Timeline of the Tigray War
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This is a timeline of the military engagements of the Tigray War, an ongoing civil war in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia that began in early November 2020.
Pre-war preparations[]
Tigray[]
The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) lost power to Abiy Ahmed and both the Amhara as well as Oromo blocks of the EPRDF, following years of Oromo protests. This was an unprecedented and historic feat since this was the first time in Ethiopia's history in which a government left power without losing military engagement to its opponents.
Not only the TPLF, but even the Tigray branch of Abiy's own Prosperity Party expressed fears about an Eritrean invasion, already on 19 February 2020.[2] On 17 June 2020, Debretsion Gebremichael, head of the TPLF, stated that the federal government was "threatening war" against the Tigray Region.[3] From June to November 2020, in Ullega tabiya (municipality) in the Chercher woreda of Raya Azebo, TPLF Liyou Hail special military forces camped in the main primary school in Kebele and dug trenches in preparation for possible conflict, according to residents interviewed by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC). The TPLF stated that the aim was to provide a COVID-19 pandemic checkpoint. The EHRC visited the school and observed the trenches in an early January 2021 visit.[4]
During 2020, the TPLF judged the economic and political changes in Ethiopia under Abiy's prime ministership to be "unacceptably threatening" to the control that the TPLF had enjoyed in Ethiopia for nearly three decades, and aimed to retain its de facto dominance and considerable autonomy in Ethiopian politics and its economy.[5]
Anti-TPLF forces[]
On 27 January 2020, Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed, Eritrean president Isaias Afwerki and Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Farmaajo) held a Tripartite Agreement meeting in Asmara.[6] Martin Plaut suggested that the 27 January meeting, together with bilateral meetings by Abiy to an Eritrean military base in July 2020, Farmaajo to Asmara on 4 October 2020, and Isaias to the Harar Meda Airport Ethiopian air base in Bishoftu on 14–15 October 2020 were used by the three leaders to discuss and prepare a strategy for the Tigray War.[7]
According to Mesfin Hagos, former Defence Minister of Eritrea, "in the run up to the current conflict, a large number of Ethiopian elite units had slowly trickled into Eritrea as part of a security pact between Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed and Eritrean president Isaias Afwerki" and based in Gherghera near Asmara. Mesfin stated that according to the plan, the Ethiopian units at Gherghera "were expected to be the hammer and the Northern Command the anvil to strike out of existence the TPLF."[8]
The ENDF and the EDF were both planning an attack on the Tigray Region, according to a claim by the TPLF in July 2020.[9]
In mid-October 2020, ENDF and Amhara special forces moved to the southern and western borders of Tigray in plans for an attack, according to an Amhara police commissioner contacted by Kjetil Tronvoll, a peace researcher at Bjørknes College.[10]
According to a TPLF source quoted by Europe External Programme with Africa, ENDF divisions were moved to Gondar, Afar Region and Raya in late October in preparation for an attack on Tigray from the west, east and south, and the Northern Command was planning secret operations to assassinate TPLF leaders in Mekelle. The source claimed that preparations for an attack on the Tigray Region had been planned for two years, and that the TPLF had held a party meeting on 31 October to discuss the ENDF/EDF attack plans.[11]
Kinfe Asayehegn Gebreeyesus, a researcher at Hawassa University for thirteen years, visited Hawassa in late October and early November 2020 for fieldwork. He claimed that on 1 November, a friend who was a military officer in the Southern Command of the ENDF stated to him that there was a military plan to attack Tigray Region. According to the officer, commandos had been sent to Eritrea in order to prepare for an attack on Tigray Region; and on 31 October, commandos had been flown to Gondar and bussed from there to Kirakir and other towns bordering Tigray Region for the anticipated attack. On 2 November, a different Southern Command officer told Kinfe that he had attended a meeting that day discussing plans for a military attack against Tigray and the TPLF. On 3 November, Kinfe observed heightened activity of military troop movements that he interpreted as being related to the plans for an attack.[12]
TPLF blocks Northern command appointments[]
On 29 October 2020, the TPLF rejected the federal government's appointment of new leadership for the ENDF's Northern Command. Three officers, Brig. Gen Belay Seyoum Akele, the new Commander of the Northern Command, and one of his deputies Brig. Gen. Seid Tekuye, as well as Lt. Gen. Molla Haile Mariam, were told by TPLF to cancel their flights to Mekelle. The other deputy commander, Brig. Gen. Jamal Mohammed, was turned away by the TPLF upon arrival in Mekelle.[13][14] According to Getachew Reda, a senior official of the TPLF, the decision was made on the premise that Tigray would no longer recognize any decisions made by the federal government or any officials appointed by them.[15]
November 2020[]
2 November[]
Debretsion Gebremichael stated to journalists that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) planned and made preparations to attack Tigray Region.[16]
3 November[]
Late in the night of Tuesday, 3 November 2020,[17][18] Tigray regional security forces, loyal to the ruling Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) launched a surprise attack on the Northern Command of the ENDF in Mekelle, and other Northern Command bases in the Tigray region.[19] A senior member of the TPLF, , said that a pre-emptive strike had been carried out in self-defence.[20] Several people were said to have been killed in the attack, including destroyed properties, while others sustained injuries, and according to the Ethiopian government, the military base was looted of light and heavy weapons.[16]
4 November[]
Subsequently, Abiy Ahmed, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, declared a military offensive that would be launched to restore the rule of law and central government authority.[21] A state of emergency was declared in the region for the 6 months following this attack. Electricity, telephone and internet services in Tigray were shut down by federal authorities,[16] though there were claims were made that the TPLF itself had shut them down.[citation needed] NetBlocks reported a subnational drop in Ethiopia of about 15% in internet connectivity at 01:00 East Africa Time.[22] The Tigray Regional Administration threatened to retaliate to any form of attack, as they prohibited all aspects of transportation, including flights.[16][23][24]
The Amhara Region Special Force and fano (militia) killed at least seven people: the children of one family in Shiglil (Western Tigray) between 4 and 10 November 2020.[25][26]
Following the shutdown of telephone and internet services in Tigray, Amnesty International urged the Ethiopian authorities to quickly restore communications so as to respect people's rights to freedom of expression.[27] The UN also called for an urgent de-escalation of the growing conflict in the region.[28]
5 November[]
On 5 November 2020, Debretsion Gebremichael, Chief Administrator of the Tigray Region, claimed that Tigrayan forces seized most of the weapons at the Ethiopian Military's Northern Command headquarters.[29] Debretsion also stated that many in the Northern Command had defected to the Tigrayan side, though this claim was rejected by the Ethiopian government as "false information", and that the Ethiopian Air Force was bombing areas near Mekelle, the capital of Tigray.[30][21]
There were reports that the Fanno militia killed 21 civilians in Dansha (Western Tigray) between 5–19 November 2020.[31] The killing spree started on 5 November and aimed especially at Tigrayan seasonal farm labourers and petty traders. It reached its paroxysm at 19 November, when 6 people were killed.[26] The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) puts the number of civilian victims at 25.[32] Victims were often stabbed by knife or hacked to death with machetes.[31]
6 November[]
On 6 November 2020, Abiy disclosed that his administration had launched an airstrike against the forces of the fortified Tigray region in several locations.[33] According to Abiy's announcement, rockets and other weapons were destroyed but was later found out to be by rocket attacks on Gondar, Bahirdar and Asmara.[34][35] Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed accused the Tigray People's Liberation Front of "criminal hubris and intransigence", claiming they rejected the federal government's efforts at "mediation, reconciliation, dialogue". Moreover, Sudan closed its border with Ethiopia and the United Nations called for immediate de-escalation of tensions and a peaceful resolution to the conflict.[36]
7 November[]
On 7 November 2020, the Ethiopian parliament voted to endorse the creation of an interim government for the northern Tigray region in order to avoid the outbreak of a civil war in the country, as the conflict intensified in the region. The Tigray government was declared to be illegal, during the emergency session held by the parliament.[37][38] The declaration was made by the House of Federation, one of the Ethiopian parliamentary chambers,[39] Separately, 10 officials in the capital were detained over allegations of terrorism, the mayor of Addis Ababa, Adanech Abebe, announced.[40]
8 November[]
On 8 November 2020, as the Ethiopian military's offensive in the northern Tigray region entered its fifth day, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced the replacement of several high-ranking officials within his government. As the military resumed new rounds of aistrikes, Abiy's head of intelligence, army chief and foreign minister were replaced and included a new federal police commissioner being appointed.[41][42][43] Deputy Prime Minister Demeke Mekonnen filled the position of foreign minister, while deputy army chief Birhanu Jula was promoted to army chief of staff. The former Regional leader of Amhara, Temesgen Tiruneh, was appointed as the new head of intelligence.[44][40] Abiy did not reveal his rationale behind making the changes to his administration's military and intelligence office.[45] On Twitter, Abiy urged Ethiopians not to discriminate against Tigrayans in the face of worsening internal conflict.[46]
9 November[]
On 9 November 2020, the leadership of the Tigray Region claimed that more than 10 airstrikes had been carried out against them by the Ethiopian federal government.[47] Hundreds of people were believed to have died in the conflict, according to government sources.[48] The Ethiopian army was also reported to have lost hundreds of its personnel in the battle of Dansha.[49] That night, 600 civilians, mostly Amharas and Welkait, were killed in a massacre in the town of Mai Kadra using machetes and knives by local militias and police loyal to the TPLF, according to preliminary investigations by Amnesty International and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission.[50][51][52] Alternate accounts of the massacre have been presented by Tigrayan refugees interviewed by Reuters blaming Amhara militias for the massacres.[53]
10 November[]
On 10 November, Ethiopian federal forces seized parts of Tigray, including Humera Airport.[54] Several Tigrayan troops were said to have surrendered to the Ethiopian military during the takeover of the airport.[55] Tigray Region President, Debretsion Gebremichael reported that the Eritrean Army had launched attacks on the northern border, which was labeled as "false information" by Major General Mohammed Tessema. At least 2500 Ethiopians had reportedly fled from northern Tigray to neighboring Sudan. According to Alsir Khaled, the head of Sudan's refugee agency in eastern Kassala town, many Ethiopian soldiers were among the refugees who fled the country to Sudan.[55][56]
On 9 and 10 November, the first series of Humera massacres took place, with 54 civilians killed.[26]
11 November[]
Refugees fleeing to Sudan increased significantly on 11 November 2020, with about 10,000 refugees having crossed the border since hostilities began. No further news regarding military advances from either side was reported on Wednesday.[57]
12 November[]
Amnesty International reported massacres taking place in the Tigray Region. Amnesty provided preliminary information on the suspected perpetrators of the massacres. Witnesses blamed the Tigray People's Liberation Front for the "horrific tragedy" taking place in Mai Kadra. Airstrikes continued to hit the region hard after Abiy Ahmed blamed the TPLF of committing war crimes.[58] A group of investigators were sent by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to Mai Kadra to investigate the mass killings.[59]
The ENDF claimed in late November to have gained control of Humera on 12 November.[60] Massacres of 20 ethnic Tigrayans in Humera were later reported by refugees who had fled Humera.[61][62][63]
From 12 to 18 November, the Adi Hageray massacre was also carried out by ENDF and EDF which resulted in 200 people killed.[26]
13 November[]
