nations Trust Territory | ||
1961 | Northern part merged into Nigeria, southern part into the Republic of Cameroon | ||
British East Africa | 1888–1895 | Territory leased to the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) by the Sultan of Zanzibar | |
1895–1920 | Protectorate | Territory included former IBEAC territories and the strip of Sultan of Zanizbar's dominions on the coast of Kenya which fell within the British sphere of influence | |
1920 | Became the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya | Lands of Sultan of Zanzibar on coast administered with the Colony as one unit | |
British Somaliland | 1884–1960 | Protectorate | |
1960 | Independent as State of Somaliland | After 5 days merged with the Trust Territory of Somaliland as Somali Republic, in 1991 independent as Somaliland (unrecognised) | |
Cape Colony | 1806–1910 | Colony | Became a province of the Union of South Africa as the "Cape of Good Hope" |
Egypt | 1801–03 | Occupation | |
1882–1914 | Occupation | ||
1914–1922 | Protectorate | ||
1922 | Independence | ||
Bioko | 1827–1855 | Leased territory | Island leased from Spain so that Royal Navy could undertake anti-slavery operations on West Coast of Africa. Main settlement was Port Clarence now known as Malabo |
Gambia Colony and Protectorate | 1816–1965 | Colony | Protectorate declared over hinterland of Gambia River in 1894 |
1965 | Independence | ||
Gold Coast | 1874–1957 | Colony | |
1957 | Independent as Ghana | Also incorporated British Togoland by plebiscite | |
Kenya, Colony & Protectorate of | 1920–1963 | Colony | Previously part of British East Africa |
1963 | Independence | ||
Lagos Protectorate | 1887–1906 | Protectorate, governed from the Lagos Colony | |
1906 | Incorporated into the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria | ||
Southern Nigeria Protectorate | 1900–1906 | Protectorate, created from Niger Coast Protectorate and territories of the Royal Niger Company | |
1906 | Incorporated the Lagos Colony to be the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria | ||
Libya, regions of Cyrenicia & Tripolitania only | 1942–1946 | British Military administration in Cyrenicia & Tripolitania | |
1946–1951 | Italian forces expelled, UN trusteeship of Cyrenicia & Tripolitania, administered by Britain | Fezzan region administered by France under trusteeship | |
1951 | Independent as the Kingdom of Libya | ||
Natal | 1843–1910 | Colony | |
1910 | Became a province of the Union of South Africa | Now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | |
Niger Districts | 1885–1899 | Protectorate under the Royal Niger Company | |
1900 | Became part of Northern Nigeria | ||
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria | 1914–1954 | Created from the Colony & Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria | |
1954 | Became the self-governing Federation of Nigeria | ||
Federation of Nigeria | 1954–1960 | Autonomous federation | Formed from the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria |
1960 | Independence | ||
Northern Nigeria | 1900–1914 | Protectorate governed by the Colony of Southern Nigeria | |
1914 | Merged with Protectorate of Southern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria | ||
Northern Territories of the Gold Coast | 1901–1957 | Protectorate | Annexed to form part of Her Majesty's dominions as part of the dominion of Ghana |
Nyasaland known as the Nyasaland Districts until 1893, and then British Central Africa until 1907 |
1891–1964 | Protectorate | |
1964 | Independent as Malawi | ||
Orange River Colony | 1900–1910 | Colony | |
1907 | Granted responsible government | ||
1910 | Became the Province of the Orange Free State in the Union of South Africa | ||
Rhodesia | Now divided between Zambia and Zimbabwe | ||
Matabeleland | 1888–1894 | Protectorate under British South Africa Company (BSAC) | |
1894 | United with Mashonaland as South Zambezia in 1894 | ||
Mashonaland | 1889–1894 | Protectorate under BSAC | |
1894 | United with Matabeleland as South Zambezia in 1894 | ||
South Zambezia | 1894–95 | Protectorate under BSAC | |
1895 | United with North Zambezia as Rhodesia | ||
Rhodesia | 1895–1901 | Protectorate under BSAC | |
1901 | Mashonaland and Matabeleland united as Southern Rhodesia | ||
Northern Rhodesia | 1911–1924 | Protectorate under BSAC | Amalgamation of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia |
1924–1953 | Protectorate | ||
1953–1963 | Part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | ||
1964 | Independent as Zambia | ||
Southern Rhodesia | 1901–1923 | Protectorate under BSAC | |
1923—1953 | Self-governing colony | ||
1953–1963 | Part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | ||
1964–65 | Self-governing colony | ||
Rhodesia | 1965–1970 | Unilateral declaration of independence, with Elizabeth II as head of state | Not internationally recognised |
1970–1979 | Republic | Not internationally recognised | |
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia | 1979 | Interim state | |
1979–80 | Crown colony | ||
1980 | Independent as Zimbabwe | ||
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate | 1787–1808 | Freed slave colony organised by Sierra Leone Company | |
1808–1821 | Crown colony | ||
1821–1850 | Part of British West African Settlements | ||
1850–1866 | Crown colony | ||
1866–1888 | Part of British West African Settlements | ||
1888–1895 | Colony | ||
1896–1961 | Colony and protectorate | ||
1961 | Independence | ||
South Africa, Union of | 1910–1961 | Dominion | Formed by the federation of the Cape, Natal, Orange River, and Transvaal colonies |
1961 | Republic | Not a member of the Commonwealth between 1961 and 1994 | |
Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian | 1899–1952 | Condominium with Egypt | |
1952–1956 | Self-rule | ||
1956 | Independent as Republic of Sudan | ||
Swaziland | 1902–1967 | Protectorate | |
1967–68 | Autonomous | ||
1968 | Independence | ||
Tangier | 1661 | Ceded to England by Portugal | |
1684 | Abandoned by England | ||
Tangier International Zone | 1924 | Established as condominium between UK, France and Spain (later also Portugal, USA, Italy, Belgium, Sweden and the Netherlands) | |
1940–1945 | Spanish occupation | ||
1956 | Zone dissolved, Tangier returned to Morocco | ||
German East Africa | 1916–1922 | Occupation | |
Tanganyika Territory | 1922–1946 | League of Nations mandated territory | |
1946–1961 | United Nations Trust Territory under Britain | ||
1961 | Independence | Merged with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania | |
Tati Concessions Land | 1872–1893 | Concession | |
1893 | Detached from Matabeleland | ||
1893–1911 | Under protectorate of Bechuanaland | ||
1911 | Annexed to Bechuanaland | ||
British Togoland | 1914-1916 | Occupation | Western half of erstwhile German Togoland occupied by both British and French forces 1914-16 |
1916-1922 | Administered by British only | ||
1922-1946 | League of Nations Mandate under Britain | ||
1946-1957 | United Nations Trust Territory under Britain | ||
1957 | Independence | Merged with Ghana upon independence after plebiscite | |
