World's fair

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Poster advertising the Brussels International Exposition in 1897
Replica of the Gokstad Viking ship at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair
Palace of the railways and great connections at the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925

A world's fair or world fair is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months.

The term "world's fair" is typically used in the United States.[1] In French the term Exposition universelle ('universal exhibition'[2]) is used; in other Romance languages such as Spanish, Italian, and Romanian, the translation of the French term is used. In the non-Romance languages of Europe, and in Asia and the Middle East, World Expo or Specialised Expo are commonly used. The short term Expo has been applied to both types of Expos in various locations since 1967.[3]

Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force, the Bureau International des Expositions has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions. Four types of international exhibition are organised under the auspices of the BIE: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers) and the Milan Triennial. Depending on their category, international exhibitions may last from three weeks to six months.

Milan, Italy, held the most recent World Expo in 2015, while Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017. Dubai, United Arab Emirates, was selected to host the next World Expo in 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was postponed to 2021. Buenos Aires, Argentina, who had been selected to host the next Specialised Expo in 2023, announced its withdrawal with no reschedule date.[4][5]

History[]

Further information: List of world expositions and List of world's fairs
Exposition universelle in Paris, 1867

In 1791 Prague organized the first World's Fair (List of world's fairs), Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).[6][7][8] The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as a king of Bohemia, which took place in Clementinum, and celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period.[9]

The French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in Europe. In 1851, under the title "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations", the World Expo was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, the United Kingdom. The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism.[10] This expo was the precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called World Expos, that have continued to be held to the present time.

The character of world fairs, or expositions, has evolved since the first one in 1851. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.[11]

Industrialization (1851–1938)[]

The Yerkes Great refractor mounted at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago

The first era, the era of "industrialization", roughly covered the years from 1800 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were largely focused on trade and displayed technological advances and inventions. World expositions were platforms for state-of-the-art science and technology from around the world. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, 1876 Philadelphia, Paris 1878, 1888 Barcelona, 1889 Paris, 1891 Prague, 1893 Chicago, 1897 Brussels, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis, 1915 San Francisco, and 1933–34 Chicago were notable in this respect.[12] Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. This era set the basic character of the world fair.[13]

Cultural exchange (1939–1987)[]

Ice Follies at the Seattle 1962 World's Fair
Further information: Technological utopianism

The 1939–40 New York World's Fair, and those that followed, took a different approach, one less focused on technology and aimed more at cultural themes and social progress. For instance, the theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–65 New York World's Fair, it was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". These fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication along with sharing of technological innovation.

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67. Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of Expo (the Montreal Expos, a former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair).[14]

Nation branding (1988–present)[]

1992 Expo in Seville, Spain

From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of the countries participating in Expo 2000.[citation needed] Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.[citation needed]

At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each.[15] Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general.[16]

Types[]

Expo tower for the Osaka 1970 World Expo in Japan

At present there are two types of international exhibition: World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) and Specialised Expos (formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions).[17] World Expos, previously known as universal expositions, are the biggest category events. At World Expos, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years. World Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from 1 May to 31 October 2015.

Specialised Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m2. Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos.[18]

An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE: horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and the semi-regular Milan Triennial (not always held every third year) art and design exhibition, held in Milan, Italy, with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016.[19]

World Expos[]

Expo 2000 brickwork, for the World Expo in Hannover, Germany in the year 2000.

World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—for example Japan, France, Morocco, and Spain at Expo '92. Registered Expositions include Brussels Expo '58, Montreal Expo 67, Vancouver Expo 86, Osaka Expo '70, and Seville Expo '92. Sometimes prefabricated structures are used to minimize costs for developing countries, or for countries from a geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92).

ASIMO at Expo 2005 in Japan.

In the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction World Expos every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics. World Expos are restricted to every five years, with Specialized Expos in the in-between years.

Specialised Expos[]

Panoramic view of Expo 2012 Yeosu, in South Korea

Specialized Expos (formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions) are usually united by a precise theme—such as 'Future Energy' (Expo 2017 Astana), 'The Living Ocean and Coast' (Expo 2012 Yeosu), or 'Leisure in the Age of Technology' (Brisbane, Expo '88). Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions.