On 13 November, the Ethiopian Parliament appointed the Minister of Education Mulu Nega to replace Debretsion Gebremichael as the president of the Tigray Region, although rejected by the TPLF.[64][65]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force and Eritrean Defence Forces entered Tigray from the north, killing dozens of civilians in Zalambessa (Eastern Tigray)[26] There was indiscriminate shelling on the town for 13 consecutive hours. Then soldiers of both armies were accused of going house to house arbitrarily killing civilians. Burials were prohibited and corpses eaten in the streets by hyenas and dogs. Every killing has been carefully documented by some survivors. In one case, which is not at all most extreme, the soldiers entered a house and killed both spouses, then occupied the house, and settled there while feasting on the slaughtered goats of the family. They stayed 12 days in the house, eating the 30 goats, and only after that the bodies of the spouses could be buried.[66]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed[26] up to 16 civilians[31] in airstrikes on Tshafti (Southeastern Tigray). Involvement of UAE drones has also been reported.[31]
Pro-TPLF media circulated a claim by Debretsion that the Ethiopian government had bombed the Tekeze Dam, cutting off vital power to the region. A claim denied by the government, which said that the surge from the reservoir would have been catastrophic and immediately noticeable had the allegations been true.[67][68]
The UN refugee agency stated that the number of Ethiopians, mainly civilians, fleeing into Sudan had reached more than 14,500.[69]
14 November[]
A France24 report mentions that according to residents and officials, 27 civilians were killed over three days of fighting in the village of Bisober, located in southern Tigray, as federal troops attempted taking it from the TPLF. 21, mainly civilians, were killed due to artillery and the rest were executed.[70]
UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned the Tigray conflict could potentially destabilize the entire Horn of Africa region.[71] Overnight, rocket attacks were reported in Gondar Airport, which was slightly damaged, and Bahir Dar Airports, with the TPLF claiming responsibility. Getachew Reda, the TPLF's spokesman, claimed that the rebel government would soon "conduct missile attacks to foil military movements in Massawa and Asmara".[72] The federal government claimed that the attacks were "indicative of TPLF's last resort attempts to maintain control". The government added that the attack on Bahir Dar airport failed, as the target was missed.[73][74]
Later in the day, there were reports of missile strikes in Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, with the Ministry of Information and Asmara International Airport being hit, and reports of a blackout, and some fleeing the city.[75]
15 November[]
The following day, Debretsion had confirmed that the TPLF had bombed Asmara Airport and that his forces had been fighting Eritrean forces "on several fronts" over the last few days.[76] It was reported that the number of refugees who had fled from Tigray to Sudan had reached 25,000.[77] Reda claimed that the United Arab Emirates was attacking Tigray using drones launched from its base in Assab, Eritrea. Bellingcat later confirmed that the base contained CAIG Wing Loong II drones, but could not find evidence that they were being used in Tigray.[78] In early December, it appeared that indeed, the offensive of joint ENDF-Amhara-Eritrean forces into Tigray had been facilitated by the intervention of "Pterosaurus" drones, launched by the United Arab Emirates from its base in Assab (Eritrea). The Chinese-made armed drones bombed Tigrayan towns and defence forces.[79] EEPA provided a summarised translation of the Chinese article confirming the content.[80]
16 November[]
The Ethiopian Government stated that Ethiopian forces had taken the town of Alamata on the southeastern tip of Tigray Region. A Government spokesman said that the TPLF forces had fled and arrested 10,000 prisoners. It was not immediately clear who these prisoners were.[81] Government forces were also said to be heading towards Humera to the west of the Tigray Region on the border with both Sudan and Eritrea.[82]
Ahead of the Ethiopian National Defense Force and Eritrean Defence Forces arrival in late November 2020, heavy bombing levelled homes and businesses in Wukro in Eastern Tigray sending plumes of dust and smoke rising above near-deserted streets on 16 November 2021.[83] People were hiding in their houses and 14 civilians [26] were killed in the bombing that involved the intervention of the Ethiopian Air force and use of "Pterosaurus" drones, launched by the United Arab Emirates from its base in Assab, Eritrea.[79] EEPA has provided a summarised translation of the Chinese article.[80]
17 November[]
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed posted on social media that Ethiopian armed forces were about to launch a "final and crucial" offensive after a "three-day deadline" for the Tigray authorities to surrender had expired. Abiy also confirmed airstrikes in the region and claimed they were "surgical" strikes that did not target civilians.[84]
The same date, the Eritrean army killed 200 civilians in Shire.[26]
Starting 17 November, the Shimelba refugee camp became the target of EDF. At least 117 refugees were killed and thousands of refugees forcibly returned to Eritrea.[85]
18 November[]
The Prime Minister was reported as saying that the Ethiopian Army had captured the cities of Shire and Axum and was advancing on Mekelle. The government reported that Tigray's forces were destroying bridges near the city in order to slow the advance. Tigray's leader confirmed his soldiers had lost territory but said it was a temporary setback and denied destroying the bridges. The leaders of Tigray also maintained that they would never surrender to the Ethiopian government.[86][87][88]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 23 civilians in Selekhlekha (NW Tigray), and in the adjacent village Addi Dekiamalek (Adi Kemalek) on 18 and 19 November 2021.[26]
The Ethiopian federal police disclosed that arrest warrants had been issued for 76 army officers, on the allegation of treason. The officers were accused of conspiring with the leaders of the Tigray region.[89][90] According to the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission, the officers were associated with the attack that was carried out on November 4, by forces of the Tigray People's Liberation Front, on the Ethiopian army's Northern Command.[91]
19 November[]
Federal troops seized the town of Shire Inda Selassie from the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) as government forces advanced on the Tigray Region's capital Mekelle. There were conflicting reports of the status of Axum, with both sides claiming to control the historic town,[92] while thousands more people fled into Sudan from the Tigray Region, according to international aid workers.[93]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 25 civilians in (Central Tigray).[26]
The Ethiopian army chief of staff, General Berhanu Jula, alleged that the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who is ethnic-Tigray and a member of the TPLF, had attempted to obtain arms for the TPLF. General Birhanu Jula described the Director-General as a criminal, and called for his removal, although he did not provide any evidence to back his allegations.[94][95] Dr Tedros went on Twitter to deny these allegations. He added that he had not chosen any side and is only supporting peace.[96][97]
In December, the Danish Refugee Council reported deaths of three of its security guards and the International Rescue Committee reported death of one of its staff on November 19 in Hitsats Refugee Camp. The camp was captured by troops fighting for the Ethiopian government on 21 November.[98] According to witnesses, the soldiers who entered the camp were Eritrean and engaged in clashes with local militiamen. Many civilians were killed in the fighting according to witnesses. Aid workers told The New York Times that after the clashes, the Eritrean soldiers looted aid materials and vehicles, burnt crops and a forested area, and shot up the main water tank. They also took back several Eritrean refugees back to Eritrea per witnesses.[99]
20 November[]
Mekelle University officials said that an airstrike had inflicted significant damage to the university in the capital of Tigray.[100] The Ethiopian government claimed that its forces had captured the town of Adwa from the TPLF.[101]
In Adwa, 31 civilians were reported to have been killed by the Eritrean Defence Forces.[26]
Amhara Regional officials reported that the TPLF had launched a rocket attack on the capital, Bahir Dar, but that it caused no damage. The two missiles reportedly caused large explosions and one of them landed near an airport.[102]
The UN announced that it was making plans for the possibility that up to 200,000 refugees could flee to neighboring Sudan. The UN also called for the opening of humanitarian corridors, without specifying where exactly they should be located.[101]
21 November[]
Ethiopian federal forces made an assault on the city of Adigrat, with the Ethiopian government claiming it had captured the town. The TPLF announced that there had been heavy bombardment in which nine civilians were killed.[103][104][105]
Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) extrajudicially executed 24 civilians in the town of Idaga Hamus after the EDF gained control. The executions were interpreted as revenge for the deaths of EDF soldiers. The EDF had also executed 12 civilians in Adigrat after taking control.[106]
22 November[]
The Ethiopian government stated that Idaga Hamus had been captured by the ENDF, while Debretsion Gebremichael said that TPLF troops had stalled Ethiopian forces on the southern front.[107][108]
A military spokesperson for Ethiopia, , announced that Mekelle would be encircled and shelled with the intention of capturing the town. He told Tigray civilians to shelter in place and avoid military installations because "there will be no mercy".[108]
23 November[]
Abiy Ahmed announced that Tigray forces had 72 hours to surrender but the TPLF refused and vowed to keep on fighting.[109] The state-affiliated media also accused the TPLF of destroying the Axum Airport. In Amhara Region, residents said that rocket strikes occurred on Bahir Dar during dawn.[110] A reporter of the AFP news agency visited the western Tigray town of Humera, that had been heavily shelled, including from the Eritrean side where it was evident that most of the inhabitants had fled. Administration of the conquered parts of Western Tigray had been taken over by officials from Amhara Region.[111]
24 November[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 19 civilians in Igri Karan, just north of Negash (Eastern Tigray) on 24 November 2020. As their offensive from the north in direction of Mekelle was not progressing as expected, there were reported attacks on civilians. Some people were killed by shelling, but most were shot while fleeing.[31]
The Tigray People's Liberation Front forces claimed that they destroyed an Ethiopian National Defense Force division. The Ethiopian government denied this and claimed that many Tigrayan fighters surrendered, as the 72-hour ultimatum previously issued by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed approached its end and a military build-up was growing around the region's capital, Mekelle.[112]
26 November[]
Ahmed ordered federal military forces to launch an attack on Mekelle.[113][114]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) were reported to have killed 8 civilians in Hawzen (Eastern Tigray) on 25 to 27 November 2020.[26] In the wake of the battles, there were killing sprees that spread towards the nearby small towns of Megab and Qoraro. On 26 November, seven civilians were killed in nearby Berakit.[26]
27 November[]
During a meeting with three African Union special envoys, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed rejected holding talks with the leaders of the Tigray region. However, Abiy maintained that he was ready to have a dialogue with the legally recognized Tigray representatives.[115][116] The TPLF were reported to have fired at least four rockets at Eritrea according to the media, though the group did not claim responsibility. The Eritrean media stated that rockets landed near Asmara as well as surrounding towns. One diplomat stated that there were reports of one landing to the south of Asmara. Another diplomat claimed that one of them struck a neighbourhood of Asmara but this couldn't be confirmed. No casualties were reported in the attack.[117] Abiy announced that the final phase of the offensive had been launched with direct assault on Mekelle.[118]
The Amhara Region Special Force and the Eritrean Defence Forces killed 98 civilians in Korarit (western Tigray) on the days before 27 November 2020.[26][119][120]
Meanwhile, the in Sudan which was intended to shelter 5,000 refugees fleeing from Ethiopia's unrest had reached twice its initial capacity, the United Nations's refugee agency confirmed on Friday.[121]
28 November[]
On 27 and 28 November, 220 civilians were reported to have been massacred in Wukro by the Ethiopian and Eritrean armies.[26][83]
In Shimelba camp, 21 refugees were killed by the Eritrean Defence Forces, in the period from 28 November till 17 December.[26]