(French) Togoland | 1914-16 | occupation | Eastern half of erstwhile German Togoland occupied by both British and French forces, then after 1916 administered by France only. In 1922, became LoN Mandate, then UN Trust Territory in 1946, also under France. Now the Republic of Togo since independence in 1960. |
Transvaal | 1877–1884 | Colony | |
1884–1900 | Independent as South African Republic | ||
1900–1906 | Colony | ||
1906–1910 | Self-governing colony | ||
1910 | Part of Union of South Africa | Now divided between the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West in South Africa | |
Uganda | 1890–1893 | Occupied by British East Africa Company | |
1893–94 | Provisional protectorate | ||
1894–1905 | Protectorate | ||
1905–1962 | Colony | ||
1962 | Self-government | ||
1962 | Independence | ||
Walvis Bay | 1795–1878 | Occupation | |
1878–1884 | Protectorate | ||
1884 | Part of Cape Colony | Now part of Namibia | |
Zanzibar | 1890–1963 | Protectorate | |
1963 | Independence | Merged with Tanganyika in 1964 to form Tanzania | |
Zululand | 1887–1897 | Crown colony | |
1897 | Incorporation into Colony of Natal | Now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
North America[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Assiniboia | 1812–1836 | Colony | |
1836 | Reverted to control of the Hudson's Bay Company | Now part of the province of Manitoba, Canada | |
Avalon | 1623–1637 | Palatinate | |
1637 | Incorporated into Newfoundland | ||
Bristol's Hope | 1618–1631 | Colony | |
1631 | Abandoned and later as Newfoundland | ||
British Columbia | 1858–1871 | Colony | |
1871 | Incorporated into Canada | ||
Canada, Dominion of | Dominion (1867–1931) | Formed by the federation of the provinces of the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia | :±: [X] abc
|
Canada, Lower | 1791–1841 | Province (colony) | Now the southern half of the province of Quebec, Canada |
1841 | Merged with Upper Canada to form the Province of Canada | Re-established within the Dominion of Canada as the province of Quebec in 1867 | |
Canada, Province of | 1841–1867 | Colony | Formed by the amalgamation of the provinces of Lower and Upper Canada |
1867 | Joined the Dominion of Canada as the provinces of Ontario and Quebec | (Now the southern halves of Ontario and Quebec) | |
Upper Canada | 1791–1841 | Province (colony) | Ontario, Canada |
1841 | Merged with Lower Canada to form the Province of Canada | Re-established within the Dominion of Canada as the province of Ontario in 1867 | |
Cape Breton Island | 1763 | Incorporated into Nova Scotia | Previously under French sovereignty |
1784 | Colony | Separated from Nova Scotia | |
1820 | Re-incorporated into Nova Scotia | ||
Carolina | 1663 | Proprietary colony | |
1729 | Formally divided into Crown colonies of North & South Carolina | ||
Carolina, North | 1729 | Crown colony | |
1776 | Signed unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of North Carolina | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Carolina, South | 1729 | Crown colony | |
1776 | Declared independent as the state of South Carolina | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Connecticut | 1636 | Colony | Later incorporated the unchartered Saybrook Colony (1635–44) and New Haven Colony (1638–65) |
1776 | Declared independent as the state of Connecticut | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Cuper's Cove | 1610–1621 | Colony | |
1621 | Abandoned and later as Newfoundland | ||
East Florida | 1763–1783 | Colony | |
1783 | Returned to Spanish sovereignty | Now part of the state of Florida, United States | |
Georgia | 1732 | Proprietary colony | |
1755 | Crown colony | ||
1776 | Signed unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of Georgia | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Massachusetts Bay | 1629 | Colony | |
1691 | United with Plymouth Colony | ||
New Brunswick | 1784 | Colony | Separated from Nova Scotia |
1867 | Became a province of Canada | ||
New Hampshire | 1641 | Became part of Massachusetts Bay Colony | |
1679 | Separate colony | ||
1686 | Became a province of Dominion of New England | ||
1691 | Separate colony | ||
1776 | Signed unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of New Hampshire | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
New Jersey | 1664–1673 | Proprietary Colony | Formed from portions of New Netherland and New Sweden |
1673–1702 | Divided into separate colonies of East and West Jersey | ||
1702 | Royal colony | East & West Jersey re-unified | |
1776 | Signed unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of New Jersey | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
New York | 1664–1685 | Proprietary colony | Formed after conquest of New Netherland |
1685–1776 | Royal Province | ||
1776 | Signed unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of New York | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Newfoundland | 1497–1583 | Claimed by England | |
1583–1818 | Colony | ||
1818–1907 | Crown colony | ||
1907–1949 | Dominion | ||
1934–1949 | Commission of Government | Self-rule suspended, de jure Dominion by Royal prerogative | |
1949 | Became a province of Canada | Now known as Newfoundland and Labrador | |
North-Western Territory | 1859–1870 | ||
1870 | Incorporated into the Northwest Territories of Canada | Now divided between the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan and territories of Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon | |
Nova Scotia | 1621–1632 | Scottish colony | |
1654–1670 | English occupation | ||
1713 | Colony | ||
1848 | Granted responsible government | ||
1867 | Became a province of Canada | ||
Prince Edward Island known as until 1769, and as St. John's Island until 1799 |
1744–1748 | Occupation | |
1758–1763 | Occupation | ||
1763–1769 | Part of Nova Scotia | ||
1769–1873 | Colony | ||
1873 | Became a province of Canada | ||
Quebec | 1763–1791 | Province (colony) | Nominally included territory that is now part of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and (until 1783) the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin in the United States |
1791 | Divided into the provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada | ||
Renews | 1610–1623 | Colony | Abandoned and later became part of Newfoundland |
Rupert's Land | 1670–1870 | possession of Hudson's Bay Company | Nominally included territory that is now part of the Canadian territories and provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Quebec, and (until 1818) parts of the US states of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota |
1870 | Incorporated into Canada | ||
South Falkland | 1623–1626 | Colony | Abandoned and later became part of Newfoundland |
Stikine Territory | 1862–1863 | Now divided between British Columbia and Yukon, Canada | |
Vancouver Island | 1849–1866 | Crown colony | |
1866 | Merged into the colony of British Columbia | Now part of the province of British Columbia, Canada | |
Virginia | 1607 | Proprietary colony | |
1624 | Crown colony | ||
1776 | Declared independent as the state of Virginia | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
West Florida | 1763–1783 | Colony | |
