Visa requirements for Chinese citizens

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An ordinary Chinese passport

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of China by the authorities of other states.

As of August 2021, Chinese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 78 countries and territories, ranking the Chinese passport 72nd in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Historical perspective[]

Before February 2014, Chinese immigration authorities did not generally allow mainland Chinese citizens to board outbound flights without having a valid visa for the destination country, even if the destination country granted a visa on arrival to Chinese passport holders, unless the exit was approved by the Ministry of Public Security. Exceptions were possible if the traveller had a third country's visa and a connecting flight from the initial destination country to the third country. As of 10 June 2017, if the destination is a visa-on-arrival or e-visa issuing country this approval is no longer needed.

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens were lifted by Micronesia on 18 December 1980,[2] the Bahamas on 12 February 2014, Indonesia in 2015, Grenada on 10 June 2015, Ecuador on 1 March 2016, Morocco on 1 June 2016, Tonga on 19 August 2016, Saint Kitts and Nevis on 1 January 2017, Serbia on 15 January 2017, Tunisia on 15 February 2017, Barbados on 1 June 2017, United Arab Emirates on 16 January 2018, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 29 May 2018, British Virgin Islands on 5 July 2018,[3] St Lucia on 18 July 2018,[4] Belarus on 10 August 2018, Qatar on 21 December 2018, Iran on 21 July 2019, Albania on 23 December 2019, Uzbekistan on 1 January 2020, Armenia on 19 January 2020, Oman on 16 December 2020, and Suriname on 1 May 2021.

Visas on arrival were introduced by Azerbaijan on 1 February 2016,[5] Brunei on 23 May 2016, Ukraine on 1 October 2016, Armenia on 10 November 2016, São Tomé and Príncipe on 5 April 2017, Qatar on 22 June 2017, Gabon on 12 October 2017, Rwanda on 1 January 2018, Benin on 15 March 2018, Zimbabwe on 1 July 2018, Myanmar on 1 October 2018, Sierra Leone on 5 July 2019, Saudi Arabia on 28 September 2019, and Iraq on 15 March 2021.

Chinese citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India on 30 July 2015, Lesotho on 1 May 2017, Djibouti on 18 February 2018, Oman on 7 May 2018, Uzbekistan on 15 July 2018, Pakistan on 14 March 2019 and Saudi Arabia on 28 September 2019.[6]

The country's passport index has constantly improved in the 00's decade from 42 in 2010 to 71 countries/territories by 22 January 2020, almost doubling its mobility access in 10 years. As shown before, more and more countries are lifting visa restrictions on Mainland China passport holders in recent years and there is a tendency for more countries to keep lifting restrictions as a way to pull the massive tourist market that Mainland Chinese tourists represent.

Visa requirements map[]

Visa-free travel for PRC citizens holding ordinary or public affairs passports

Greater China[]

Regions Travel with permits from Mainland China Travel with Chinese passport from Mainland China or overseas
 Hong Kong Two-way Permit and exit endorsement required[7] Two-way Permit is required for those in transit to a third country. For PRC citizens residing overseas and not in transit, an entry permit and Two-way permit are required. Due to COVID-19, passengers who reside or have been in Mainland China and overseas passengers in the past 14 days are not allowed to enter or transit Hong Kong
 Macau Two-way Permit required[7] Two-way Permit not required for those in transit to a third country within 30 days.
 Taiwan Exit and Entry Permit issued by Taiwan and Mainland Residents Travel Permit to Taiwan with exit endorsement required.Permit on arrival in Kinmen,Matsu and Penghu for 400 NTD.[8] Exit & Entry Permit issued by Taiwan required (not required when transiting through sterile area of a Taiwanese airport to the third place on the same calendar day), Mainland Residents Travel Permit to Taiwan with exit endorsement required when departing from Mainland China (not required when transiting through sterile area of a Taiwanese airport to the third place on the same calendar day if departing from Chongqing, Kunming or Nanchang).