The Specialized Exposition, Tsukuba, Japan, popularly known as Expo '85 was held in the city of Tsukuba located near Tokyo. This Exposition is more formally known as "The International Science Technology Exposition".

Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of 'adding' their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content.

List of expositions[]

Main article: List of world expositions

List of official world expositions (Universal and International/Specialised) according to the Bureau International des Expositions.[20]

Dates Name of Exposition Country[21] City[21] Category Theme
04/1851 – 10/1851 Great Exhibition  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry of all Nations
05/1855 – 11/1855 Exposition Universelle / Paris International  France Paris World Expo Agriculture, Industry and Art
05/1862 – 11/1862 International Exhibition  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry and Arts
04/1867 – 11/1867 Exposition Universelle / Paris International  France Paris World Expo Agriculture, Industry and Arts
05/1873 – 10/1873 Weltausstellung 1873 Wien / Austrian International Exposition  Austria-Hungary Vienna World Expo Culture and Education
05/1876 – 11/1876 Centennial Exposition  United States Philadelphia World Expo Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine
05/1878 – 11/1878 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition  France Paris World Expo New Technologies
10/1880 – 04/1881 Melbourne International Exhibition Flag of Victoria (1877-1901).svg Australia Melbourne World Expo Arts, Manufacturing, Agriculture and Industrial Products of all Nations
04/1888 – 12/1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888)  Spain Barcelona World Expo Fine and Industrial Art
05/1889 – 10/1889 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition  France Paris World Expo French Revolution
05/1893 – 10/1893 World's Columbian Exposition  United States Chicago World Expo Discovery of America
05/1897 – 11/1897 Brussels International Exposition  Belgium Brussels World Expo Modern Life
06/1898 – 11/1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition  United States Omaha World Expo Isolationism
04/1904 – 12/1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition  United States St. Louis World Expo Louisiana Purchase
04/1905 – 11/1905 Liège International (1905)  Belgium Liège World Expo Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence
04/1906 – 11/1906 Milan International  Italy Milan World Expo Transport
04/1910 – 11/1910 Brussels International Exhibition  Belgium Brussels World Expo Works of Art and Science, Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations
04/1913 – 11/1913 Exposition universelle et international / Ghent International Exposition  Belgium Ghent World Expo Peace, Industry and Art
02/1915 – 12/1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition  United States San Francisco World Expo Inauguration of the Panama Canal
05/1929 – 01/1930 Barcelona International Exposition  Spain Barcelona World Expo Arts, Industry and Sport
05/1933 – 10/1934 Century of Progress  United States Chicago World Expo The interdependence among industry and scientific research
04/1935 – 11/1935 Brussels International Exposition  Belgium Brussels World Expo Transports
05/1936 – 06/1936 ILIS 1936  Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Aviation
05/1937 – 11/1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne / Paris International Exposition  France Paris World Expo Arts and Technology in modern life
05/1938 – 05/1938 Second International Aeronautic Exhibition  Finland Helsinki Specialised Expo Aerospace
02/1939 – 09/1940 Golden Gate International Exposition  United States San Francisco World Expo Pageant of the Pacific
04/1939 – 10/1940 New York World's Fair  United States New York World Expo Building The World of Tomorrow
05/1939 – 09/1939 Exposition internationale de l'eau (1939)  Belgium Liège Specialised Expo Art of Water
07/1947 – 08/1947 International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing  France Paris Specialised Expo Urbanism and Housing
07/1949 – 08/1949 Universal Sport Exhibition (1949)  Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Sport and physical culture