1783 | Southern part returned to Spanish sovereignty; sovereignty of northern part formally relinquished by Great Britain | Now part of the states of Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, United States |
Central America and the Caribbean[]
–Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Anguilla | 1650–1696 | Colony under St. Christopher | |
1696–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | Part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1832–1871 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1882 | Part of the presidency of Saint Christopher (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
1882–1956 | Part of the presidency of Saint Christopher and Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
1956–1967 | Part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1967–1969 | Unilateral declaration of independence as Republic of Anguilla | ||
1969–1980 | Part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1980–1982 | Self-governing colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Antigua (incl. Barbuda from 1860) |
1632–1671 | Colony | |
1671–72 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1672–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | Part of colony of | ||
1832–33 | Colony | ||
1833–1871 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1871–1956 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1958 | Colony | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | Colony | ||
1967–1981 | Associated state | ||
1981 | Independent as Antigua and Barbuda | ||
Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | 1816–1832 | Colony | |
1832 | Dissolved | ||
Bahamas | 1670–1684 | Proprietary colony | |
1684 | Occupied by Spain | ||
1718–1964 | Crown colony | ||
1964–1969 | Self-government | ||
1969–1973 | Commonwealth | ||
1973 | Independence | ||
Barbados | 1624–1627 | Claimed by England | |
1627–1652 | Proprietary colony | ||
1652–1663 | Colony | ||
1663–1833 | Crown colony | ||
1833–1885 | Part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1885–1958 | Colony | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1966 | Colony | ||
1966 | Independence | ||
Barbuda | 1628–1832 | Colony | |
1632–1671 | Dependency of Antigua | ||
1671–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | Part of colony of | ||
1832–33 | Colony | ||
1833–1860 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1860 | Annexed to Antigua | ||
1976–1980 | Autonomous | ||
1980 | Unilateral declaration of independence[citation needed] | – | |
1981 | Independence as part of Antigua and Barbuda | ||
Bay Islands[19] | 1643–early 18th century | Sporadic, short-lived settlements | |
1742–1748 | Colony of Port Royal (Roatan). Spanish sovereignty recognized in 1748 | ||
1749–1782 | Illegal but well-established English settlements. Spanish occupation and expulsion of settlers in 1782 | ||
1852–1860 | Colony of the Bay Islands. Surrendered to Honduras in 1860 | ||
Belize – see under "British Honduras" | |||
British Honduras | 1665–1742 | Settlement | |
1742–1840 | Settlement subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1840–1862 | Colony subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1862–1884 | Crown colony subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1884–1954 | Crown colony | ||
1954–1964 | Autonomy | ||
1964–1981 | Self-governing colony | ||
1973 | Renamed "Belize" | ||
1981 | Independence | ||
British Virgin Islands | 1666–1672 | Occupation | |
1672–1713 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands as part of Antigua | ||
1713–1816 | Crown colony part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | Part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1832–1871 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1956 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1960 | Part of territory of Leeward Islands | ||
1960–1967 | Colony | ||
1967–1982 | Self-governing colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Cayman Islands | 1670–1958 | Colony; administered from Jamaica | |
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1982 | Crown colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Dominica | 1763–1778 | Occupation | |
1778 | Ceded to France | ||
1784–1871 | Colony | ||
1871–1939 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1940–1958 | Colony within the Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | Colony | ||
1967–1978 | Associated state | ||
1978 | Independence | ||
Grenada | 1762–63 | Occupation | |
1763–1779 | Part of colony of South Caribbean Islands | ||
1779 | Occupied by France | ||
1783–1802 | Part of colony of South Caribbean Islands | ||
1802–1833 | Colony | ||
1833–1958 | Part of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | Colony | ||
1967–1974 | Associated state | ||
1974 | Independence | ||
Jamaica | 1655–1670 | Occupation | |
1670–1953 | Colony | ||
1953–1958 | Self-governing colony | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962 | Independence | ||
Leeward Islands | 1671–1816 | Colony | |
1833–1871 | Colony | ||
1871–1956 | Federal colony | Comprised the presidencies of Antigua (incl. Barbuda), Dominica (to 1939), Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Kitts (incl. Anguilla, and combined with Nevis in 1883), and the Virgin Islands | |
1956–1960 | Territory | ||
1960 | Dissolved | ||
Montserrat | 1632–1667 | Colony part of Antigua | |
1667 | Occupied by France | ||
1668–1782 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1784–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | Part of colony of Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | ||
1832–33 | Colony part of Antigua | ||
1833–1871 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1871–1956 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1958 | Colony | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1982 | Colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Mosquito Coast | 1668–1786 | Protectorate | |
1787–1861 | Protectorate | ||
1861 | Incorporated into Nicaragua and Honduras | ||
Nevis | 1628–1671 | Colony subordinated to Barbados | |
1671–1701 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1701–1704 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands under Antigua | ||
1704–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1833 | Part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1833–1871 | Part of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1883 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1883 | Amalgamated with Saint Kitts to form the presidency of Saint Christopher and Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
Redonda | 1860s–1967 | British possession | |
1967 | Dependency of Antigua | ||
St. Christopher (Saint Kitts) |
1623–1666 | Colony | |
1666 | Occupied by France | ||
1671–1701 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1701–1704 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands under Antigua | ||
1704–1782 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1782 | Occupied by France | ||
1783–1816 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1833 | Part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1833–1871 | Part of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1882 | Part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1882 | Amalgamated with Nevis to form the presidency of Saint Christopher-Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