Visa requirements[]

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity
 Afghanistan Visa required[9]
  • An introducing letter (from employer/organization/university/etc.) is required.[10]
 Albania Visa not required[11][12] 90 days X
 Algeria Visa required[13]
 Andorra Visa required[14]
  • Although officially no visa is required, at least a Double Entry Schengen visa is required to enter Andorra since it has no own airport facility.
 Angola eVisa[15][16] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested a pre-visa from an Angolan consulate abroad are issued a visa upon arrival at the country's border crossings.
  • Maximum total stay of 90 days within a one-year period.[17]
  • Visitors must have a return/onward ticket and a hotel reservation confirmation.[18]
X
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[19] 30 days X
 Argentina Visa required[20]
  • Chinese citizens with an American Visa B2 or a Schengen Visa will require an electronic travel authorization (AVE) when traveling to Argentina as tourists for a period of up to 90 days.[21]
  • As of 1 October 2017 visas are issued with a 10-year validity period.[22]
 Armenia Visa not required[23][24] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa for up to 30 days.[25]
 Australia Visa required[26]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa and Online e400 work visa).[27]
  • Effective from 20 June 2016, Chinese biometric passport holders use automated passport control SmartGate on arrival to Australia.[28]
 Austria Visa required[29]
 Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival[30] 30 days
  • Available at airports[5] eVisa is also available.[31]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Bahamas Visa not required[33] 3 months[34]
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[35] 14 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[36] 30 days.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Barbados Visa not required[37] 30 days
 Belarus Visa not required[38] 30 days
  • Visa free for 30 days, for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any year period.[39][40]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa for up to 30 days.[41]
 Belgium Visa required[42]
 Belize Visa required[43]
  • Visa is not required for cruise passengers.[44]
  • Holders of a multi-entry visa or Permanent Residency Card issued by Canada and United States, do NOT require a visa to enter Belize as a tourist for a period of up to 30 days.[45]
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[46][47] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
  • Visa is not required when traveling on duty for up to 90 days.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Bhutan Visa required[48]
 Bolivia Visa on arrival[49]
  • Visa valid for up to 90 days can be issued on arrival with evidence of onward tickets or booked hotel.[50] Bolivian embassy in Beijing also confirmed that Chinese nationals can get visa on arrival at airport or land checkpoint on 27 December 2017[51]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[52] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period[53]
 Botswana Visa required[54]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Brazil Visa required[55]
  • Brazilian authorities announced a plan to abolish visas for Chinese citizens.[56][57]
 Brunei Visa on arrival[58] 14 days[59] X
 Bulgaria Visa required[60]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state.
 Burkina Faso Visa required[61]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Burundi Visa required[62]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[63]
  • Visas valid for 30 days can be obtained on arrival or online.[64]
X
 Cameroon Visa required[65]
 Canada Visa required[66]
  • No transit visa is required if transiting through Calgary, Montreal Trudeau (Air Canada Flights only), Toronto Pearson (Terminal 1 only), Vancouver International or Winnipeg Airports to or from the United States within 24 hours of arrival while holding valid US visa and travelling on airlines that take part in China Transit Program. Need to departure through certain Asian airports if travelling to the United States. Need not to be under a removal or deportation order or staying in the United States longer than the authorized time if leaving the United States. eTA is required for transiting US permanent residents.[67]
  • Visa is not required for permanent residents of the United States. An eTA is required by permanent residents of US if travelling by air.
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[68] 30 days X
 Central African Republic Visa required[69]
 Chad Visa required[70]
 Chile Visa required[71]
  • National visa may be substituted with a visa issued by Canada or the United States which is valid for a minimum of 6 months from the arrival date.
 Colombia Visa required[72]
  • National visa may be substituted with a visa issued by a Schengen Area member state or the United States which is valid for a minimum of 180 days from the arrival date.[73]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[74] 45 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[75]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[76]
 Costa Rica Visa required[77]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa for stays up to 30 days.
  • National visa may be substituted with a visa issued by Canada or the United States.
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[78] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Croatia Visa required[79]
  • National visa may be substituted with a visa issued by a Schengen Area member state.
 Cuba Tourist Card Required[80]