Both Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the Chief of General Staff Birhanu Jula Gelalcha confirmed that Mekelle had fully come under the control of the ENDF.[122] Abiy had denied any civilians were harmed during the assault and that thousands of troops had been freed from the Northern Command, after being held hostage by the Tigray People's Liberation Front. However, federal troops have continued looking for the leaders of the TPLF, the BBC added.[123]
Six explosions in Asmara during the night were reported by the United States State Department, although the reason was not immediately clear. Neither the Eritrean government, nor the TPLF commented on the issue and nobody claimed responsibility.[124] Two diplomats based in Addis Ababa told Agence France-Presse that the explosions were caused by rockets, which apparently struck Asmara International Airport and Eritrean military facilities.[125]
29 November[]
The TPLF said they had shot down an ENDF MiG-23 that crashed near Abiy Addi, while the pilot successfully ejected and was captured. Tigray TV broadcast images from the crash-site which showed the complete destruction of the aircraft. It isn't known how the airplane crashed.[126] The TPLF leader Debretsion announced that they had recaptured the northern town of Axum from the federal government forces. ETV said that 70 graves had been found in Humera, consisting of both individual and mass graves. The channel didn't specify who was responsible for the deaths. Both the federal Ethiopian forces and the TPLF, as well as militias supporting them, have been accused of mass-killing by investigators of human rights violations.[127]
Claims that South Sudan had been the new hideout of Debretsion Gebremichael, the chairman of the Tigray People's Liberation Front and president of the Tigray Region, brought distress and unease to the Ethiopian political establishment. The Ethiopian Ambassador to South Sudan abruptly left South Sudan soon after and the Ethiopian government made the decision to expel all South Sudanese diplomats from the country.[128]
30 November[]
According to the leader of Ethiopia's Tigray region, Debretsion Gebremichael, despite the government's declaration of victory over Mekelle during the weekend, fighting is yet to stop on all fronts. Debretsion urged Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed to quit what he described as insanity and to pull back the federal troops from the region.[129][130] The Tigray leader also accused Ethiopian troops of launching a series of operations that was aimed at eliminating the Tigrayans.[131]
Furthermore, Debretsion Gebremichael also claimed that his forces were still in possession of several missiles, as well as an imprecise number of prisoners belonging to the Ethiopian troops.[132] While Abiy claimed that during midnight, TPLF leaders had fled to the west of Mekelle, in an area between Hagere Selam and Abiy Addi, adding federal troops didn't attack since the TPLF leaders had their family and abducted soldiers with them. Debretsion told AFP he was near Mekelle, not Hagere Selam, while claiming the TPLF withdrew from Mekelle to avoid harm to civilians. He reported fighting in Hawzen and Wukro on 29 November 2020, plus activities near Shire, but there was no fighting in Tigray on 30 November.[133]
On 30 November, an extraordinary session of the Ethiopian parliament was called by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed.[134] During the session, he claimed that no civilian was killed during the assault on Mekelle and 99% of missiles launched by the ENDF hit their targets. He rejected notions that the Ethiopian government would destroy the city.[135]
In one of the biggest of the Adigrat massacres, the EDF extrajudicially killed 35 civilians in Mariam Dengelat (or Dinglet) church (near Edaga Hamus), according to The New York Times.[99] The numbers of civilians executed were later estimated as being in the range of 37–150 by EEPA,[136][137] and 80–150 by Jan Nyssen.[138] 67 names of victims have been published.
December 2020[]
1 December[]
On 1 December, Keria Ibrahim, one of the nine TPLF Central Committee members and former Speaker of the HoF, was reported to have surrendered to federal security forces.[139] Gebremichael denied fleeing to South Sudan, claiming he was still near Mekelle. He also claimed that the TPLF had captured Eritrean soldiers near Wukro.[140] The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) were reported to have killed five civilians in Hawzen in (Eastern Tigray).[26]
2 December[]
On 2 December, Ethiopia and the UN signed a deal in which the UN will open humanitarian access in federally controlled land to help people displaced as a result of the conflict.[141][142] Tigray's population of 6 million people have been battling hunger and food shortages since the eruption of violence between the federal government and the Tigray regional government and is now expected to have access to items such as medicines, food and several other forms of aid.[143] The UN's humanitarian agency, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), stated that the UN will receive "unimpeded, sustained, and secure access" for humanitarian aid in the Tigray region.[144]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) were reported to have killed eight civilians in Bizet (Central Tigray) on 2 December 2020.[26] They were reported to have been killed while protecting properties from being looted by Eritrean soldiers.
3 December[]
Doctors in Mekelle claimed the civilian casualties in the Battle of Mekelle during the federal capture of the city were 27 deaths and 100 injured, contrary to Abiy's previous claims that no citizens were killed during the offensive in Tigray.[145][146] An aid worker told Reuters that clashes were still taking place to the south, north and west of Mekelle.[147]
4 December[]
According to UN officials, in the town of Ziban Gedena, in NW Tigray, soldiers of the Eritrean Defence Forces burned 150 homesteads, killed 300 civilians, looted or slaughtered 90% of oxen and livestock, burned and stole harvests.[148]
According to the leader of the Tigray region, Debretsion Gebremichael, protests erupted in Mekelle, just days after it was captured by the Ethiopian troops, as reports suggested that Eritrean troops were looting buildings. Government spokesman Billene Seyoum Woldeyes claimed that nearly all of the TPLF commanders had been killed or arrested.[149] Residents of Mekelle confirmed that there were protests and looting in the city on 4 December.[150] Meanwhile, images of people occupying the streets and shopping in Mekelle were broadcast by State media as the chief executive of Tigray appointed by the government claimed that peace was stabilizing in Mekelle.[151] TPLF spokesman Getachew Reda said government forces had bombed Abiy Addi.[152]
5 December[]
The federal forces claimed to have captured the TPLF's spokesman, Getachew Reda, in a video broadcast on the state channel ETV.[153] On the same day they also claimed to be 10 km (6 mi) away from the area which is believed to be the main TPLF hideout.[154]
7 December[]
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed dismissed the possibility of the forces of northern Tigray having the capability to go on a military offensive from the mountainous areas of the region. Abiy maintained that the defiant group had been completely defeated and destabilized. Following Abiy's statement, there has not been any immediate comment from the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).[155][156][157] Meanwhile, a United Nations (UN) team attempting to visit a refugee camp reported to have been shot at.[158]
On the same day, arrest warrants were issued for 10 senior police officers in Addis Ababa on the charges of suspected treason, according to the Ethiopian federal police commission.[159]
8 December[]
On 8 December, the Ethiopian government officially announced it had fired on and detained a UN humanitarian force for allegedly ignoring two military checkpoints and for going to areas where "they were not supposed to go."[160] The group claimed they were trying to assess the roads before the aid convoys could go through.[161] The convoy was accused of going through two military checkpoints and were trying to pass through a third near Sheraro when they were reportedly shot at.[162][163] The government stated that it did not "need a UN 'baby-sitter'" getting involved in the conflict.[164] The UN spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric called the incident "alarming" and stated that the UN was "engaging at the highest level with the federal government to express our concerns and avoid any such incidents in the future."[165]
9 December[]
U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet said the United Nations had received reports of fighting going on near Mekelle, Sheraro, Axum, Abiy Addi and the areas straddling the border between the Amhara and Tigray Region.[166] Bachelet stated that they had verified reports of human rights abuses and had also received reports of forced recruitment of Tigrayans to fight against the TPLF.[167]
10 December[]
A spokesperson for the United States Department of State told Reuters that it had credible reports of Eritrean troops presently active in Tigray and called on them to withdraw. Former Eritrean defense minister Mesfin Hagos in an article published in African Arguments, cited sources in the government and outside to claim that Eritrea had deployed four mechanized divisions, seven divisions of infantry and a brigade of commandos to assist the Ethiopian army.[168]
11 December[]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi said that the agency had received many reports of Eritrean refugees being killed, kidnapped or sent back to Eritrea by force. He also called on the Ethiopian government to guarantee safe access to aid workers and to protect civilians.[169]
12 December[]
On the 12th December, it was reported that the first aid convoy had reached the capital of the northern Tigray region, Mekelle, according to the Ethiopian Red Cross Society. Seven white trucks belonging to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were said to have delivered medicine, as well as other supplies in Mekelle.[170][171][172]
13 December[]
On 13 December Sudan's prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok announced that Ethiopia and Sudan had come to an agreement to hold a summit of East African countries to discuss a resolution to stop the fighting.[173][174] In an announcement made by the Transitional Government, civilians within the Tigray region were ordered to disarm by 15 December or face possible arrest.[175] On the same day Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed held talks with Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) officials in the city of Mekelle.[176][177] Abiy made the journey to Tigray with the region's new provisional administration and stated that telecommunications and electricity were being restored.[177]
14 December[]
On 14 December, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) and Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) were reported to have killed dozens of civilians in Ala'isa and the surrounding areas (Southwestern Tigray).[26] After losing a battle with the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF),[178] the EDF were reported to have executed civilians in acts of revenge. Particularly in Addi Qoylo settlement, thirty civilians were reportedly killed.[138]
On 14 December civil servants within the region were expected to go back to work and those who did not were deemed to have voluntarily resigned. Flights to the Tigray region were promptly resumed. Electricity supply along with ability to call via cell phones was restored to Mekelle. Six other towns in the region also had mobile voice call services restored.[179]
15 December[]
EEPA claimed that on 15 December, 750 people hiding in the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion (Maryam Ts'iyon Church) in Aksum were taken out and shot dead in the square in front of the church by the ENDF and Amhara militias.[180][181][182]
On 15 December Mulu Nega, the chief executive of the Transitional Government of Tigray announced that a new mayor had been appointed in Mekelle. He did not name the new mayor. He also stated that representatives of Tigrayan opposition parties including Arena Tigray, the Tigray Democratic Party (TDP) and the Assimba Democratic Party (ADP) would be assigned positions in the regional administration. Along with the rehabilitation effort that has begun in previous days of the week, Ethiopian Airlines announced that it has resumed flight to Mekelle City after disruption for weeks.[183] On the same day door-to-door searches for civilian possession of firearms began after previous announcements ordering civilians to disarm.[184]
The NGO Europe External Programme with Africa (EEPA) said that a fire was detected in Hagere Selam during the night of December 15–16, which seemed to corroborate reports of attacks in the area.[136] A witness alleged to Der Spiegel of Eritrean forces massacring 81 civilians at the Al-Nejashi mosque in Negash.[185] A France24 report stated that according to residents and officials, 27 civilians were killed over three days of fighting in the village of Bisober, located in southern Tigray, as federal troops tried taking it from TPLF. 21 were killed due to artillery and the rest six executed.[70]