St. Christopher and Nevis | 1882–1958 | Presidency within the Leeward Islands | |
1958–1962 | Part of province of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | Part of colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1967–1980 | Part of associated state of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1980–1983 | Associated state | ||
1983 | Independence | :±: | |
St. John | 1801–02 | Occupation | |
1807–1815 | Occupation | Now part of the United States Virgin Islands | |
St. Lucia | 1605–1640 | Settlement | |
1640 | Abandoned | ||
1664–1667 | Occupation | ||
1762–63 | Occupation | ||
1781–1783 | Occupation | ||
1794–95 | Occupation | ||
1796–1802 | Occupation | ||
1803–1838 | Colony | ||
1838–1958 | Crown colony part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | Crown colony | ||
1967–1979 | Associated state | ||
1979 | Independence | ||
Saint Martin | 1690–1699 | Occupation | |
1801–02 | Occupation | ||
St. Thomas | 1801–02 | Occupation | |
1807–1815 | Occupation | Now part of the United States Virgin Islands | |
St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1627–1636 | Claimed | |
1672 | Claimed | ||
1762–63 | Occupation | ||
1763–1776 | Colony | ||
1776–1779 | Crown colony | ||
1779 | Occupied by France | ||
1783–1833 | Crown colony | ||
1833–1958 | Part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1969 | Colony | ||
1969–1979 | Associated state | ||
1979 | Independence | ||
1763–1802 | Colony | ||
1802 | Dissolved | Included the present-day countries of Dominica, Grenada, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the island of Tobago | |
Tobago | 1762–1764 | Part of colony of Windward Islands | |
1764–1781 | Colony | ||
1781 | Colony of France | ||
1793–1802 | Occupation | ||
1802 | Colony of France | ||
1803–1833 | Crown colony | ||
1833–1888 | Part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1889 | Amalgamated with Trinidad | ||
Tortuga | 1631–1635 | Colony | |
1635 | French possession | Now part of Haiti | |
Trinidad | 1802–1888 | Colony | |
1889 | Amalgamated with Tobago as "Trinidad and Tobago" | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | 1889–1958 | Colony | |
1958–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962 | Independence | ||
Turks and Caicos Islands | 1799–1848 | Colony part of Bahamas | |
1848–1874 | Colony | ||
1874–1959 | Colony part of Jamaica | ||
1959–1962 | Province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1982 | Colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Virgin Islands – see under "British Virgin Islands" | |||
West Indies Federation | 1958–1962 | Federation of colonies | |
1962 | Dissolution | Included the present-day countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados; Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands | |
Windward Islands | 1833–1956 | Colony | |
1956–1960 | Territory | ||
1960 | Dissolution | Included the present-day countries of Barbados (to 1885), Grenada, Dominica (from 1940), St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and (until 1889) the island of Tobago |
South America[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Berbice | 1781–82 | Subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | Occupied by France | ||
1796–1802 | Occupied | ||
1802 | Restored to the Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | Occupied | ||
1814–1831 | Colony | ||
1831 | United with Demerara-Essequibo to form British Guiana | Now part of Guyana | |
British Guiana | 1831–1961 | Colony | Formed by the merger of the colonies of Berbice and Demerara-Essequibo |
1961–1966 | Self-rule | ||
1966 | Independent as Guyana | ||
Demerara | 1781–82 | Subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | French occupation | ||
1796–1802 | Occupied | ||
1802 | Restored to Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | Occupied | ||
1814 | Merged with Essequibo to form Demerara-Essequibo | ||
Demerara-Essequibo | 1814–1831 | Colony | Formed by the merger of the separate colonies of Demerara and Essequibo |
1831 | United with Berbice to form British Guiana | ||
Essequibo | 1781–82 | Subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | French occupation | ||
1796–1802 | Occupied | ||
1802 | Restored to the Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | Occupied | ||
1814 | Merged with Demerara to form Demerara-Essequibo | ||
Oyapoc | 1620 | Settlement | Now in Guyana |
Pomeroon | 1666–67 | Occupied | |
1689 | Occupation | ||
1689 | Incorporated into Essequibo | Now in Guyana | |
Willoughby | 1652–1688 | Settlement | |
1688 | Dutch occupation | Now Paramaribo, in Suriname |
Asia[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Aden | 1839 | Colony subordinate to Bombay Presidency British India | |
1932 | Separate province of British India | ||
1937 | Separate Crown colony | ||
1963 | Part of Federation of South Arabia | ||
Afghanistan | |||
1879 | Protected state[20] | ||
1919 | Independence | ||
Assam | 1874–1905 | Province of British India | |
1905–1912 | Incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam | ||
1912–1947 | Province of British India | Now a state of the Republic of India | |
Bahrain | 1880 | Protectorate | |
1961–1971 | Autonomous | ||
1971 | Independence | Invited to join the Trucial States, but declined | |
Baluchistan | 1877–1896 | Province | |
1896–1947 | Province of British India | ||
1947 | Part of Pakistan | Now part of Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, in Pakistan | |
Bantam | 1603–1609 | Station | |
1609–1617 | Factory | ||
1617–1621 | Presidency | ||
1621 | Expelled by the Dutch | ||
1630–1634 | Subordinated to Surat | ||
1634–1652 | Presidency | ||
1652–1682 | Subordinated to Surat | ||
1682 | Expelled by the Dutch | Now in Indonesia | |
Bencoolen ("Fort York", later "Fort Marlborough") |
1685–1760 | Coastal settlements of southwestern Sumatra, subordinated to Madras | |
1760–1785 | Presidency | ||
1785–1825 | Subordinated to Bengal Presidency | ||
1825 | Part of Dutch East Indies | Now Bengkulu, in Indonesia | |
Bengal ("Fort William") |
1634–1658 | Factories | |
1658–1681 | Subordinated to Madras | ||
1681–82 | Agency | ||
1682–1694 | Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | ||
1694–1698 | Subordinated to Madras | ||
1698–1700 | Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | ||
1700–1774 | Presidency | ||
1774–1905 | Presidency of British India | ||
1905–1912 | Partitioned between [West] Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam | ||
1912–1937 | Presidency of British India | ||
1937–1947 | Province of British India | ||
1947 | Divided between India (West Bengal) and Pakistan (East Bengal) | Now Bangladesh, and part of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand, in India | |
Brunei | 1888 | Protectorate | |
1967 | Protected state | ||
1984 | Independence | ||
Burma (now called Myanmar) | 1824–1852 | Arakan, Tenasserim | |
1852–1886 | Lower Burma | ||
1885–1886 | Upper Burma | ||
1886 | Lower and Upper Burma United as province of British India | ||
1937 | Separate Crown Colony | ||