  • Tourist Card is valid for a maximum stay of 30 days and is obtained in advance.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Cyprus Visa required[81]
  • Holders of valid double or multiple entry Schengen visa or Bulgarian, Croatian and Romanian, as well as residence permits issued by Schengen Member States or by Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania, are not required to hold a short-stay visa to enter the Republic of Cyprus for a time period that does not exceed 90 days in any 180 day period.[82]
 Czech Republic Visa required[83]
 Denmark Visa required[84]
 Djibouti eVisa[85] 31 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Dominica Visa not required[86] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa required[87]
  • Holders of a visa issued by Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Romania and any Schengen Area country can obtain a Tourist Card on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days. United Kingdom residents can obtain a Tourist Card on arrival for a maximum stay of 90 days.
 Ecuador Visa not required[88] 90 days
  • 90 days within any one-year period
 Egypt Visa on arrival[89]
  • According to Egyptian diplomatic missions in China, Chinese citizens can apply for a visa on arrival since 19 July 2016 and can stay for up 30 days. However, according to IATA, Chinese citizens are visa exempt for 30 days if they hold a return ticket, a reservation in a 4 or 5 star hotel, and US$2000.[90][91][92]
X
 El Salvador Visa required[93]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state, Canada or the United States.[94]
 Equatorial Guinea Admission refused[95]
  • From January 31, all passengers from China are not allowed to enter Equatorial Guinea due to COVID-19.
X
 Eritrea Visa required[96]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Estonia Visa required[97]
 Eswatini Visa required[98]
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[99] up to 90 days
  • Visa on arrival is obtainable only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.[100]
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.
    • eVisas are available for 30 or 90 days.[101]
  • Visa free for holders of passports for public affairs.[32]
X
 Fiji Visa not required[102] 4 months
 Finland Visa required[103]
 France Visa required[104]
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[105]
  • Starting from 20 December 2017, 90 days visa on arrival can be obtained at Libreville Airport.[106]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[107]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Gambia Visa required[108]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Georgia eVisa[109] 30 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Germany Visa required[110]
 Ghana Visa required[111]
 Greece Visa required[112]
 Grenada Visa not required[113] 30 days[114]
  • Beginning on December 1, 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.[115]
 Guatemala Visa required[116]
 Guinea eVisa[117] 90 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[118] 90 days X
 Guyana Visa required[119]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Haiti Visa not required[120] 3 months X
 Honduras Visa required[121]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Canada, the United States, or a Schengen Area member state, or a residence permit of the United Kingdom, Japan, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.
 Hungary Visa required[122]
 Iceland Visa required[123]
 India eVisa[124] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][125]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
  • October 2019 onwards, Chinese nationals can apply for an e-Tourist visa (e-TV) of a 5-year validity with multiple entries.[126]
  • The e-Visa regime is currently suspended for Chinese passport holders.
X
 Indonesia Visa not required[127] 30 days X
 Iran Visa not required[128][129] 21 days[130] X
 Iraq Visa on arrival[131] 60 days X
 Ireland Visa required[132]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid C visa or visas endorsed with BIVS issued by the United Kingdom until October 2021.[133] Entry is permitted only if a first point of entry to the Common Travel Area was in the UK.[134]
 Israel Visa required[135]
  • As of 2017 visas are issued with a 10-year validity period.[136]
 Italy Visa required[137]
 Jamaica Visa not required[138] 30 days X
 Japan Visa required[139]
  • Passengers of approved cruise ships do not require a visa from April 2015.[140][141]
  • Visa application requirements were simplified for Chinese citizens in May 2017.[142]
X
 Jordan Visa on arrival[143] 30 days X
 Kazakhstan Visa required[144]
  • As of Jan. 2020, a visa is not required for transit.[145]
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[146] 3 months X
 Kiribati Visa required[147]
 North Korea Visa required[148]
  • Chinese tourists may visit Tongnim County without a visa for 2 days.[citation needed] They may also visit Sinuiju for a day trip without a visa.[149]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 South Korea Visa required[150]
  • Visa is not required for US Green card holders when in transit to/from US and a third country for a stay of 30 days.
  • Visa is not required for direct or transit visitors to Jeju Island up to 30 days.[151]
 Kuwait Admission refused[152]
  • Due to COVID-19, Kuwait government stops issuing the travel visas to the ordinary passport holders of Chinese citizens.
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[153]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport or Osh Airport or through land crossings with China (at Irkeshtam and Torugart), Kazakhstan (at Ak-jol, Ak-Tilek, Chaldybar, Chon-Kapka), Tajikistan (at Bor-Dobo, Kulundu, Kyzyl-Bel) and Uzbekistan (at Dostuk).[154]