On 15 December several Sudanese soldiers were killed near the border with Ethiopia. Sudan claims they were killed in an ambush by Ethiopian forces and militias.[186] The attack resulted in the deaths of an army officer and three soldiers according to the Sudan Tribune, while 27 soldiers sustained injury. A soldier later told the newspaper that the Ethiopian forces had launched artillery attacks on them and intruded into the Jebel al-Teyyour area, located 7 kilometres inside Sudan. Other soldiers said that the attackers were Amhara and were trying to stop the Sudanese Army from deploying in areas where Ethiopian farmers planted crops.[187]
16 December[]
On 16 December the EU announced they would delay their financial aid to Ethiopia of €90 million euros, which is equivalent to about $109 million USD or 4.29 billion Ethiopian birrs.[188][189] The money was initially intended to be delivered at the end of the year, but was delayed due to EU concerns over the Ethiopian government restricting humanitarian access in Tigray.[190][191]
On Wednesday, the Sudanese army stated that some of its officers were attacked by the Ethiopian forces and militias, while on a security patrol on the border region within the Sudanese territory.[192] According to the Sudanese military's statement, the attack occurred on Tuesday, upon the return of their forces from a patrol along the Abu Tyour area in the al-Qadarif province which borders Ethiopia. They also added lives and properties were lost, while withholding the exact number of army officers that were allegedly killed during the ambush.[193][194]
17 December[]
In Shimelba camp, 23 refugees were reported to have been killed by the Eritrean Defence Forces.[26]
On 17 December UN Emergency Relief Co-ordinator Mark Lowcock announced that the UN would be releasing $36.5 million in aid for the Tigray Region and refugees in Sudan.[195] Ethiopian Foreign Ministry spokesman Dina Mufti presented the incident at the Sudanese border as Ethiopia trying to stop a Sudanese militia attempting to cross into Ethiopian territory and seize farmlands. Abiy posted on Twitter that Ethiopian forces had engaged a local militia along the border with Sudan, though not identifying which country the group belonged to.[187] The Egyptian newspaper Mada Masr reported that three Egyptian officials and a European diplomat briefed on the situation had mentioned to them that the UAE was using the Assab base to launch drone strikes in Tigray, while also providing support to the Ethiopian forces. It was also reported that Egypt attempted to persuade Sudan to assist the TPLF, forcing a weakened Abiy to yield to concessions over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.[196]
18 December[]
The Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary General, Farhan Haq, said on 18 December that the International Organization for Migration had provided aid to border areas of the Tigray Region, while World Food Programme had dispatched aid to some camps in Tigray. Aid workers had informed the UN of electricity and telephone connectivity being irregular in Mekelle, but people in other areas still lacked access to food, water, money, electricity and telecommunication. He called on Ethiopia to allow unrestricted access to all areas where people had suffered from the conflict.[197] Communication to the region remains inconsistent per Reuters and tightly controlled by the government, making independent verification of the accounts of the conflict impossible.[198]
Sudan was reported to have been engaging in a military build-up along the border with Ethiopia and sending reinforcements, increasing already tense relations. Radio France Internationale reported of military sources telling them that their forces had recaptured Jebel Abutiour, where the Ethiopian forces had clashed with them on 15 December.[199][200] An EEPA report stated that looting of 500 dairy cows and hundreds of calves by Amhara forces had been reported in Tigray. Meanwhile, clashes between Afar and Amhara were reported to have taken place in the region starting 15 December.[136]
According to an EEPA report, pictures have emerged showing the Al Negash Mosque being heavily damaged. It was reportedly bombed and looted by Ethiopian and Eritrean forces.[201]
In Zalambessa, 7 civilians were reported to have been killed.[136]
19 December[]
ENDF was reported to loot the . In Adigrat, 16 civilians were killed while trying to stop Eritrean and ENDF soldiers from robbing the Addis Pharmaceutical Factory. Sudan was reported to have captured Eritrean soldiers disguised as Amhara militiamen while participating along with Amharan special forces in Sudan's border.[137] The Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces were reported to have retaken areas previously taken by Ethiopian forces in Al Qadarif state, according to Sudan Tribune.[202]
20 December[]
On December 20, Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affair (ARRA) has reactivated the humanitarian assistance to Eritrean refugees that was disrupted due to the law enforcement operation in Tigray Regional State.[203] In Western Tigray, VRT journalist reported deserted homesteads and seeing bodies on the roads. He stated that everything indicated Eritrean soldiers were present in the region and were forcefully taking back Eritrean refugees to Eritrea. Vercruysse also said fighting was continuing in several areas and found Shimelba refugee camp nearly empty.[204]
There have been reports of ritual books and other artifacts from remote monasteries in Tigray being looted and taken to Eritrea. Per analyst , the TPLF command structure remains intact, with only two leaders arrested and more than 70 having withdrawn to the mountainous areas of Tigray.[205]
Soldiers of the Ethiopian National Defense Force and of the Eritrean Defence Forces killed 27 civilians in Gulsha (Eastern Tigray) in the days before 21 December 2020.[26] In reports, the massacre may also be named after the tabiya name Digum (or Dugum).[31][26]
21 December[]
Tigray Interim Administration CEO Mulu Nega and Tigray's Prosperity Party Senior Leader Abraham Belay held discussion with residents of Weqro town about the situation in the region.[206] During the discussion, the participants expressed their joy over the swift resumption of electricity and water supply. However, the residents also pointed out that they are still facing problems due to lack of telecommunication, banking, medical and transportation services. They said peace in the town has been improving after the defence force arrived.[206] A witness told The Guardian that Eritrean soldiers had been leading their Ethiopian counterparts in the assault on Tigray, while indulging in looting, arson and shooting at civilians early on, before Ethiopian forces stepped in to restrain them. An aid worker said that Eritrean troops had looted, killed farm animals and set fire to crops, while also arming fellow Eritreans in Tigray. A UN official told the newspaper that they had reports of three UN guards being killed at Histas camp by Eritrean forces after they tried to stop them from taking the refugees. A refugee in the Adi Harush camp stated that the Eritrean troops were selectively hunting down refugees from their country, who seemed to be opposed to the government.[207]
Per an "Europe External Programme With Africa" report, a witness said that ENDF had conducted the first of the Hagere Selam massacres (later dated to 4–5 December 2020[138]) in Hagere Salam after losing a battle. Afterwards, the town was completely looted by Eritrean troops. Other witnesses described the joint troops moving on roads through towns, putting civilians in harm's way. Meanwhile, operations of 16 non-Ethiopian agencies remain suspended alongside Ethiopian ones. Social media images showed 21 ENDF tanks and armoured cars destroyed by Tigray Defense Forces on the May Keyih-Hiwane road, alongside BM-21 rockets taken from the ENDF.[208]
22 December[]
In Shimelba camp, 9 refugees were killed by the Eritrean Defence Forces.[26]
The Chairperson of the African Union Commission (AUC),Moussa Faki Mahamat, spoke after the conclusion of a meeting of the Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) that Ethiopia took “legitimate” military action in its Tigray region to preserve the country's unity and stability. However he is concerned on humanitarian suffering of the conflict.[209] In another development Michelle Bachelet called on Ethiopia to grant access to humanitarian organizations for investigating war crimes, adding the communications blockade made the situation more severe and both sides have been reported to indulge in abuses. She also revealed that only two humanitarian assessment missions of the UN were allowed to enter Tigray the day before.[210] OHCHR mentioned witnesses describing shelling of Humera from 9–11 November, with the ENDF and Amharan forces killing civilians after capturing the town. Witnesses also accused them of robbing hospitals, banks, businesses, supermarket buildings and homes. Witnesses also reported killing of many civilians in the mountainous areas during the clashes from 20 to 24 November, after fleeing Adigrat in early November due to shelling.[211]
Getachew Reda said on Twitter that the Ethiopian government's forces were being pushed back in Medebay Zana, while having lost hundreds of soldiers in Naeder Adet and Asgede Tsimbla. He also claimed that TPLF had downed an ENDF aircraft in Bet Mara and said clashes were going on many other fronts.[212] A witness from Wukro told Der Spiegel that the Eritrean forces had killed eight people he knew and had looted places across Tigray. A TPLF member said they were recruiting an increasing number of young people.[185] Ethiopian foreign minister Demeke Mekonnen said Sudan and Ethiopia had begun talks to demarcate their border. He also accused Sudanese troops of carrying out attacks on the border since November, looting crops of Ethiopian farmers, vandalising their camps, made harvesting crops difficult, while killing and wounding civilians.[213]
23 December[]
Pompeo announced that the United States will provide $18 million to help the refugees and IDPs of the Tigray conflict.[214] Laetitia Bader, the Human Rights Watch director for Horn of Africa region, described in an interview about witnesses from western Tigray telling them of heavy shelling or gunfire in the initial period of the conflict, particularly in Humera. Afterwards, federal troops would enter a town, followed by the Amhara militias called Liyu Hail and Fano. Witnesses also reported of civilians being trapped in crossfire in farmlands outside towns and many people being killed in the initial phase of the offensive. Some refugees described civilians being killed by ENDF or allied forces during and after the clashes.[215]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) carried out a massacre of civilians in Hawzen (Eastern Tigray) around 23 December 2020. According to sources, eight[26] up to seventy people were massacred.[216]
Stéphane Dujarric, the spokesperson for the UN said that the World Food Programme had sent emergency medical supplies that could treat 10,000 people for three months, while food sent by it for 35,000 refugees had reached Adi Harush and Mai Ayni camps. The aid convoys dispatched to Hitsats and Shimelba camps however returned due to the insecure situation there. He announced delivering of water treatment chemicals to the region as well. In addition, UN and the Ethiopian government agreed to set up mechanisms for sharing humanitarian information for Tigray.[217]
In an interview with Voice of America, Tigray Region's newly appointed interim health bureau chief Fasika Amdesellaise, who had also been working at the Ayder Referral Hospital in Mekelle when the federal forces captured it, admitted casualties had occurred during battle for Mekelle. Amdesellaise said he himself saw 22 corpses and 40 injured people, however they were able to help them since electricity was still on. Three days later, the electricity supply was shut off in the city and food also started running out, causing deaths of patients. He added that while Mekelle was recovering, his bureau still could not access Axum, Adwa, Shire and Temben. He claimed that they found all the cities lying deserted while traveling through them, with houses shut and the residents living under terror. He also stated that Adigrat Hospital, Adigrat Health Center and Wukro Hospital were looted.[218][219]
24 December[]
The Interim Administration of Tigray Regional State announced on December 24, 2020 the appointment of new cabinet members as they commenced their duties respectively. The cabinet has 16 members,[220] with 11 of the 16 available cabinet positions being filled.[221] On the same date, Vice News reported refugees in Sudan accusing militias allied with the federal government and ENDF of abuses and killing. Refugees told the outlet that Fano militias and the ENDF were stopping them from coming through main border posts, forcing them to take more dangerous paths to Sudan, like through Eritrea. Sudanese military sources told Vice News that they had taken advantage of Ethiopian forces vacating areas in the disputed border region due to the conflict, by sending their own troops there. Sudanese army's spokesman Lt. Col. Swarmi Khalid stated that they had not provided any support to TPLF, but they might change their approach if Ethiopia doesn't desist from hostility.[222]
26 December[]