1948 | Independence | Name changed to Myanmar after a military junta in 1989. | |
Eastern Bengal and Assam | 1905–1912 | Province of British India | Established upon the partition of Bengal (1905) |
1912 | Partition reversed | Split between the re-established province of Assam and the re-constituted presidency of Bengal | |
Ceylon | 1795 | Ceded by the Dutch and subordinated to the Madras presidency of British India | |
1798 | Separate Crown colony | ||
1948 | Independence | Now the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | |
Dansborg | 1801–02 | Occupied | |
1808–1815 | Occupied | ||
1845 | purchased and incorporated into British India | Now in Tamil Nadu state, India | |
Frederiksnagore | 1801–02 | Occupied | |
1808–1815 | Occupied | ||
1845 | Purchased and incorporated into British India | Now in West Bengal state, India | |
Hong Kong | 1841 | Hong Kong Island occupied | |
1843–1982 | Crown colony | ||
1860 | Kowloon and Stonecutters Island ceded by China | ||
1898 | New Territories leased from China for 99 years | ||
1942–1945 | Occupied by Japan | ||
1945–1946 | Military administration | ||
1983–1997 | Dependent territory | ||
1997 | Handover to China as a special administrative region | ||
Kuwait | 1899 | Protectorate | |
1961 | Independence | ||
Indian Empire (British Raj) | 1613 | Company rule in India | |
1858 | Crown rule over the Indian Princely states, the Presidencies and provinces of British India | ||
1947 | Independent as India & Pakistan after partition | ||
Mandatory Iraq | 1920–1932 | League of Nations mandate never passed, replaced by Anglo-Iraqi treaty with the Kingdom of Iraq | |
Java and the Spice Islands | 1811–1816 | Territory of the East India Company | restored to the Netherlands |
Malaya | 1824 | Transferred following Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 | |
1824–1867 | Territory of British East India Company | ||
1867–1946 | Straits Settlements, Crown colony | ||
1895–1946 | Federated Malay States, protectorate | ||
1885–1946 | Johor, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Kedah, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Kelantan, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Perlis, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Terengganu, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | ||
1945–1946 | Military Administration | ||
1946–1948 | Malayan Union | ||
1948–1957 | Federation of Malaya | ||
1957–1963 | Independent state | ||
1963 | Annex North Borneo and Sarawak forming the renamed federation of Malaysia | ||
North Borneo | 1882–1946 | Protectorate | |
1945–1946 | Military administration | Labuan to British N. Borneo on 15 July 1946 | |
1946–1963 | Crown colony | Labuan to British N. Borneo on 15 July 1946 | |
1963 | Self-government | ||
1963 | Annexed by Malaya into Malaysia | ||
Palestine | 1920 | Mandate | |
1948 | British sovereignty relinquished; proposed partition between a Jewish and an Arab state never fully materialized; the Jewish state - Israel - was established immediately after British withdrawal, with the short-lived All-Palestine government following six months later | ||
1949 | Two sections of the former Palestine Mandate outside Israel - the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - were occupied by Egypt and Jordan respectively following the collapse of the All-Palestine government | ||
1956 | Gaza Strip briefly falls under Israeli occupation during the Suez Crisis | ||
1967 | West Bank and Gaza Strip fall under Israeli occpuation as a consequence of the Six-day War | ||
1993 | A Palestinian National Authority is declared in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; most matters regarding the day-to-day governance of these territories fell under its jurisdiction, in anticipation of a future Palestinian state | ||
2005 | Israel formally withdraws from the Gaza Strip, placing it under full PNA control; despite this, Gazan waters are still under Israeli military control | ||
Pulo Condore Island (Côn Đảo) | 1702 | Possession of British East India Company | |
1705 | Abandoned | Now Côn Đảo, in Vietnam | |
Sarawak | 1888–1946 | Protected States | |
1945–1946 | Military administration | ||
1946–1963 | Crown colony | ||
1963 | Self-government | ||
1963 | Annexed by Malaya into Malaysia | ||
Straits Settlements | 1826–1858 | Possession under British East India Company | Now divided between Malacca and Penang, in Malaysia, and Singapore |
1858–1867 | Subordinated to British India | ||
1867–1946 | Crown colony | ||
1942–1945 | Occupied by Japan | ||
1946 | Dissolved | ||
Qatar | 1916–1971 | Protectorate | |
1971 | Independence | Invited to join the Trucial States, but declined | |
Surat | 1612–1658 | Factory | |
1658–1668 | Presidency | ||
1668–1685 | Possession under British East India Company | ||
1685–1703 | Subordinated to Bombay | ||
1703 | Incorporated into Bombay | Now in India | |
Singapore | 1824 | Purchased | |
1824 | Part of Straits Settlements (as residency of the Presidency of Bengal) | ||
1867–1946 | Part of Straits Settlements (crown colony) | ||
1946–1955 | Crown colony | ||
1955–1959 | self-governing colony | ||
1959–1963 | State of Singapore | ||
1963–1965 | Part of Malaysia | ||
1965 | Independence | ||
Transjordan | 1920 | Part of Palestine Mandate | Now known as Jordan |
1923 | Formally separated from Palestine | ||
1928 | Emirate independent, except military and finance control | ||
1946 | Formal independence | ||
Trucial States | 1892 | Protectorate | |
1971 | Formation of Federation of Arab Emirates | Now part of the United Arab Emirates | |
Weihaiwei | 1898–1930 | Leased from China | |
1930 | Returned to the Republic of China | Now part of the People's Republic of China | |
West Bengal ("Bengal") |
1905–1912 | Province of British India | Established by the partition of Bengal. Abolished with the reversal of the partition and the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa. |
Europe[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Akrotiri and Dhekelia | 1960–present | Sovereign Base Areas | |
Alderney | 1198–1204 | Lordship | |
1204 | Fiefdom | ||
1205 | Fiefdom | ||
1206–1279 | Fiefdom | ||
1279 | Briefly occupied by France | ||
1279–1660 | Part of bailiwick of Guernsey | ||
1660–1825 | Seigneurie | ||
1825 | Subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1940–1945 | Occupied by Germany | ||
1945 | Restored to Britain | ||
Cyprus | 1878 | Administration while nominally remaining part of the Ottoman Empire | |
1914 | Annexation | ||
1925 | Crown colony | ||
1960 | Independence | Two sovereign base areas remain under British sovereignty; see under "Akrotiri and Dhekelia" | |
Dunkirk | 1658–1662 | Town and surrounding hinterland | |
1662 | Incorporated into France | ||
England | 927 | Kingdom formed | |
1282 | Conquest of principality of Gwynedd (last remaining independent Welsh principality) | ||
1536 | Annexation of Principality of Wales and Marcher Lordships into England | ||
1603 | Personal union with Scotland | ||
1649 | Republic as the Commonwealth of England. Scotland and Ireland united with England | ||
1660 | End of Republic. Scotland independent again but in personal union with England | ||
