This is a timeline of the Era of Fragmentation, the period of Tibetan history lasting from the death of the Tibetan Empire's last emperor, Langdarma, in 842 until Drogön Chögyal Phagpa gained control over the three provinces of Tibet in 1253 under Mongol rule.
Langdarma dies and the Tibetan Empire enters its Era of Fragmentation; Tibet is split between Langdarma's sons [fr] in the west, and [nl] in the east[1]
843
Karasahr and Kucha are occupied by the Kingdom of Qocho[1]
Ngari Khorsum splits into three kingdoms under Kyide Nyimagon's sons: Purang-Guge Kingdom controlled by Tashigon, Maryul controlled by Lhachen Dpalgyimgon, Zanskar and Spiti controlled by Detsugon[9]
The elders of Amdo find a descendant of the Yarlung dynasty in Gaochang by the name of Qinanling Wenqianbu. They take him to Hezhou, where he is named Gusiluo, otherwise known as Gyelsé, meaning "son of Buddha".[11]
998
Tabo Monastery is built by Rinchen-zangpo in Spiti
Due to a large number of refugees from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and regions around Delhi fleeing Mahmud of Ghazni, the Ngari king passed a law restricting foreigners from staying in the country for more than three years
Gusiluo relocates to Qingtang.[13] Around the same time his eldest son Xiazhan establishes himself in Hezhou and his second son Mozhanjiao in Tsongkha.[14]
1037
King Ode dies in battle against the Kara-Khanid Khanate near Skardu[8]
Purang-Guge Kingdom splits into independent Guge and Purang, ruled by the brothers Tsede and Tsensong respectively; another brother Tsende may have founded the Khasa Kingdom[10]
1074
Dongzhan and Mucheng submit to Song governance.[17]
1076
King Tsede of Guge organizes the Toling Chokhor (religion conference for Tibetan and Indian Buddhists)[8]
1099
Tsongkha is briefly occupied by the Song dynasty before regaining independence.[18]
12th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1102
The Song dynasty occupy Tsongkha and rename Qingtang to Xining.[19]
1109
The Song dynasty registers all the Tibetan towns of Kokonor under Chinese names.[19]
1110
King Sonamtse's sons split Guge into three kingdoms[20]
1120
Guge regent Jowo Gyalpo founds the kingdom of Khunu[20]
The Khasa Kingdom emerges as the strongest power in Ngari[20]
1159
The first Nyingma monastery since Langdarma is built
13th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1201
Sakya Pandita travels to India and studies under Indian gurus. He becomes a great religious and cultural figure and creates a Tibetan literary tradition inspired by Sanskrit poetry.
1220
The Khasa Kingdom expands into the territory of Garhwal and Kumaon[20]
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