Sudan's information minister Faisal Saleh said that the Sudanese army had recaptured 60–70% of the land on the border with Ethiopia, previously taken by the Ethiopian forces, and said Sudanese intelligence had confirmed that the ones behind the attack on them earlier were regular Ethiopian soldiers and not some militia. He added that clashes had died down since the last two days.[223] Sudan Tribune reported that the Sudanese army had retaken 11 settlements in Quraisha area of al-Qadaref. These settlements are inhabited by Ethiopians. Military sources told the newspaper that Eritrean forces had moved to Um Hajar in the border triangle between Eritrea, Sudan and Ethiopia, and were accused of fighting with Ethiopian forces against TPLF earlier.[224]
Photos of a looted factory, alleged to be the Almeda Textile Factory located in Adwa's outskirts, were published on Twitter, with Eritrean forces being accused of looting and destroying it.[225]
27 December[]
EEPA stated that social media reports claimed killing of 14 Eritrean soldiers by a man stopping them from looting his home in Adigrat, before he was gunned down. In addition massacres in Adwa and Adi Da'ero were also reported, with Eritrean troops accused of killing 31 in the former and 27 in the latter.[226]
28 December[]
The deputy chief of staff of the Sudanese Army, Khaled Abdin al-Shami, told Anadolu Agency that they had recaptured a border area in the al-Fashqa region, two decades after they lost it. He said that they could retake other areas that belonged to them, if they wanted, and accused Ethiopia of wilfully violating their shared border.[227]
29 December[]
After Sudan was reported to have captured the al-Fashqa region, Ethiopian Foreign Ministry's spokesman Dina Mufti warned the country of a counter-attack by Ethiopian forces if it did not stop intruding into Ethiopia's territory. He also accused another party of encouraging Sudan to take Ethiopia's territory.[228] Major General Mohamed Ahmed Sabir said that Sudan didn't have hostility towards Ethiopia and were only retaking Sudanese border areas per the law.[229][230] An EEPA report stated that per sources that ENDF had carried out killings of young men from 27 to 29 December in the village of Tashi, located near Samre after they failed to provide information on the TPLF's location.[231]
30 December[]
On 30 December, 12 civilians were massacred in Wukro by the Ethiopian and Eritrean armies.[26][83] Shelling by ENDF killed 21 civilians in Gijet.[26] The Dutch charitable organisation ZOA said on the same day that an aid worker employed by them was killed in Hitsats camp, without detailing the cause or the worker's identity.[232] 20 Eritrean refugees who had fled from Tigray to Addis Ababa were arrested by the Ethiopian Federal Police.[231] The TPLF also claimed to have shot down a gunship of the ENDF.[233]
31 December[]
Sudan's foreign minister Omar Qamareddine announced on 31 December that Sudanese troops had regained all areas previously taken by the Ethiopian farmers.[234] Chairman of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Abdel Fattah al-Burhan said during a speech on the 65th anniversary of Sudan's independence, that Sudanese forces had been redeployed along the border with Ethiopia, adding that they hadn't crossed into Ethiopian territory nor ever will. al-Burhan also emphasised that Sudan wants to resolve the situation peacefully.[235]
An EEPA report stated that 800 soldiers belonging to both the ENDF and Eritrean army had been reported to have retreated from Agula and May Mekden to Mekelle. It also said that some sources had reported looting of a church in Yeha and bombing of a school where civilians were taking refuge, although it was not clear that there had been casualties. Dimtsi Weyane claimed that TPLF had beaten the 4th Brigade of the ENDF while it was moving between Adwa and Edaga Arbi. TPLF claimed that they ambushed the brigade in Zongi, killing 124 soldiers and capturing 144. It also claimed to have captured their commander Col. Alemu Semie. The news outlet also claimed that the TPLF attacked Eritrean forces carrying plunder near Ziban Guila and forced them to retreat. Meanwhile, Dimtsi Weyane also accused the ENDF of killing 21 people in shelling on Gijet.[231]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed at least six civilians (pertaining to the same family) during the shelling of Midri Hamsho (northwestern Tigray).[26][31]
The Economist reported eyewitness accounts of Eritrean forces being in Tigray. Witnesses told the newspaper that Eritrean troops had been present in Adwa in November. Awet Tewelde Weldemichael, an Eritrean academic at Queen's University, said that Eritrean troops appeared to have started withdrawing from Tigray.[236] EEPA stated that there had been reports of looting and destruction of health centres by Eritrean troops in Wukro, Negash, Idaga Hamus, and Adigrat were destroyed and looted, and that Eritrean forces weren't occupying any place but only proceeding through settlements.[231]
January 2021[]
1 January[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) has released the names of TPLF officials that have surrendered and killed. Former Transport State Minister, Mulu Gebre-Egziabiher, was among the TPLF leaders who surrendered.[237] Ethiopian Defense Force Deployment Department Head Brigadier General Tesfaye Ayalew said, through the joint operation of the defense force and federal police, several senior TPLF military leaders were captured while those who refused to surrender were killed including Colonel Yemane Gebremichael. Among the killed were: Colonel Alem Gebremedhin, Colonel Binyam Gebremedhin, Colonel Ambaye, Colonel Masho, Colonel Yirga Seyoum, Colonel Hadush, Colonel Atsibha, Colonel Tesfaye Gebremedhin, Colonel Yohannes Kaleayu, Colonel Tekle Egzabier, Lieutenant Colonel Birhane Tola and other four colonels as well as two zone leaders.[237]
On 1 January 2021, the number of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan rose to 61,000 due to resumed clashes in northern Tigray since December 28. In the refugee camp of Um Rakoba camp, Amhara and Tigray refugees clashed with one another. The Sudanese military intelligence claims to have captured 45 TPLF fighters in the Hamdayet reception centre.[238]
An EEPA report stated that multiple sources have claimed of Eritrean soldiers being unable to leave Tigray because of clashes between ENDF and Tigray Defense Forces. Another source claimed that Shire and Egela woreda were being occupied by Eritrean soldiers. It was also claimed that Mekelle University was the only institution of higher education not looted. VOA Tigrigina reported damage and looting of property worth billions of birr in Southern Tigray.[233]
2 January[]
An EEPA report stated that the TPLF is still in control of the mountainous areas of Tigray and that the ENDF is having a hard pushing the TPLF out of its positions in the mountains. It also claimed the ENDF is launching an offensive towards Samre. It reported that innocent civilians in Humera, Shire, Aksum, Adwa, Adigrat, Wukro, Mekelle, Hewane, Workamba, Abi Adi, and Hagerselam have been hit with heavy artillery fire. Along with hundreds of civilians were reportedly killed in multiple towns including 300 in Edagahamus, 1,000 in Aksum, 500 in Wukro, hundreds in Hazwzen, hundreds in Digum, and hundreds in Nebelet.[201]
Foreign Minister of Ethiopia Demeke rejected the TPLF-claim that to have carried out a pre-emptive strike. While the TPLF said it was provoked on 3 November when Ethiopia allegedly sent commandos to capture the Tigray regional government.[201]
3 January[]
The new mayor of Mekelle, Ataklti Haile Selassie, urged for the immediate withdrawal of Eritrean Troops from Tigray. This is the first time an Ethiopian Official has admitted to there being Eritrean troops in Tigray.[239]
An EEPA report stated that there was shooting between ENDF forces in Mekelle when ENDF troops refused an order from Prosperity Party military officials to fight against the TPLF in mountainous areas. Dozens were wounded. ENDF formations have reportedly been gathering around Mekelle and surrounding towns. This includes the town of Qwiha where shots have been fired. The EEPA also claimed that Eritrean forces are taking people with relatives abroad and are abducting them for ransom. There are also reports of severe violence and rape against women in Tigray, as well as reports that women are being kidnapped by armed forces.[239]
EritTV said captain Gubssa Kahsay died from an illness. At least 5 high ranking Eritrean military officials have died from an illness in the past few weeks. According to the EEPA, sources have stated captain Gubssa Kahsay actually died from fighting in Tigray.[239]
5 January[]
Evidence of war crimes committed by ENDF continues to emerge. On 5 and 6 January 2021, 100 civilians have been murdered in a mass killing at Debre Abay. It has been documented by the ENDF perpetrators themselves in an extremely graphic way.[240]
The Eritrean Defence Forces killed 29 civilians in the Medhane Alem church of Gu'itelo (Eastern Tigray), an additional 11 people in the adjacent village of Firedashum and 5 in Ara’iro.[26] Among the victims are numoerous priests and deacons.[241][242]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force and Eritrean Defence Forces killed ten civilians in Ba'ati Akor (Eastern Tigray) on 5 January 2021.[26]
6 January[]
The UN OCHA said there were reports of fighting in rural areas and in the peripheries of Mekelle, Shiraro, Shire, and other locations. It also said the refugee camps of Hitsats and Shimelba are still not accessible. According to its Southern Tigray mission findings, things are gradually going back to normal in Alamata, Mehoni and Mekelle. This assessment is later rejected by the EEPA which in a later situation report on January 9 claims that according to its sources things in Alamata, Mehoni and Mekelle are not going back to normal.[243][180]
7 January[]
The Ethiopian national defense force announced that it has killed four top leaders of the TPLF officials and captured nine others. ENDF's Deployment Department Head, Brigadier General Tesfaye Ayalew told that they included TPLF spokesperson Sekoture Getachew, the former head of the Tigray Finance Bureau, Daniel Assefa, Head of Dimtsi Woyane Radio and Television, Abebe Asgedom and former General Director of Ethiopian Television and Broadcast Authority, Zeray Asgedom.[244][245]
On 6 and 7 January, the Eritrean army carries out the Irob massacres, in which at least 52 people are killed.[26]
8 January[]
In the days before 9 January, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed a family of 13 people in May Kado (Eastern Tigray).[26] All victims belong to one extensive family.[246] The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed 170 civilians in Bora (Southern Tigray) on 8–10 January 2021.[26] Soldiers went house to house and executed more than 160 people. Done killing, the soldiers stopped families from taking their dead. Only two days after the slaughter were gravediggers allowed to set about their grim task; one of them buried 26 corpses in the graveyard of the Abune Aregawi Church, survivors said.[247][248]
One of the seven founders of TPLF and who is accused by current Ethiopian government as the master mind to initiate the war by massacring the North Force army, , has been caught, according to Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF). ENDF Deployment Department Head, Brigadier General Tesfaye Ayalew told Ethiopian News Agency (ENA) that Sebhat Nega was captured hiding in a ravine extremely difficult to reach. Together eight top TPLF officials are captured.[249][250]
EEPA stated that the ENDF announced the capture of nine Tigray officials and the killing of four others. This includes Getachew Reda, former head of the Tigray finance bureau, and two other core members. The EEPA claimed that ENDF reinforcements were seen moving from Alamata to Mekelle. There were reports of heavy fighting in Mekelle and its outskirts and heavy artillery bombing in Wurko. It also claimed that satellite images have shown fire in Baeker, Humera where fighting has been reported. It also said that Eritrean troops are in all administrative zones except Debubawi Zone.[180]
According to a later EEPA situation report, 8 January was the first time since the start of the conflict that a Sudanese TV channel reported no refugees crossing the border into Sudan.[181]
9 January[]
According to Ethiopian National Defense Force, the group of nine captured TPLF leaders including the TPLF's strategist, Sibhat Nega, arrived in Addis Ababa, according to Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF).[251] Former Tigray Region leader Abay Weldu was among the nine detainees.[252]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 15 civilians in Kelawlo (northwestern Tigray).[26]
An EEPA situation report claimed that the ENDF built a fence near the Sudanese border to stop refugees from exiting to Sudan. The ENDF presence on the border was growing. Ethiopian TV stated that the TPLF had earlier executed 300 refugees in Hitsats camp and an anonymous source stated the opposite: "The Hitsats story is a lie. Eritrean forces massively killed their own citizens in Hitsats refugee camp to punish them for leaving Eritrea escaping their shoot to kill policy."[181]
Bloomberg reported satellite images showing the destruction of UN facilities, a health-care unit, a high school, and houses in Shimelba and Hitsats camps. In Hitsats camp there were 14 actively burning buildings and 55 others were damaged or destroyed.[253]
10 January[]
Ethiopia's military said on January 10 that it had killed 15 members of the Tigray region's former ruling party and captured eight others, according to state-run TV.