1707 | Political union with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain | Treaty of Union 1706 and Acts of Union 1707 | |
Gibraltar | 1704 | Captured by Britain | |
1713 | Colony | Ceded by Spain Treaty of Utrecht 1713 | |
1983 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | Sovereignty claimed by Spain | |
Great Britain, Kingdom of | 1707 | Formed by union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland | |
1801 | Union of Great Britain with Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | ||
Guernsey (incl. islands of Brecqhou, Herm, Jethou, Lihou, and Sark) |
1198–1204 | Lordship | |
1204–1205 | Fiefdom | ||
1206–1279 | Fiefdom | ||
1279–1940 | Bailiwick | ||
1940–1945 | Occupied by Germany | ||
1945–present | Bailiwick | ||
Heligoland | 1807–1814 | Occupied | |
1814–1890 | Colony | ||
1890 | Incorporated into Germany | ||
1945–1952 | Occupied | ||
Ionian Islands | 1809–1815 | Occupied | |
1815–1864 | United States of Ionian Islands, under British protection | ||
1864 | Incorporated into Greece | ||
Ireland | 1172 | Lordship | Papal Bull Laudabiliter 1155 |
1541 | Kingdom subordinated to the English (later British) Crown | ||
1801 | Merged with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom | Act of Union 1800 | |
Irish Free State | 1922 | Independence from the United Kingdom | Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 |
1949 | Declared a Republic | ||
Isle of Man | 1266–1290 | Fiefdom under Scotland | |
1313–1317 | Fiefdom under Scotland | ||
1328–1333 | Fiefdom under Scotland | ||
1333–1504 | Fiefdom | ||
1504–1594 | Lordship | ||
1594–1610 | Direct Crown rule | ||
1610–1649 | Lordship | ||
1649–1660 | Commonwealth and protectorate | ||
1660–1765 | Lordship | ||
1765–1827 | Possession | ||
1827–present | Crown dependency | ||
Jersey | 1204 | Fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | |
1204–1205 | Fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1206–1279 | Fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1279–1380 | Bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1382–1461 | Bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1468–1487 | Bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1487–1940 | Bailiwick | ||
1940–1945 | Occupied by Germany | ||
1945–present | Bailiwick | ||
Malta | 1800–1813 | Protectorate | |
1813–1921 | Crown colony | ||
1921–1933 | Self-governing colony | ||
1933–1947 | Crown colony | ||
1947–1958 | Self-governing colony | ||
1958–1961 | Crown colony | ||
1961–1964 | Self-governing colony | ||
1964 | Independence | ||
Menorca | 1708–1713 | Occupied | |
1713 | Ceded to Britain | ||
1714–1756 | Colony | ||
1756 | Occupied by France | ||
1798–1802 | Colony | ||
1802 | Restored to Spain | ||
Rockall | 1955 | Annexed as the latest territorial addition to the United Kingdom. | |
1972 | Made part of Scotland under Island of Rockall Act 1972. | ||
Sicily | 1806–1815 | ||
1816 | creation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | ||
Scotland | 1603 | Personal union with England | |
1649 | United with England and Ireland as the Commonwealth of England. | ||
1660 | Independent again but in personal union with England | ||
1707 | Political union with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain | Treaty of Union 1706 and Acts of Union 1707 | |
United Kingdom | 1801 | Formed by the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland | |
1922 | Secession of the Irish Free State | ||
1927 | Formal name changed from "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" | ||
Wales (Cymru) | 1282 | Occupied | |
1535 | Annexed into England by Act of English Parliament | ||
1999 | Devolved National Assembly established (renamed to Senedd (Parliament) in 2020) |
Antarctic Region[]
(Territories south of 60° S)
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
British Antarctic Territory | 1962–1982 | Colony | |
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Enderby Land | 1930–1933 | Claimed | |
1933 | Transferred to Australia | Now part of the Australian Antarctic Territory | |
Graham Land | 1832 | Annexed | |
1908–1962 | Dependency of Falkland Islands | ||
1962–present | Part of the British Antarctic Territory | ||
South Orkney | 1821–1908 | Claimed | |
1908–1962 | Dependency of the Falkland Islands | ||
1962–present | Part of the British Antarctic Territory | ||
South Shetland | 1819–1908 | Claimed | |
1908–1962 | Dependency of the Falkland Islands | ||
1962–present | Part of the British Antarctic Territory | ||
Victoria Land | 1841–1933 | Claimed | |
1933 | Transferred to Australia | Now part of the Australian Antarctic Territory |
Atlantic[]
(Islands in the Atlantic Ocean)
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Ascension Island | 1815–1922 | Possession | |
1922–2009 | Dependency of St Helena | ||
2009–present | Part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | ||
Bermuda | 1612–1684 | Colony | |
1684–1968 | Crown colony | ||
1968–1982 | Self-governing colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Falkland Islands | 1766 | West Falkland settled | |
1774 | Settlement withdrawn | ||
1774–1833 | Claimed | ||
1833 | Settlement re-established | ||
1841–1892 | Crown colony | ||
1892–1908 | Colony | ||
1908–1962 | Colony | ||
1962 | The Falkland Islands Dependencies of South Shetland, South Orkney, and Graham Land are established as the separate colony of British Antarctic Territory | ||
1962–1982 | Colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (formerly known as "St. Helena and its Dependencies") |
1588–1673 | St Helena claimed | |
1673–1815 | Possession of the East India Company | ||
1815–1821 | Crown colony | ||
1821–1834 | Possession of British East India Company | ||
1834–1982 | Crown colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands | 1775–1908 | Claimed | |
1908–1985 | Dependency of the Falkland Islands | ||
1985–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Tristan da Cunha | (1816–1938) | Dependency of the Cape Colony | |
1938–2009 | Dependency of St. Helena | ||
2009–present | Part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |
Indian Ocean[]
(Islands in the Indian Ocean)
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1789 | British take possession of the Andaman Islands | |
1848 | British take possession of the Nicobar Islands | ||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | ||
1947 | Became part of India upon its independence | Now a union territory of India | |
Ashmore Island | 1878 | Annexed | |
1931 | Transferred to Australia | Now administered as part of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands | |
Cartier Island | 1909–1931 | Annexed | |
1931 | Transferred to Australia | Now administered as part of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands | |
British Indian Ocean Territory | 1810–1814 | Occupied | |
1814 | Ceded to the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Paris | ||
1814–1903 | Part of the colony of Seychelles | ||
1903–1965 | Part of colony of Mauritius | ||
1965–1982 | Colony | ||
1976 | The Aldabra Group, the Des Roches islands, and the Farquhar Group/Des Roches are restored to the Seychelles | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Christmas Island | 1888 | Annexed | |