X
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[155][156] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane international airports, the 4 Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges,[Note 3] 13 border crossings,[Note 4] and Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane.[157] Visa on arrival facilities will be gradually phased out starting in January 2020.[158]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • The Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou border crossings are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Latvia Visa required[159]
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[160] 1 month
  • Extendable for 2 additional months.
X
 Lesotho eVisa[161][162] X
 Liberia Visa required[163]
 Libya Visa required[164]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[165]
 Lithuania Visa required[166]
 Luxembourg Visa required[167]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[168] 90 days X
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[169][170] 90 days X
 Malaysia eVisa[171]
  • Nationals of China who reside or have been in Hubei Province or have a passport issued in Hubei Province are not allowed to transit or enter Malaysia
X
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[172] 30 days X
 Mali Visa required[173]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Malta Visa required[174]
 Marshall Islands Visa required[175]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[176] X
 Mauritius Visa not required[177] 90 days
 Mexico Visa required[178]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa or residence issued by Canada, Chile, Colombia, Japan, Peru, United Kingdom, United States, or a Schengen Area member state. Also visa is not required for cruise ship passengers.[179]
 Micronesia Visa not required[180] 30 days X
 Moldova eVisa[181]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state for visits up to 90 days.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
  • Chinese citizens can apply for a visa online without a need for an invitation letter.[182]
X
 Monaco Visa required[183]
 Mongolia Visa required[184]
  • Passengers who reside or have been in Hubei Province in the past month are not allowed to transit or enter Mongolia
 Montenegro Visa required[185]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state, the United Kingdom, Ireland or the United States or permanent residence documents of a Schengen Area member state, the United Kingdom, Ireland or the United States for up to 30 days per stay for tourism and business.[186]
 Morocco Visa not required[187] 90 days X
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[188] 30 days[189] X
 Myanmar eVisa / Visa on arrival[190][191] 28/30 days
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with ThailandTachileik, Myawaddy and Kawthaung or IndiaRih Khaw Dar and Tamu.
  • eVisa available for both tourism (allowed stay is 28 days) or business (allowed stay is 70 days) purposes.
  • Visa on arrival can be issued at Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airport and is valid for 30 days.
  • Residents in bordering provinces can apply for an entry-exit pass that work with their automated border control system to expedite crossing[192]
X
 Namibia Visa required[193]
 Nauru Visa required[194]
   Nepal Free visa on arrival[195]
  • Visa is issued free of charge for tourists.[196]
X
 Netherlands Visa required[197]
 New Zealand Visa required[198]
  • May enter using eGate.[199]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[200]
 Nicaragua Visa required[201]
 Niger Visa required[202]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Nigeria Visa required[203]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 North Macedonia Visa required[204]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state, the United States, Canada or United Kingdom for stays up to 15 days if the visa is valid for at least five days beyond the period of intended stay in North Macedonia. *Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Norway Visa required[205]
 Oman Visa not required[206] 14 days * Chinese national are also eligible for single / multiple entry electronic visa valid for 30 days. X
 Pakistan eVisa[207]
  • Online Visa eligible.[208]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[209]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Palau Free visa on arrival[210] 30 days The Chinese government declared Palau as an illegal destination in August 2018[211] X
 Panama Visa required[212]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Australia, Canada, the United States or the United Kingdom for up to 30 days.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Papua New Guinea eVisa[213] 30 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Paraguay Visa required[214]
 Peru Visa required[215]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom or a Schengen Area member state or permanent residence documents of the United States, Canada, European Union or Australia for up to 180 days per stay for tourism and business.
 Philippines Visa required[216]
 Poland Visa required[217]
 Portugal Visa required[218]
 Qatar Visa not required[219] 30 days
 Romania Visa required[220]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state if the journey is completed before the expiration of the Schengen visa.
 Russia eVisa[221] 16 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive and departure via 29 checkpoints[222]
X
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[223] X
