Uniform boundedness principle

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In mathematics, the uniform boundedness principle or Banach–Steinhaus theorem is one of the fundamental results in functional analysis. Together with the Hahn–Banach theorem and the open mapping theorem, it is considered one of the cornerstones of the field. In its basic form, it asserts that for a family of continuous linear operators (and thus bounded operators) whose domain is a Banach space, pointwise boundedness is equivalent to uniform boundedness in operator norm.

The theorem was first published in 1927 by Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus, but it was also proven independently by Hans Hahn.

Theorem[]

Uniform Boundedness Principle — Let be a Banach space and a normed vector space. Suppose that is a collection of continuous linear operators from to If

then

The completeness of enables the following short proof, using the Baire category theorem.

Proof

Let X be a Banach space. Suppose that for every

For every integer let

Each set is a closed set and by the assumption,

By the Baire category theorem for the non-empty complete metric space there exists some such that has non-empty interior; that is, there exist and such that

Let with and Then:

Taking the supremum over in the unit ball of and over it follows that

There are also simple proofs not using the Baire theorem (Sokal 2011).

Corollaries[]

Corollary — If a sequence of bounded operators converges pointwise, that is, the limit of exists for all then these pointwise limits define a bounded linear operator

The above corollary does not claim that converges to in operator norm, that is, uniformly on bounded sets. However, since is bounded in operator norm, and the limit operator is continuous, a standard "" estimate shows that converges to uniformly on compact sets.

Corollary — Any weakly bounded subset in a normed space is bounded.

Indeed, the elements of define a pointwise bounded family of continuous linear forms on the Banach space which is the continuous dual space of By the uniform boundedness principle, the norms of elements of as functionals on that is, norms in the second dual are bounded. But for every the norm in the second dual coincides with the norm in by a consequence of the Hahn–Banach theorem.

Let denote the continuous operators from to endowed with the operator norm. If the collection is unbounded in then the uniform boundedness principle implies:

In fact, is dense in The complement of in is the countable union of closed sets By the argument used in proving the theorem, each is nowhere dense, i.e. the subset is of first category. Therefore is the complement of a subset of first category in a Baire space. By definition of a Baire space, such sets (called residual sets) are dense. Such reasoning leads to the principle of condensation of singularities, which can be formulated as follows:

Theorem — Let be a Banach space, a sequence of normed vector spaces, and an unbounded family in Then the set

is a residual set, and thus dense in

Proof

The complement of is the countable union

of sets of first category. Therefore, its residual set is dense.

Example: pointwise convergence of Fourier series[]

Let be the circle, and let be the Banach space of continuous functions on with the uniform norm. Using the uniform boundedness principle, one can show that there exists an element in for which the Fourier series does not converge pointwise.

For its Fourier series is defined by

and the N-th symmetric partial sum is
where is the -th Dirichlet kernel. Fix and consider the convergence of The functional defined by
is bounded. The norm of in the dual of is the norm of the signed measure namely

It can be verified that

So the collection is unbounded in the dual of Therefore, by the uniform boundedness principle, for any the set of continuous functions whose Fourier series diverges at is dense in

More can be concluded by applying the principle of condensation of singularities. Let be a dense sequence in Define in the similar way as above. The principle of condensation of singularities then says that the set of continuous functions whose Fourier series diverges at each is dense in (however, the Fourier series of a continuous function converges to for almost every by Carleson's theorem).

Generalizations[]

Barrelled spaces[]

Attempts to find classes of locally convex topological vector spaces on which the uniform boundedness principle holds eventually led to barrelled spaces. That is, the least restrictive setting for the uniform boundedness principle is a barrelled space, where the following generalized version of the theorem holds (Bourbaki 1987, Theorem III.2.1):

Theorem — Given a barrelled space and a locally convex space then any family of pointwise bounded continuous linear mappings from to is equicontinuous (and even uniformly equicontinuous).

Alternatively, the statement also holds whenever is a Baire space and is a locally convex space.[1]

Uniform boundedness in general topological vector spaces[]

A family of subsets of a topological vector space is said to be uniformly bounded in if there exists some bounded subset of such that

which happens if and only if
is a bounded subset of ; if is a normed space then this happens if and only if there exists some real such that

The below theorem's conclusion that the set is necessarily equal to all to can be deduced, with the help of the first part of the following theorem, from the equicontinuity of and the fact that every single subset of is also a bounded subset.