1889–90 | Leased | ||
1900–1942 | Dependency of the colony of Straits Settlement | ||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | ||
1945–46 | Military administration | ||
1946–1958 | Dependency of the colony of Singapore | ||
1958 | Crown colony | ||
1958 | Transferred to Australia | ||
Cocos Islands | 1825; 1826–1831 |
Settlement | |
1831–1857 | Fiefdom | ||
1857–1878 | Crown colony | ||
1878–1886 | Part of Ceylon | ||
1886–1942 | Part of the colony of the Straits Settlements | ||
1942–1946 | Part of Ceylon | ||
1946–1955 | Dependency of the Colony of Singapore | ||
1955 | transferred to Australia | Now the Australian territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands | |
Heard Island and McDonald Islands | 1833–1947 | Claimed | |
1947 | Transferred to Australia | Now the Australian territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands | |
Maldives | 1796–1953 | Protectorate | |
1953–54 | Republic | ||
1954–1965 | Protectorate | See also the United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963) | |
1965 | Independence | ||
Mauritius | 1809 | Occupation of Rodrigues | |
1810–1968 | Colony | ||
1814 | Formal cession by the Treaty of Paris | ||
1965 | The Chagos Archipelago is transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory | ||
1968 | Independence | ||
Seychelles | 1794–1810 | Occupied | |
1810–1814 | Colony subordinated to Mauritius | ||
1814 | Formal cession by the Treaty of Paris | ||
1814–1903 | Colony | ||
1903–1970 | Crown colony | ||
1970–1975 | Self-governing colony | ||
1975–76 | Self-rule | ||
1976 | Independence |
Australasia and the Pacific[]
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Australia | 1901–1942 | Dominion | |
1942 | Adopted the Statute of Westminster into domestic law | ||
Baker Island | 1886–1934 | Claimed | Now a territory of the United States |
Bonin Islands | 1827–1876 | Claimed | |
1876 | Annexed by Japan | ||
British New Guinea | 1884–1886 | Protectorate | |
1886–1906 | Colony | ||
1906 | Transferred to Australia | Now part of Papua New Guinea | |
Cook Islands | 1888–1891 | Protectorate | |
1891–1900 | Federation | ||
1900 | Annexed by New Zealand | ||
Coral Sea Islands | 1879–1969 | Part of Queensland, Australia | |
1969 | Became an Australian external territory | ||
Fiji | 1874–1877 | Colony | |
1877–1952 | Colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1952–1970 | Colony | ||
1970 | Independence | ||
Friendly Islands (Tonga) |
1889–1900 | Tripartite protectorate | |
1900–1952 | Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1952–1970 | Protectorate | ||
1970 | Independence | ||
Gilbert and Ellice Islands | 1892–1916 | Protectorate | |
1916–1975 | Crown colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories until 1971 | ||
1975 | The Gilbert and Ellice Islands are split into the two separate colonies of the Gilbert Islands and Tuvalu (formally in 1976) | ||
Gilbert Islands | 1975–76 | Crown colony (with the same Governor of the Tuvalu colony) | |
1976–1979 | Colony | ||
1979 | Independent as "Kiribati" | ||
Howland Island | 1886–1935 | Claimed | Now a territory of the United States |
Jarvis Island | 1889–1935 | Annexed | Now a territory of the United States |
Lord Howe Island | 1788–1834 | Claimed | |
1834–1855 | Settlement | Now part of New South Wales | |
Macquarie Island | 1810–1890 | Part of the colony of New South Wales | |
1890–present | Part of Tasmania | ||
Nauru | 1914–1920 | Administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | |
1920–21 | League of Nations mandate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1921–1942 | League of Nations mandate | ||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | ||
1945–1947 | League of Nations mandate | ||
1947–1968 | United Nations Trust Territory | ||
1968 | Independence | ||
New Hebrides | 1824–1878 | Protectorate | |
1878–1887 | Neutral territory | ||
1887–1906 | Joint naval commission | ||
1906–1976 | Condominium with France, administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1976–1980 | Condominium | ||
1980 | Independent as "Vanuatu" | ||
New South Wales | 1788–1900 | Colony | |
1901–present | State of Australia | ||
New Zealand | 1769–1788 | Claimed | |
1788–1835 | Part of New South Wales | ||
1835 | Declared independence | ||
1835–1840 | Protectorate | ||
1840–41 | Part of New South Wales | ||
1841–1907 | Colony | ||
1907–1947 | Dominion of New Zealand | ||
1947 | Adopted the Statute of Westminster into domestic law | ||
Niue | 1889–1900 | Tripartite protectorate | |
1900–01 | Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1901 | Annexed to New Zealand (as part of the Cook Islands) | ||
Norfolk Island | 1788–1844 | Part of New South Wales | |
1844–1856 | Part of Van Diemen's Land (later Tasmania) | ||
1856–1897 | Subordinated to New South Wales | ||
1897 | Dependency of New South Wales | ||
Palmyra Atoll | 1889 | Annexed | |
1898 | Annexed by the United States | ||
Pitcairn Islands | 1838–1887 | Protectorate | |
1887–1898 | Colony | ||
1898–1970 | Colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1970–1982 | Colony | ||
1983–2002 | Dependent territory | ||
2002–present | British Overseas Territory | ||
Queensland | 1824–1859 | Part of the colony of New South Wales | |
1859–1900 | Colony | ||
1901–present | State of Australia | ||
Samoan Islands | 1889–1900 | Tripartite protectorate | |
Sandwich Islands | 1794 – 10 February 1843 | Protectorate | |
10 February 1843 – 31 July 1843 | Ceded to Britain | ||
Solomon Islands | 1889–1893 | Tripartite protectorate | |
1893–1942 | Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1942–1943 | Japanese occupation | ||
1943–1971 | Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1971–1973 | protectorate | ||
1973–1976 | Autonomy | ||
1975 | Renamed from "British Solomon Islands" to "Solomon Islands" | ||
1976–1978 | Self-government | ||
1978 | Independence | ||
South Australia | 1788–1836 | Part of the colony of New South Wales | |
1836–1900 | Province (colony) | ||
1901–present | State of Australia | ||
Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) |
1803–1825 | Part of New South Wales | |
1825–1900 | Colony | ||
1856 | Renamed as "Tasmania" | ||
1901–present | State of Australia | ||
Tokelau (Union Islands) |
1889–1898 | Protectorate | |
1898–1916 | Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories | ||
1916–1949 | Part of colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands | Transferred to New Zealand | |
1949 | Transferred to New Zealand | ||
Torres Strait Islands | 1879–present | Part of Queensland | |
Tuvalu | 1975–76 | Colony administered with the same Governor of Gilbert Islands colony | |
1976–1978 | Colony | ||
1978 | Independence | ||
Victoria | 1839–1851 | Part of colony of New South Wales | |
1851–1900 | Colony | ||
1901–present | State of Australia | ||
Western Australia | 1791–1829 | King George Sound settled | |
1829–1832 | Swan River Colony | ||
1832–1900 | Colony | ||
1901–present | State of Australia |
Treaties and Acts of Parliament, etc.[]
This is a listing of the more important treaties, Acts of Parliament, and other legal instruments and events affecting the nature and territorial extent of the British Empire.