Citing a brigadier-general from Ethiopia's National Defence Force, the state-run Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation said that those captured included the region's former president Abay Weldu, who was also a former chairman of the region's ruling party. Those killed included the region's former deputy police commissioner, it said.[254] The prisoners further include:
- Teklewoini Assefa, the executive director of the Relief Society of Tigray (REST); he did a lot to alleviate poverty in Tigray,[255] already in the period of the 1980s civil war; REST is internationally known as a very efficient NGO.
- Dr. Muleta Yirga, staff of the Economics Department at Mekelle University and founding head of the established Tigray Statistics Agency.
Neither are listed on the arrest warrant that was announced by the Federal Police Commission[256] In the ETV report of the transfer of prisoners to Addis Ababa, Eritrean military were visible.[257]
11 January[]
There was fighting in Debano (north of Werkamba) between ENDF and TDF; the people fled to the mountains near Weri’i River, away from the road. The Amhara forces who came following the Ethiopian army entered the village and massacred at least thirty civilians.[258]
13 January[]
The government said it killed former foreign minister Seyoum Mesfin, former minister of federal affairs Abay Tsehaye, and Asmelash Woldeselassie in fighting. The three officials were killed after refusing to surrender, according to a statement by Brig. Gen. Tesfaye Ayalew.[259][260] In addition to the three officials who were killed, five other party members of the TPLF were also apprehended, Reuters added.[261]
An EEPA situation report stated that in Ruwa Gered a battalion of ENDF/EDF forces were destroyed by Tigrayan forces. The battalion was on its way from Adwa to Edaga Arbi.[262]
15 January[]
An EEPA situation report stated that 4,000 ENDF/EDF were reportally killed during 3 days of fighting with the TPLF in Daero Hafash (East of Axum). The TPLF has captured a lot of weapons. Fighting is also going on in Tsigereda and around Wukro.[262]
A UN team reported that it had encountered uniformed Eritrea troops.[262]
On 15 January, or the days thereafter, the Mahbere Dego massacres were filmed at a cliff; it received international media attention.[263][264][265][266]
17 January[]
The TPLF reportedly captured 30 Eritrean military personnel in the town of Wajirat.
The Ethiopian military reportedly killed 80 people in the town of Debre Abbay.[267]
18 January[]
It was reported that 370 Somali soldiers had died during the war.
An ambush was reported on ENDF troops near the town of Sero, the ambush destroyed 10 trucks, 4 armored car, and an anti aircraft gun.
The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) produced a report on the Humera massacre, finding that 92 people died and that houses, businesses, and food storage warehouses were looted by Fano, , Amhara militias, and some ENDF and EDF soldiers. The EHRC called for government forces to restore judicial bodies' presence in Humera, to provide security, and to investigate and prosecute the crimes attributed to security forces.[268]
19 January[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed dozens of civilians in Addi Gabat (Central Tigray).[26]
20 January[]
Tigray TV journalist Dawit Kebede Araya and businessman Bereket Berhe were shot dead at around 20:10 EAT near the Adi Haus area in Mekelle, with relatives blaming security forces for their deaths.[269][270]
21 January[]
The United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, brought attention to sexual violence in the Tigray War. She expressed "great concern" at claims of rape in Mekelle, people forced to rape family members, "sex in exchange for basic commodities", and "increases in the demand for emergency contraception and testing for sexually transmitted infections".[271]
23 January[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed thirty civilians in Hawzen (Eastern Tigray).[26]
26 January[]
Peace researcher Mulugeta Gebrehiwot visited a small village where 21 people had been killed.[272]
27 January[]
Mulugeta Gebrehiwot, former EPRDF member and founder of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, telephoned Horn of Africa researcher Alex de Waal, and described the war as "genocide by decree". He stated that United Arab Emirates drones had played the main role in disarming TPLF forces about a month after the war started.[272]
29 January[]
Debretsion Gebremichael, the deposed elected leader of Tigray Region, made a speech[273] in which he called on Tigrayans to oppose the ENDF and EDF. He described the war as genocidal and called on the international community to prosecute Abiy Ahmed and Isaias Afwerki in an international court.[274][275]
Milakua massacre: the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed nine civilians in Milakua (Central Tigray).[26] The massacre took place on a traditional betrothal day, and victims included the bridegroom, his three best men, the bride's father, brother and uncle, and two other guests of the ceremony.[31]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 19 civilians in Hareko's St. Mary (Maryam) church (southwestern Tigray).[31][26]
30 January[]
On 30 January, battles of the second phase of the military campaign, with a strong presence of EDF troops, many showing the Ethiopian flag and wearing ENDF uniforms, included fighting in Daero Hafash, Semema, Mahbere Dego,[276] Feresemay, Nebelet and Edaga Arbi in the Central Zone, and Hawzen in the Eastern Zone. Thirteen trucks of EDF forces were moved towards Hawzen and Nebelet; 163 trucks of ENDF and EDF soldiers were moved to Central Zone.[277]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) and Ethiopian National Defence Force killed 48 civilians in Simret (Hawzen) on 29 or 30 January 2021.[26]
February 2021[]
1 February[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces, and according to some witnesses, also the Ethiopian National Defense Force killed 24 civilians in Awulo (Tembien).[278]
The media organisation Tghat, released a list of 1033 documented civilian deaths that were allegedly caused by Eritrean armed forces during the conflict.[279]
5 February[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed 45 civilians in Adi Hutsa (Central Tigray).[26]
7 February[]
The EDF presence in Tigray increased, including mechanised divisions. EDF vehicles moved from northern to southern parts of Tigray. In attacks by the ENDF and EDF against TPLF forces, military battles took place in Samre, and Korem.[280]
Reports of senior ENDF officers killed by TPLF forces in the preceding week included Kedir Bekele, a colonel, and Zekaris Goshu and Hussen, sergeants, all in the 25th ENDF division.[280]
9 February[]
The Ethiopian government declared the burnt-down and abandoned Hitsats and Shimelba refugee camps to be officially closed.[281]
In Mekelle on 9 February, a delegation of religious leaders concluded a 2-day visit that had been initially announced for 16–17 February. The religious leaders met with Mulu Nega, head of the Transitional Government of Tigray, called for peace and increased humanitarian efforts and expressed their willingness to strengthen the morale of Tigrayans.[282] Residents speculated that the unannounced change in dates was intended to avoid street protests, and perceived the visit as a public relations exercise. Protests against the visit took place and included street blockades, burning tyres and boycotting the public meeting with the religious leaders.[283] Five protestors were shot dead by security forces in Mekelle, and 23 other protestors were shot dead in other towns around Tigray.[284] Some residents attended the public meeting. One woman spoke critically against the religious leaders, claiming that they had failed to object to the rapes, murders and starvation of Tigrayans. She stated, "As far as I am concerned what you are doing now is tantamount to breaking someone's leg on purpose and then donating a wheelchair to aid with their mobility." She called for the religious leaders to "denounce the atrocities" carried out by the EDF.[285][283]
10 February[]
The EDF killed 18 young protestors in Wukro.[286][26][83]
At least one Sudanese soldier and five Ethiopian militiamen were killed during clashes as Sudanese forces continue to advance further into the Fashaga triangle. Fighting is sporadic. Sudanese sources claim 50,000 acres of land were taken in the fighting.[287]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed eleven civilians in Hawzen (Eastern Tigray) on 8 to 14 February 2021.[26]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed dozens of civilians in a killing spree across villages in Kola Tembien (Central Tigray) on 10 February 2021.[288][26]
The same also killed hundreds of civilians in Saharti and Samre (Southeastern Tigray) on 10–25 February 2021.[26]
11 February[]
In a series of massacres in Adwa, on 11–14 February, 24 civilian youths were killed by soldiers during street protests.[26][286]
12 February[]
UNOCHA stated on 12 February that a total of 53 international staff of United Nations agencies and NGOs had received approval to enter Tigray Region. "Large swathes" of Tigray remained cut off from "telecommunications, electricity, cash and fuel", "many local markets" remained inactive, and reports on "grave violations" of human rights against civilians continued to be received.[289]
At an ENDF meeting around 12 February, the ENDF said that it needed reinforcements sent to Tigray to face the "thousands" of TPLF forces involved in simultaneous battles on several fronts. Two Antonov planes carrying reinforcements arrived at Mekelle on a date prior to 15 February.[290]
13 February[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed twenty civilians in Addi Esher (SW Tigray).[26]
14 February[]
In protests during the days preceding 14 February, 20 young protestors were executed in Adwa and 10 were executed in Shire.[286]
EEPA stated that the Debre Damo monastery had been bombed, looted and "completely destroyed" by the EDF prior to 14 February,[286] with 12 buildings destroyed and one monk killed.[290]
Heavy fighting between the ENDF and TPLF forces took place near Samre. The TPLF claims that the 32nd division of the ENDF was "destroyed".[286]
15 February[]
The ENDF started constructing trenches around Mekelle. A four-day battle ended with TPLF forces taking control of Samre, Gijet and Maykinetal. Locals state that 2000 EDF soldiers were killed in the Maykinetal battle.[290] In the Gijet battle, the 32nd division and one brigade of the 11th division of the ENDF were "destroyed".[291]