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[224] 3 months X
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[225][226] 6 weeks X
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa required[227]
 Samoa Visa not required[203] 60 days X
 San Marino Visa not required[228][229] 90 days.[230]
  • Although officially no visa is required, at least a Single Entry Schengen visa is required to enter San Marino since it does not have an own airport facility and no border controls.
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa / Visa on arrival[231] 15 days.[232][233]
  • Holders of a visa issued by the United States and the Schengen Area do not require a visa.
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[234][235] 90 days X
 Senegal Visa on arrival[236] 30 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa for 30 days.[32]
X
 Serbia Visa not required[237] 30 days[238]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa up to 90 days within a six-month period.
 Seychelles Visa not required[239] 3 months[240]
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[241]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Singapore eVisa[242]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
  • Since 28 January 2019, Singapore has granted a 96-hour visa-free transit facility for Chinese citizens entering Singapore. Passengers in transit can apply for VFTF at check-in counter without charge.
  • Between February and June 2020, passengers who have been in China in the past 14 days and all Chinese citizens were not allowed to transit or enter Singapore, and all visas issued were no longer vaild. A separate green lane was opened for business and essential travelling in June 2020.[243]
X
 Slovakia Visa required[244]
 Slovenia Visa required[245]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[246]
  • Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival
 Somalia Visa on arrival[247] 30 days X
 South Africa Admission refused (Temporary due COVID-19 issues)[248]
  • Admission refused due to the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.[249]
 South Sudan eVisa[250]
  • Obtainable online[251]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[251]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Spain Visa required[252]
 Sri Lanka Visa required[253]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Sudan Visa required[254]
 Suriname Visa not required[255] 30 days
  • Visa liberalization agreement between China and Suriname was ratified on 1 May 2021.[256]
  • COVID-19 entry restrictions still apply for foreign citizens entering Suriname.
 Sweden Visa required[257]
  Switzerland Visa required[258]
 Syria Visa required[259]
 Tajikistan eVisa[260] 45 days.[261]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[262][263] 3 months X
 Thailand eVisa / Visa on arrival[264] 15 days (VoA)
60 days (eVisa)
  • Beginning 27 September 2021, Chinese citizens visiting Thailand may apply for e-Visa online.[265][266]
X
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[267] 30 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Togo Visa on arrival[268] 7 days
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Tonga Visa not required[269] 30 days[270]
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa required[271]
 Tunisia Visa not required[272] 90 days[273] X
 Turkey eVisa[274] 30 days.[275]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
X
 Turkmenistan Visa required[276]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[277] 1 month X
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[278] X
 Ukraine eVisa[280] 30 days
  • Ukrainian authorities intend to sign reciprocal visa-free agreement with China in the next five years.[281]
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[282] 30 days
 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa required[283]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid Irish visa endorsed with BIVS. Entry permitted only if first point of entry to the Common Travel Area is in Ireland.[284]
 United States Visa required[285]
  • Chinese citizens who do receive a visa are normally issued "120-month multiple-entry combination B1/B2 visas."[286]
  • Ten-year multiple-entry B visa holders must provide updates through the Electronic Visa Update System (EVUS) every two years.[287]
  • Visa not required for Northern Mariana Islands.
 Uruguay Visa required[288]
  • National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by the United States, Canada or a European Union member state for stays up to 90 days when arriving via Montevideo airport or Montevideo and Colonia ports.[289][290]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[291] 10 days
  • Must arrive by air. Otherwise an electronic visa is available.[292]
X
 Vanuatu Visa not required[293] 30 days
  • Passengers must have a medical certificate proving they do not have COVID-19
X
  Vatican City Visa required[294]
 Venezuela Visa required[295]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
 Vietnam Admission refused (Temporary due COVID-19 issues)[296]
  • Holders of passports for public affairs do not require a visa.[32]
  • Visa collection on arrival can be arranged online through travel agencies and are available at Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Nha Trang and Phu Quoc airports.
  • Due to SARS-CoV-2, Vietnamese government stops issuing the travel visa to the normal passport holders of Chinese citizens. The visa policy would be reviewed at mid-February 2020.
 Yemen Visa required[297]
 Zambia eVisa[298] X
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[299] 3 months X