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (August 2008) |
Effective date | Name of treaty, etc. | Territorial effect |
---|---|---|
1536/1543 | Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 | Wales annexed to the Kingdom of England |
1707 | Acts of Union 1707 | Scotland and England unite as the Kingdom of Great Britain |
1713 | Treaty of Utrecht | Spain cedes Gibraltar to Britain. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and Acadie to Britain. |
1763 | Treaty of Paris | France cedes all its territories in America to Britain except Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands. |
1776 | Declaration of Independence of the United States | The Thirteen Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) assert independence |
1783 | Second Treaty of Paris | Great Britain formally recognises the independence of the United States. End of the American Revolution. |
1788 | New South Wales is established by settlement as a penal colony | |
1791 | Constitution Act | The Province of Quebec is divided in two sections Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower Canada (now Quebec). |
1801 | Act of Union 1800 | Ireland unites with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
1814 | Third Treaty of Paris | France cedes the Seychelles to Britain and Malta officially becomes a colony |
1840 | Treaty of Waitangi | New Zealand becomes a British colony |
1867 | British North America Act 1867 (known in Canada as the Constitution Act, 1867) | The Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia federate as Canada |
1870 | Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are annexed to Canada | |
1871 | British Columbia becomes a province of Canada | |
1876 | Proclamation under the Royal Titles Act 1876 | Queen Victoria adopts the title "Empress of India" |
1899 | Joint British-Egyptian condominium established over Sudan | |
1901 | Proclamation under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (1900) | The Commonwealth of Australia is formed by the federation of the colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania |
1910 | Proclamation under the South Africa Act 1909 | Union of South Africa formed by the federation of the colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony |
1914 | Cyprus (Annexation) Order in Council 1914 | Cyprus formally annexed |
1920 | Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council 1920 | Most of the East Africa Protectorate is annexed as the Colony of Kenya |
1922 | Anglo-Irish Treaty | The Irish Free State is separated from the United Kingdom |
Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence | Egypt becomes independent | |
1931 | Statute of Westminster | Canada, the Irish Free State, and the Union of South Africa obtain effective sovereignty |
1934 | Financial difficulties result in Newfoundland losing its status as a dominion | |
1942 | Australia adopts the Statute of Westminster, backdated to 1939 | |
1947 | New Zealand adopts the Statute of Westminster | |
Indian Independence Act 1947 | British India is partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan | |
1948 | King George VI relinquishes the title "Emperor of India" | |
1949 | Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada | |
1960 | Nigeria Independence Act 1960 | The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria becomes independent |
1962 | Jamaica Independence Act 1962 | Jamaica becomes independent |
1983 | The status of "colony" is renamed "dependent territory" | |
1997 | Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984) and the Hong Kong Act 1985 | Hong Kong is transferred to the People's Republic of China |
2002 | The status of "British Dependent Territory" is renamed "British Overseas Territory" |
See also[]
- Colonialism
- Decolonisation
- Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
- Imperialism
- List of British Empire-related topics
- List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom
- Scottish colonization of the Americas
References[]
- ^ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Statesman's Yearbook 1967-1968
- ^ U.S. Library of Congress - Glossary of terms.
- ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary - "Crown colony".
- ^ Jenks, p. 70.
- ^ Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4
- ^ Armstrong, Frederick H. (1985). Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology (Revised ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 39.
- ^ Christopher Moore (27 July 2011). 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-1-55199-483-3.
- ^ Putney, Albert H. (1908). "Popular Law Library Vol 1 Introduction To The Study Of Law Legal History". Cree Publishing Company. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ Roper (2007)
- ^ Elson, Henry William, History of the United States of America, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904. Chapter IV
- ^ Ferguson, Niall, 2003. Empire—How Britain Made the Modern World, Allan Lane, London, United Kingdom.
- ^ Russo, Cam (22 December 2020). "10 Largest Empires in History". Listcovery. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Merriam Webster's Dictionary (based on Collegiate vol., 11th ed.) 2006. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.
- ^ Hillmer, Norman (2001). "Commonwealth". Toronto: Canadian Encyclopedia.
...the Dominions (a term applied to Canada in 1867 and used from 1907 to 1948 to describe the empire's other self-governing members)
- ^ Marshall, Sir Peter (September 2001). "The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth". The Round Table. 90 (361): 541–53. doi:10.1080/00358530120082823. S2CID 143421201.
- ^ Peace Treaties and International Law in European History, From the Late Middle Ages to World War One
- ^ Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
- ^ "Timeline of British Colonization of the Bay Islands", Bay Islands Voice, 22 March 2013.
- ^ Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), p. 50.
External links[]
- British Empire
- Territorial evolution