In Shire, 10 civilians are killed.[26] The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed fourteen civilians in Addi Geba (Central Tigray).[26][292][293]
16 February[]
Military battles took place in Shire and Wajirat. Civilians were bombed in Samre and Gijet by ENDF aircraft. Electricity availability was intermittent in Mekelle and throughout Tigray Region. Military flights above Mekelle increased. The TPLF claimed to have shot down two ENDF aircraft.[291]
19 February[]
The TPLF, describing itself as the government of Tigray, declared its desire for peace negotiations, setting eight preconditions.[294]
EEPA states that around 19 February, a massacre of 100 civilians in Khisret village near Gijet followed a military attack by TPLF forces. EEPA attributed the perpetrators as ENDF and stated that a video showed some of the dead bodies.[295]
20 February[]
The National Congress of Great Tigray (Baytona), Tigray Independence Party (TIP) and Salsay Weyane Tigray (SAWET) published six peace process related demands to the international community.[296]
21 February[]
Seb Hidri made similar peace process demands on 21 February 2021 to those made by the TPLF and Baytona–TIP–SAWET on 19 and 20 February, and additionally demanded a United Nations human rights monitoring and peacekeeping force and a UNESCO-led investigation of the destruction of cultural heritage.[297]
23 February[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 80 civilians in May Weyni (Southeastern Tigray).[26]
24 February[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 260 civilians in May Kinetal (Central Tigray) on 24 to 27 February 2021.[26][292][293]
26 February[]
Fitsum Berhane, translator for The Financial Times (FT), was arrested at his home in Mekelle for a reason unknown to FT.[298] 26 civilians were reportedly killed by Ethiopian security forces in Benishangul Gumuz district.[299]
27 February[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 39 civilians in Addi Geba (Central Tigray).[26][292][293]
Military fights intensified throughout Tigray Region, especially in the Central Zone.[300] Alula Akalu, translator for AFP, was arrested at a restaurant in Mekelle for a reason unknown to AFP.[298] Journalist Tamirat Yemane was detained by security forces.[301]
28 February[]
Women studying at the Ayder Referral Hospital in Mekelle were raped by the ENDF while en route from the library to their dormitories.[302]
March 2021[]
1 March[]
BBC News journalist Girmay Gebru was detained with four other people by military forces in Mekelle, for a reason unknown to the BBC.[301] Translators and fixers supporting international journalists stated that they had been threatened with arrest or death if they showed their guests to mass graves or other "sensitive" locations.[302] In reaction to the arrests of Fitsum Berhane, Alula Akalu, Tamirat Yemane and Girmay Gebru, of the Committee to Protect Journalists called for the Ethiopian authorities to "release [the] journalists and media workers immediately and provide guarantees that the press can cover the conflict in Tigray without intimidation."[303]
CNN interviewed Debretsion Gebremichael, who classified the events in Tigray Region as genocide by the ENDF and the EDF. Debretsion called for an independent investigation.[304]
2 March[]
EEPA claimed that there had been several reports of Amhara Region militias killing 250 people near Humera over the preceding days.[305]
3 March[]
On 1, 2 and 3 March, the second series of Humera massacres took place, with 250 civilians killed.[26]
Also on 3 March, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed seven civilian youngsters in Zamr (Central Tigray).[26]
4 March[]
The TDF claimed it had repelled an offensive by the ENDF/EDF in Alaje and that they had killed 640+ ENDF/EDF soldiers and wounded 1000+ more.[306]
An ENDF convoy was struck by TDF landmines in the May Megelta area, destroying one vehicle and resulting in the deaths of 8 ENDF soldiers and left 9 more wounded.[307]
5 March[]
The TDF claimed it had killed 100+ ENDF and EDF soldiers after they repelled an offensive in Keyih Gobo, Samre district in Southeastern Tigray.[308]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed sixteen civilians in Berezba (Southeastern Tigray).[26]
That same day, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) also killed five civilians in Finarwa (Southeastern Tigray).[26]
8 March[]
Reports were made of mass extrajudicial and summary executions of c. 110 civilians by EDF and ENDF between 8 and 14 March in Saharti and Samre.[309][26]
9 March[]
The ENDF withdrew from Abiy Addi and the EDF took control of the town in early March. The EDF "penetrated deep into the mountains near Adigrat", confiscating cattle and food.[11]
10 March[]
In an airstrike on a wedding party in May Ma'ido (Ofla), Ethiopian or Eritrean fighter jets killed 5 civilians (including a three-year old) and wounded 15.[31]
11 March[]
The EEPA claimed that another massacre had taken place in Enkikumel town, between Shire and Endabaguna. According to this report, over 100 young men were executed by Ethiopian and Eritrean forces.[310]
14 March[]
There was a mass extrajudicial killing of 123 civilians by EDF and ENDF on 14 March in Gijet.[26] According to EEPA, ENDF soldiers shot 5 civilians, killing 3 of them in the town of Wukro. According to the locals, these killings were a retaliation for recent attacks by Tigray regional forces.[311]
22 March[]
The 22nd division of the EDF, led by Haregot Furzun, arrived in Oromia Region to fight against the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) after leaving Tigray Region, according to Freedom Friday.[312]
23 March[]
The EEPA reported fierce fighting between ENDF allied forces and Tigray forces near Negash district, Eastern Zone of Tigray. There are also reports of a new massacre where dozens of civilians were allegedly killed by Eritrean and Ethiopian soldiers in Teka Tesfay village, Eastern Tigray. The total number of fatalities is currently unknown.[313]
Médecins Sans Frontières staff witnessed four male civilians taken out of a minibus and executed by ENDF forces on the road between Mekelle and Adigrat;[314] local claims are that in total 26 people were killed in the same way at the same spot in Inda Teka Tesfay. EHRC published its preliminary report on the Aksum massacre, confirming that the main massacre was carried out by the EDF on 28–29 November 2020 and setting a lower limit of 100 civilians executed.[315]
24 March[]
That day 13 civilians, including 5 of the same family, were killed by Ethiopian soldiers in Grizana, between Finarwa and Samre.[316][317]
27 March[]
The EDF continued to enter Tigray Region, with 37 trucks of EDF soldiers arriving through Adigrat.[316]
29 March[]
Freedom Friday stated that the EDF was "everywhere" in Addis Ababa, wearing ENDF uniforms and badges.[318]
30 March[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 39 civilians in Selekhlekha (Northwestern Tigray) on 30 March-3 April 2021.[26] The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed around 161 civilians in and around Wukro Maray (Central Tigray) on 30 March to 5 April 2021.[26][319]
April 2021[]
1 April[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed around 140 civilians in May Atsmi, Tisha and Haddush Addi, three municipalities south of Wukro Maray (Central Tigray) on 1 April 2021.[26][319]
On the same day, the retreating Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed ten civilians in Addi Berik and neighbouring village Addi Qerni (Northwestern Tigray).[26][31]
4 April[]
Abiy declared that war in Ethiopia was taking place in many places, stating, "Currently, the national defence forces and the federal forces are in a major fight on eight fronts in the north and the west..."[320]
5 April[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 30 civilians in May Kado (Eastern Tigray) on 5 April 2021. First there was shelling, and after the Eritreans lost a battle with TDF, they went on a killing spree.[321]
6 April[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 125 civilians in the Indafelasi district (Central Tigray).[26][292][293]
8 April[]
The EEPA reported on a series of massacres committed by Eritrean and Ethiopian forces in Tigray Region. The EEPA reported death toll of these massacres was over 230 civilians killed.[322]
11 April[]
Ethiopian soldiers stoned ten to twelve men to death in May Haidi; they were carrying a sick patient (a young mother) to the hospital in Addi Gudem.[31][26]
12 April[]
The EEPA reported on a series of massacres occurring in the Tigray region with the EDF/ENDF and Amhara militias believed to be the perpetrators. During these massacres, over 330 civilians were killed.[323]
Fifteen unarmed civilians were killed by Amhara militia collaborating with ENDF soldiers in Higumburda, Ofla.[323]
Amnesty International stated that the EDF fired on civilians, killing three people and wounding 19 others on 12 April, in the centre of Adwa.[324][325] Out of the 19 people who were injured, six were in critical condition according to ABC News.[326] A representative of the Transitional Government of Tigray, Berhane Gebretsadik stated that the ENDF had defended the residents against the EDF, preventing further casualties.[327] The number of those who were killed was said to have reached at least nine people, according to HRW.[328]
15 April[]
Mark Lowcock, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, informed in a report that the humanitarian situation was deteriorating following a report that 150 civilians had died of hunger earlier in the day in Ofla near Mekelle. Lowcock stated that the EDF soldiers had begun to camouflage their identities by putting on Ethiopian military uniforms and continuing to carry out "atrocities".[329] There were more reports of women being raped by men in uniforms, including very young girls under the age of eight.[330][331]
Lowcock stated that there was no evidence of the EDF leaving Tigray Region.[332]
16 April[]
Eritrea for the first time has publicly admitted its participation in Ethiopia's Tigray conflict, as it confirmed to the UN Security Council that it has approved to commence exiting its troops from the region. The Eritrean information minister released a letter online, written by the Eritrean Ambassador to the UN, confirming the country's involvement in the Tigray conflict.[333][334] Also, the Eritrean U.N. Ambassador Sophia Tesfamariam strongly criticized the rape accusations alongside other crimes that were made against Eritrean troops, which she described as damaging to the credibility of the Eritrean culture.[335]
19 April[]
EDF and ENDF started an offensive against the TDF guerrilla in Central Tigray, south of Shire.