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories[]

Unrecognized or partially recognized countries
Territory Conditions of access Notes
 Abkhazia Visa required[300]
 Artsakh Visa not required[301] Travelers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[302]
 Kosovo Visa required[303] Visa is not required for holders of a valid travel documents issued by EU Member and Schengen States, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Japan based on the 1951 Convention on Refugee Status or the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons, as well as holders of valid travel documents for foreigners (max. 15 days stay) [304]
  • Do not need a visa a holder of a valid biometric residence permit issued by one of the Schengen member states or a valid multi-entry Schengen Visa, a holder of a valid Laissez-Passer issued by United Nations Organizations, NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe or European Union a holder of a valid travel documents issued by EU Member and Schengen States, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Japan based on the 1951 Convention on Refugee Status or the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons, as well as holders of valid travel documents for foreigners (max. 15 days stay)[305]
 Northern Cyprus Visa not required[306]
 Palestine Visa not required[307] Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[308]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
 Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[309][310]
 South Ossetia Visa not required[311][312]
 Transnistria Visa not required[313] Registration required after 24h.[314][315]
Dependent and autonomous territories
Territory Conditions of access Notes
Denmark
 Faroe Islands Visa required[316]
 Greenland Visa required[316]
France
 Clipperton Island Special permit required[317]
 French Guiana Visa required[318]
 French Polynesia Conditional visa waiver[319] 15 days, need to travel with specific agencies
France French West Indies
Guadeloupe Visa required[320]
Martinique
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
 Mayotte Visa required[321][320]
 New Caledonia Conditional visa waiver[322][323] 15 days, need to travel with specific agencies
 Réunion Conditional visa waiver[324][325] 15 days, need to travel with specific agencies
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required[326][320]
 Wallis and Futuna Visa required[327]
Netherlands
 Aruba Visa required[328] Holders of a valid visa issued by a Canada, US or Schengen Member State (‘C’ or ‘D’ visa) do not require a visa for 90 days for each territory.
Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands
 Bonaire Visa required[329]
 Sint Eustatius
 Saba
 Curaçao Visa required[330]
 Sint Maarten Visa required[331]
New Zealand
 Cook Islands Visa not required[332] 31 days
 Niue Visa not required[333] 30 days
 Tokelau Permit required[334]
Norway
Norway Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[335] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[336]
Norway Svalbard Visa not required Unlimited period under Svalbard Treaty.[337]
United Kingdom
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa required[338]
 Anguilla Visa required[339][340] Visa not required with a valid visa or residence permit from the United States, Canada or the United Kingdom.
 Bermuda Visa required[341] Holders of a multiple-entry visa issued by Canada, US or the UK is valid for at least 45 days beyond the period of intended stay in Bermuda do not require a visa for three months. Visa free for a maximum stay of three months if transiting through the United Kingdom.
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required[342]
 British Virgin Islands Visa not required[343] 6 months for business and tourism purposes[344][345]
 Cayman Islands Visa required[346] Visa free for cruise ship passengers leaving on the day of arrival.[347] Visa not required for 30 days for holders of a valid multiple-entry visa for the US, UK and/or Canada.[348]
 Falkland Islands Visa required[349]
 Gibraltar Visa required[350] Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa.
Visa not required if holding a Schengen multiple entry visa with a minimum remaining validity of 7 days or visiting on a day trip as part of an organised tour arranged through a Gibraltar-based tour operator.