Theorem[2] — Let be a set of continuous linear operators between two topological vector spaces and and let be any bounded subset of If is equicontinuous then the family of sets is uniformly bounded in [proof 1] meaning that there exists some bounded subset of such that which happens if and only if is a bounded subset of

Also, if is a convex compact Hausdorff subspace and if for every the orbit is a bounded subset of then the family is uniformly bounded in (for this conclusion, was not assumed to be equicontinuous).

Generalizations involving nonmeager subsets[]

In the following version of the theorem, the domain is not assumed to be a Baire space.

Theorem[2] — Let be a set of continuous linear operators between two topological vector spaces and (not necessarily Hausdorff or locally convex). For every denote the orbit of by

and let denote the set of all whose orbit is a bounded subset of If is of the second category (that is, nonmeager) in then and is equicontinuous.

Proof[2]

Proof that is equicontinuous:

Let be balanced neighborhoods of the origin in satisfying It must be shown that there exists a neighborhood of the origin in such that for every Let

which is a closed subset of (because it is an intersection of closed subsets) that for every also satisfies and
(as will be shown, the set is in fact a neighborhood of the origin in because the topological interior of in is non-empty). If then being bounded in implies that there exists some integer such that so if then Since was arbitrary,
This proves that
Because is of the second category in the same must be true of at least one of the sets for some The map defined by is a (surjective) homeomorphism, so the set is necessarily of the second category in Because is closed and of the second category in its topological interior in is non-empty. Pick The map defined by being a homeomorphism implies that
is a neighborhood of in (which implies that the same is true of the superset ). And so for every
This proves that is equicontinuous.


Proof that :

Because is equicontinuous, if is bounded in then is uniformly bounded in In particular, for any because is a bounded subset of is a uniformly bounded subset of Thus

Complete metrizable domain[]

Dieudonné (1970) proves a weaker form of this theorem with Fréchet spaces rather than the usual Banach spaces.

Theorem[2] — Let be a set of continuous linear operators from a complete metrizable topological vector space (such as a Fréchet space) into a Hausdorff topological vector space If for every the orbit

is a bounded subset of then is equicontinuous.

So in particular, if is also a normed space and if

then is equicontinuous.

See also[]

  • Barrelled space – A topological vector space with near minimum requirements for the Banach–Steinhaus theorem to hold.
  • Ursescu theorem – Theorem that simultaneously generalizes the closed graph, open mapping, and Banach–Steinhaus theorems

Notes[]

  1. ^ Let be a neighborhood of the origin in Since is equicontinuous, there exists a neighborhood of the origin in such that for every Because is bounded in there exists some real such that if then So for every and every which implies that Thus is bounded in

Citations[]

  1. ^ Shtern 2001.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rudin 1991, pp. 42−47.

Bibliography[]

  • Banach, Stefan; Steinhaus, Hugo (1927), "Sur le principe de la condensation de singularités" (PDF), Fundamenta Mathematicae, 9: 50–61, doi:10.4064/fm-9-1-50-61. (in French)
  • Banach, Stefan (1932). Théorie des Opérations Linéaires [Theory of Linear Operations] (PDF). Monografie Matematyczne (in French). 1. Warszawa: Subwencji Funduszu Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0005.20901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  • Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987) [1981]. Sur certains espaces vectoriels topologiques [Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5]. Annales de l'Institut Fourier. Éléments de mathématique. 2. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42338-6. OCLC 17499190.
  • Dieudonné, Jean (1970), Treatise on analysis, Volume 2, Academic Press.
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  • Khaleelulla, S. M. (1982). Counterexamples in Topological Vector Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. 936. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-11565-6. OCLC 8588370.
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  • Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.
  • Schaefer, Helmut H.; (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
  • Schechter, Eric (1996). Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-622760-4. OCLC 175294365.
  • Shtern, A.I. (2001) [1994], "Uniform boundedness principle", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press.
  • Sokal, Alan (2011), "A really simple elementary proof of the uniform boundedness theorem", Amer. Math. Monthly, 118 (5): 450–452, arXiv:1005.1585, doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.118.05.450, S2CID 41853641.
  • Trèves, François (2006) [1967]. Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.
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