20 April[]
Fighting between Ethiopian and Eritrea allied forces and Tigray defense forces was reported in Central and Northwestern parts of Tigray. Furthermore, an Ethiopian MI-35 helicopter was shot down by Tigray forces near Guya, killing the Ethiopian deputy commander of the East Air Base Division.[336][337]
22 April[]
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed twelve civilians in Gira Aras (Eastern Tigray) on 22 April 2021.[26]
26 April[]
The EEPA reported that the TDF had entered the Amhara region and had completely destroyed the Amhara special forces that were stationed around Nirak, Abergele, Amhara. Over 300 Ethiopian army soldiers were killed after they responded to the TDF attack. It is unclear how many casualties were sustained by the TDF.[338] A battle report describes light TDF units capturing weapons and medicines from the Amhara Special forces, while destroying their heavy equipment.[339]
27 April[]
While retreating, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 13 civilians in Debre Genet, and the (EDF) jointly with the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) killed twenty civilians in Jijiqe, both locations of Central Tigray.[26]
30 April[]
While retreating, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed five civilians in Megab.[26]
May 2021[]
1 May[]
On 1 May, the government designated the TPLF and the OLF as terrorist groups.[340] The organizations were listed as terrorist groups by the council of ministers as a result of their collaboration in violent activities, including participation in attacks.[341] Gedion Timothewos, Ethiopia's attorney general has cautioned foreign countries from working with the two groups, and also maintained that the new move would not affect ordinary civilians.[342]
6 May[]
On 6 May, the head of the Transitional Government of Tigray, Mulu Nega, was replaced by Abraham Belay.[343] According to Abiy Ahmed's spokesman, Mulu was removed in accordance to a six-month performance review of the position.[344] The newly appointed Abraham Belay, had been serving as minister of innovation and technology in the Ethiopian federal government, the spokesman added.[345]
8 May[]
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) killed 19 civilians in Guh (Eastern Tigray). Most of the victims in the attack were women and young children.[346][347]
21 May[]
On 21 May, Ethiopia's military prosecutors have convicted three soldiers of rape and pressed charges against 28 others suspected of killing civilians in Tigray. 25 other soldiers are charged with rape and other forms of sexual violence, according to the statement by attorney general's office. The statement also confirmed reports of two massacres in Tigray: It said 229 civilians were killed in the town of Mai Kadra at the beginning of November 2021. Ethiopian government also, for the first time, accused troops from Eritrea of killing civilians: 110 civilians were killed in the city of Axum on November 27 and 28 2021.[348]
30 May[]
Thousands of Ethiopian protesters took to the streets in Addis Ababa to protest against the international government over the Tigray conflict.[349] Over 10,000 people were said to have participated at the rally, which was organized by authorities to back the pro-government protesters.[350] The protesters held banners condemning the US and other international communities' intervention.[351]
June 2021[]
1 June[]
The UN's World Food Programme (WFP) has warned that at least 90 percent of the people in Ethiopia's war-torn Tigray region are in dire need of food aid.[352] According to the UN's top emergency relief coordinator Mark Lowcock if aid is not increased in the next two months, there would be a dangerous risk of food shortage.[353]
2 June[]
The UK urged for a declaration of ceasefire by all conflict parties in Tigray, in order to facilitate humanitarian access and avoid famine in the region.[354]
3 June[]
Eritrean troops had begun the pulling out of its troops from Ethiopia's Tigray region, following the official request made by the Ethiopian government, the spokesman of the Ethiopian PM disclosed.[355]
Meanwhile, the Ethiopian government has ignored the international calls for a ceasefire in Tigray, as they claimed that their forces are wrapping up operations to eliminate all armed opposition.[356]
17-19 June[]
The TDF has beaten ENDF at Shiw'ate Hegum, north of Yechila. Reportedly at least 100 government soldiers died and 900 were captured.[357]
21 June[]
The TDF attacked the city of Adigrat and Wukro taking them and destroying military vehicles and capturing some soldiers before leaving.[358][359]
22 June[]
An EEPA report stated that the TDF's 'Operation Alula' has resulted in defeat of Ethiopian and allied troops in many areas from Abiy Adi to the river Giba. TDF is close to the outskirts of Mekelle. Agulae has also reportedly fallen to the TDF. The TDF claim that 10,000 Ethiopian soldiers were killed in the offensive.[361] [362]
In an airstrike, the Ethiopian Air Force killed 64 civilians in Togogwa (Southwestern Tigray), and injured 184 others.[70][360][363] Medics revealed that initially, they managed to retrieve 5 patients in the afternoon by taking ambulances to the scene. However, several ambulances including the Red Cross later reported that they were prevented from reaching the scene.[364][365] Following the deadly attack, the UN urged for an immediate investigation into the airstrike.[366]
23 June[]
An Ethiopian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules was shot down near Gijet, destroying the plane. According to witnesses, the plane was shattered into a field, about 15 miles south of the Tigray capital Mekelle, The New York Times added.[367][368]
24 June[]
Three Doctors Without Borders staff were found dead after being pulled from their vehicle in Tigray. The staff killed were emergency coordinator María Hernández, assistant coordinator Yohannes Halefom Reda, and the driver Tedros Gebremariam Gebremichael.[369]
26 June[]
Battles between the Tigray Defense Forces and ENDF nearby Soqota in Amhara Region.[citation needed]
28 June[]
Tigray Defense Forces recaptured Mekelle after the Ethiopian military withdrew from the city, on their retreat out of the city they looted the banks and the UN agency in the city. After the TDF moved into the city the Ethiopian government declared a ceasefire. Celebrations erupted in the streets of Mekelle as the TDF moved into it.[370]
29 June[]
Eritrean soldiers withdrew from Shire Inda Selassie, Axum, and Adwa allowing the TDF to capture the cities.[371]
The Tigray Regional government said that they will not accept the ceasefire and will continue the war until their enemies don't have the capability to invade Tigray and they will chase the EDF and ENDF into Eritrea and Amhara if necessary to achieve that goal.[372]
July 2021[]
1 July[]
A bridge across the Tekeze river was partly destroyed.[373]
2 July[]
Around 7000 captured Ethiopian soldiers passed through Mekelle, on the way to a prison north of the city.[374]
6 July[]
On 6 July 2021, the Tigrayan government began mobilization to retake western Tigray from Amhara militias.[375]
12–13 July[]
TDF offensive started on 12 July 2021 resulted in Tigrayan forces capturing southern Tigray, including the towns of Alamata and Korem.[376] The TDF subsequently crossed the Tekezé River and advanced westward, capturing the town of Mai Tsebri and prompting Amhara officials to call on its militias to arm themselves and mobilize.[377]
17 July[]
The TDF released about 1,000 captured Ethiopian soldiers at the Amhara-Tigray border.[378]
19 July[]
A 10 vehicle convoy of the World Food Programme was attack in the city of Semera in Afar region.[379]
20 July[]
After controlling Kobo in the Amhara Region, the Tigray Defense Forces did not harm the civilian population.[380]
Regional forces from Oromia, Sidama, Somalia, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples are mobilizing to support the ENDF in and around Tigray.[381]
The TDF launched an invasion on Afar Region making gains and repelling an allied counterattack on the TDF lines reportedly capturing vehicles and equipment.[382][383]
22 July[]
The Afar regional government claims that 20 civilians were killed and 70,000 civilians displaced in clashes between the TDF and an alliance of ENDF and regional forces in Afar.[384]
August 2021[]
1 August[]
End of July, early August, the TDF advance was halted at Woldia. In order to avoid urban warfare, they did not enter the town. Rather, part of the TDF forces moved southwest, controlling the very mountainous secondary road Kobo - Wendatch - Muja - Kulmesq - Lalibela airport, possibly up to Gashena. The town of Lalibela itself was bypassed by the south.[385]
2 August[]
The Fano militia, Amhara Region Special Force, and Eritrean Defence Forces killed dozens, presumably hundreds of civilians in Humera and other locations along the Tekeze River (Western Tigray) at the end of July, beginning August 2021.[386][387] On 16 July, the BBC reported that Amhara militia were going door to door in Humera, killing and arresting young Tigrayans.[388] By 23 July, Jan Nyssen, a Belgian professor with strong roots in the Tigray Region provided more details about this onset of the massacres: “A woman, Feven Berhe, had her eyes removed before she was killed. The reported reason for her killing was for having a Tigray flag in her house. Locals suspect however she might have refused to have sex with Amhara militiamen. A man and his wife were beheaded, others had their stomach opened and were then thrown to the Tekeze River. Downstream, across the border, in Sudan, dead bodies are observed floating on the Tekeze River.”[389] By 2 August, press agencies reported the recovery of washed up bodies along the Setit (Sudanese name of Tekeze) in the Sudan border community of Hamdayet, some with gunshot wounds or their hands bound.[386][390] Also, 42 kilometres further down, in Wad al Hulaywah, near the Setit dam in Kassala state, about 20 bodies had been retrieved.[390] While it was difficult to identify the bodies, one had a common name in the Tigrinya language, tattooed on his arm. Some of the corpses had facial markings indicating they were ethnic Tigrayans. People had not been able to catch all the bodies floating downstream because of the water's swift flow during the rainy season.[387]
4 August[]
Mahmud Mohammed, deputy commander of the Afar Special Forces joins the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF). Invoking the longstanding ties between Tigray and Afar people, he takes responsibilities for the administration of five Afar Region districts controlled by TDF.[391]
The same day, the fano (militia) massacred 28 Tigrayans on a road checkpoint in . These Tigrayans were residents of Woldia town and had been detained there since a week. Later they were transported south by the federal police. When reaching the Wurgesa check point, they were brutally killed by the Amhara youth vigilante group called fano (militia).[392]
5 August[]
Lalibela was reported to have been seized by Tigrayan forces.[393][394]
On the same day, a medical official in Afar told the AFP that 12 people were killed and 46 others wounded in an attack on displaced civilians in Galikoma made by Tigray People's Liberation Front (according to a hospital director, quoting survivors). There is information that 200 people were killed - including 107 children. The Tigray Region government calls for an independent investigation.[395]
6 August[]
Ethiopia's foreign ministry said that the TDF attack on neighboring regions have displaced over 300,000 people.[396]
10 August[]
In view of the progression of the Tigray Defense Forces, the city administrations of Bahir Dar and Dessie have imposed a curfew.[397]
The Oromo Liberation Army formed a military alliance with the TDF to "share battlefield information and fight in parallel".[398]
11 August[]
The TDF captures Weldiya[399] and Nefas Mewcha, both in Amhara Region. Weldiya is on the way to Dessie, Nefas Mewcha is on the way to Bahir Dar and Gondar.
13 August[]
, chairwoman of , and Hailu Kebede, foreign affairs head of the Salsay Weyane Tigray party and have been arrested in Addis Ababa by government security forces.[400][401]
15 August[]
An EEPA report stated that TDF controls the towns of Debre Zebit, Nefas Mewcha and Checheho, all located on the main road, east of Debre Tabor.[400]
16 August[]
An EEPA report stated that the and the Tigray Defence Forces control Sekota (located north of Lalibela).[402]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Voice of America – Tigrinya, 11 June 2021: 'ነበርቲ ሓውዜን ግዳያት ኵናት ትግራይ ብጅምላ ይቐብርሉ ኣለው'ፀብፃብ ሄዘር ሞርዶክ
- ^ New Business Ethiopia, 19 February 2020: Abiy meets Prosperity Party leaders from Tigray
- ^ "TPLF Rejects Separate Talks with Federal Government". . 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
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- ^ "Ethiopia: Fear Tigray conflict could trigger all-out war". DW. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighboring Afar region, Afar says". CNN. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Ethiopia Map".
- ^ "Heavy fighting kills 20 in region bordering Tigray: official". Yahoo!New. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ Ethiopia Map Twitter account (@mapethiopia), 4 August 2021: "Since the end of July the TDF are in control of Muja and Kulmesk. There's also claims that the TDF went as far south as Gashena but we haven't confirmed that. Hoping to get more information soon."
- ^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press, 2 August 2021: Bodies found in river between Ethiopia's Tigray and Sudan
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Guardian, 3 August 2021: Dozens of bodies found floating in river between Ethiopia's Tigray and Sudan
- ^ BBC News, 16 July 2021: Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Fleeing for fear of new ethnic conflict
- ^ Jan Nyssen, 23 July 2021: Humanitarian situation in Tigray (23 July 2021)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Reuters, 2 August 2021: At least 30 bodies float down river between Ethiopia's Tigray and Sudan
- ^ Tigray Television, 4 August 2021: Deputy Commander of Afar Special Forces has joined TDF
- ^ Tigray Television, 5 August 2021: News.
- ^ "Tigrayan forces take control of Ethiopian town Lalibela, a UN World Heritage Site - eyewitnesses". Reuters. 5 August 2021.
- ^ "Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town". bbc.com. 5 August 2021.
- ^ "Ethiopia calls on civilians to join army to fight Tigray forces". Aljazeera. 10 August 2021.
- ^ "Ethiopia conflict set to escalate after Tigray rebels refuse to withdraw". the Guardian. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ Deutsche Welle (Amharic broadcast), 10 August 2021
- ^ "Ethiopia armed group says it has alliance with Tigray forces". AP. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "Tigray forces defiant in face of Ethiopia call-up". Nile Post. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 200 – 16 August 2021 Europe External Programme with Africa
- ^ VoA Tigrigna, 17 August 2021:ላዕለዋይ ኣባል መሪሕነት ሳልሳይ ወያነ ብርክት ዝበሉ ክስታት ተመስሪቱዎ
- ^ Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 201 – 17 August 2021 Europe External Programme with Africa
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- 2020 in Eritrea
- 2020 in Ethiopia
- 2021 in Ethiopia
- Conflicts in 2020
- Conflicts in 2021
- Tigray Region
- Wars involving Eritrea
- Wars involving Ethiopia
- November 2020 events in Africa
- Tigray War