 Montserrat eVisa[351]
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.[352][353][354]
United Kingdom Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 Saint Helena eVisa[355][356]
 Ascension Island Admission refused[357][358] From May 2015 Ascension Island Government does not issue entry visas including eVisas to nationals of China.[359]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[360]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[361][362]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[363] 90 days[364]
United States
 American Samoa Entry permit required[365]
 Guam Visa required[366]
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required[367] 14 days
 Puerto Rico Visa required[368]
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[369]
Antarctica and adjacent islands
Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica, Australia Australian Antarctic Territory, Antártica Chilena Province Chilean Antarctic Territory, Australia Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norway Peter I Island, Norway Queen Maud Land, New Zealand Ross Dependency.[370][371][372][373][374][375][376][377][378][379][380][381]
Other Territories
  •  Australia. Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Special authorisation required.[382]
  •  Colombia. San Andrés and Leticia - Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.
  • Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimea - Visa issued by Russia is required.[383]
  •  Ecuador. Bandera Província Galápagos.svg Galápagos - Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[384]
  •  Eritrea outside Asmara - To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[385]
  •  Fiji. Lau Province - Special permission required.[386]
  •  Greece Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg Mount Athos - Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[387][388]
  •  India. Prior approval from the MHA required for whole of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Sikkim and parts of states Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[389][390][391][392]
  •  Iran. Kish Island - Visa not required.[393]
  •  Kazakhstan. Closed cities - Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[394]
  •  Malaysia. Sabah Sabah and Sarawak Sarawak - Malaysian Visa/eNTRI required. These states have their own immigration authorities but same visa policies applies as West Malaysia. However a single entry Visa/eNTRI is valid for multiple entry/exit between the territories inside Malaysia.[395]
  •  Maldives outside Malé - Permission required. Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[396]
  •  North Korea outside Pyongyang - Special permit required. People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving).
  •  Russia - Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[397]
  •  Saudi Arabia Mecca and Medina - Special access required. Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry.
  •  Sudan. Darfur - Separate travel permit is required.[398]
  •  Sudan outside Khartoum - All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
  •  Tajikistan. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province - OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[399][400]
  •  Turkmenistan. Closed cities - A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[401]
  •  United States. Closed city of Mercury, Nevada, United States - Special authorization is required for entry into Mercury.
  •  United States. United States Minor Outlying Islands - Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[402][403][404][405][406][407][408]
  •  Venezuela. Margarita Island - Visa not required. All visitors are fingerprinted.[409]
  •  Vietnam. Phú Quốc - Visa not required for 30 days.[410]
  •  Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden - Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[411]
  • United Nations UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus - Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.[412]
  • United Nations Korean Demilitarized Zone - Restricted area.
  • United Nations UNDOF Zone and Ghajar - Restricted area.

Non-ordinary passports[]

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens holding diplomatic or service passports, based solely on bilateral agreements.
  People's Republic of China
  Visa free access for holders of both diplomatic and service passports
  Visa free access for holders of diplomatic passports only

Holders of Chinese diplomatic or service passports have visa-free access to additional countries.

Type of passport Visa-free access
Diplomatic passports only Côte d'Ivoire, Iraq, Ireland, Schengen Area (unless mentioned separately below), Uruguay, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan
Diplomatic and service passports Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Ecuador, Eritrea, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Mali, Mexico, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe

APEC Business Travel Card[]

  Full members of the scheme
  Transitional members (United States, Canada)

Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[413]

  •  Australia1
  •  Brunei1
  •  Chile1
  •  Hong Kong2
  •  Indonesia2
  •  Japan1
  •  South Korea1
  •  Malaysia2
  •  Mexico1
  •  New Zealand1
  •  Papua New Guinea2
  •  Peru1
  •  Philippines3
  •  Russia1
  •  Singapore2
  •  Taiwan1
  •  Thailand1
  •  Vietnam2

1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[414]

  • no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
  • undertake legitimate business in participating economies
  • expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
  • expedited scheduling of visa interview (US)
  • The rule is not available among the CHN, HKG, TWN travellers on business.

Exit and Entry Permit[]

A sample of the personal info page of the Entry and Exit Permit for Border Tourism

In addition to passports, Exit and Entry Permit were issued to citizens of the People's Republic of China for visiting certain land neighboring countries for trade, tourism purposes without a passport, and visa to the country of visiting and vice versa under the bilateral agreements.[415] Such permit is issued by the police stations in the related the boder administrative divisions. By far, travelers from the administrative divisions that share borders with North Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, India and Nepal could apply for the Exit-Entry Permit for crossing borders.[416]

Non-visa restrictions[]

Blank passport pages[]

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[417] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination[]

An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Togo, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[418] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[419]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[420][421]

An increasing number of countries have been imposing additional COVID-19 related health restrictions such as quarantine measures and testing requirements. Many countries increasingly consider the vaccination status of travellers with regard to quarantine requirements or when deciding to allow them entry at all.[422] This is justified by research that shows that the efficacy of the Pfizer vaccine lasts for six months or so.[423]

Passport validity length[]

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[424] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[425] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru.[426] Philippines,[427] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[428]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[429] and South Africa.

Other countries, such as Japan,[430] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[431] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

A very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a passport valid on arrival.

Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[432][433] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[434]

Criminal record[]

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[435] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata[]

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[436]

Israeli stamps[]

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[437] Lebanon,[438] Libya,[439] Syria,[440] and Yemen[441] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity[]

Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan,[442][443][444] Armenian citizens and other foreign nationals of Armenian descent are likely to encounter difficulties when attempting to enter the Republic of Azerbaijan.[445][446][447]

Azerbaijan bans visits by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[447] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[448] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[449] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Biometrics[]

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[450]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[451][452] Argentina,[453] Brunei, Cambodia,[454] China,[455] Ethiopia,[456] Ghana, Guinea,[457] India, Japan,[458][459] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[460] Malaysia upon entry and departure [461], Mongolia, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[462] Singapore, South Korea,[463] Taiwan, Thailand,[464] Uganda,[465] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by domestic legislation),[466][467][468] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[469]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[470] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[471][472] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[473] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[474][475]


Foreign travel statistics[]


See also[]

  • Visa policy of China
  • Chinese passport
  • Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong
  • Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau

References and Notes[]

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Notes[]

  1. ^
    • Ahmedabad
    • Amritsar
    • Bagdogra
    • Bengaluru
    • Chandigarh
    • Chennai
    • Coimbatore
    • Delhi
    • Gaya
    • Goa
    • Guwahati
    • Hyderabad
    • Jaipur
    • Kochi
    • Kolkata
    • Kozhikode
    • Lucknow
    • Madurai
    • Mangaluru
    • Mumbai
    • Nagpur
    • Pune
    • Thiruvananthapuram
    • Tiruchirappalli
    • Varanasi
    • Visakhapatnam
  2. ^
  3. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
  4. ^
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
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