09/1949 – 10/1949 The International Exhibition of Rural Habitat in Lyon  France Lyon Specialised Expo Rural Habitat
12/1949 – 06/1950 Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince  Haiti Port-au-Prince World Expo The festival of Peace
04/1951 – 05/1951 The International Textile Exhibition  France Lille Specialised Expo Textile
07/1953 – 10/1953 EA 53  Italy Rome Specialised Expo Agriculture
09/1953 – 10/1953 Conquest of the Desert (exhibition)  Israel Jerusalem Specialised Expo Conquest of the Desert
05/1954 – 10/1954 The International Exhibition of Navigation (1954)  Italy Naples Specialised Expo Navigation
05/1955 – 06/1955 The International Expo of Sport (1955)  Italy Turin Specialised Expo Sport
06/1955 – 08/1955 Helsingborg exhibition 1955  Sweden Helsingborg Specialised Expo Modern Man in the Environment
05/1956 – 06/1956 Exhibition of citriculture  Israel Beit Dagan Specialised Expo Citrus
07/1957 – 09/1957 Interbau  West Germany Berlin Specialised Expo Reconstruction of Hansa District
07/1958 – 09/1958 Brussels World's Fair  Belgium Brussels World Expo A World View: A New Humanism
05/1961 – 10/1961 Expo 61  Italy Turin Specialised Expo Celebration of centennial of Italian unity
04/1962 – 10/1962 Century 21 Exposition  United States Seattle World Expo Man in the Space Age
04/1964 – 10/1965 1964 New York World's Fair  United States New York World Expo Peace Through Understanding
06/1965 – 10/1965 IVA 65  West Germany Munich Specialised Expo Transport
04/1967 – 10/1967 Expo '67  Canada Montreal World Expo Man and His World
04/1968 – 10/1968 HemisFair '68  United States San Antonio Specialised Expo Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas
03/1970 – 09/1970 Expo '70  Japan Osaka World Expo Progress and Harmony for Mankind
08/1971 – 09/1971 Expo 71  Hungary Budapest Specialised Expo The Hunt through the World
05/1974 – 11/1974 Expo '74  United States Spokane Specialised Expo Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment
07/1975 – 01/1976 Expo '75  Japan Okinawa Specialised Expo The Sea We would like to See
06/1981 – 07/1981 Expo 81  Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Hunting
05/1982 – 10/1982 1982 World's Fair  United States Knoxville Specialised Expo Energy Turns the World
05/1984 – 11/1984 1984 World's Fair  United States New Orleans Specialised Expo The World of Rivers– Fresh Water as a source of life
03/1985 – 09/1985 1985 World's Fair  Japan Tsukuba Specialised Expo Dwellings and Surroundings – Science and Technology for Man at Home
11/1985 – 11/1985 Expo 85  Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Inventions
05/1986 – 10/1986 Expo '86  Canada Vancouver Specialised Expo Transportation and Communication: World in Motion - World in Touch
04/1988 – 10/1988 Expo '88  Australia Brisbane Specialised Expo Leisure in the Age of Technology
06/1991 – 07/1991 Expo 91  Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace
04/1992 – 10/1992 Expo '92  Spain Seville World Expo The Era of Discovery
05/1992 – 08/1992 Expo Colombo '92  Italy Genoa Specialised Expo Christopher Columbus, The Ship and the Sea
08/1993 – 11/1993 Expo '93  South Korea Daejeon Specialised Expo The Challenge of a New Road of Development
05/1998 – 09/1998 Expo '98  Portugal Lisbon Specialised Expo The Oceans: A Heritage for the Future
06/2000 – 10/2000 Expo 2000  Germany Hanover World Expo Man, Nature, Technology
03/2005 – 09/2005 Expo 2005  Japan Aichi World Expo[22] Nature's Wisdom
06/2008 – 09/2008 Expo 2008  Spain Zaragoza Specialised Expo Water and Sustainable development
05/2010 – 10/2010 Expo 2010  China Shanghai World Expo Better City, Better Life
05/2012 – 08/2012 Expo 2012  South Korea Yeosu Specialised Expo The Living Ocean and Coast
05/2015 – 10/2015 Expo 2015  Italy Milan World Expo Feeding the planet, Energy for life
06/2017 – 09/2017 Expo 2017  Kazakhstan Astana Specialised Expo Future Energy
10/2021 – 04/2022 Expo 2020  United Arab Emirates Dubai World Expo Connecting Minds, Creating the Future
01/2023 – 04/2023 Expo 2023  Argentina Buenos Aires Specialised Expo Creative industries in Digital Convergence
04/2025 – 10/2025 Expo 2025  Japan Osaka World Expo Designing Future Society for Our Lives

Legacy[]

The Space Needle and Monorail depicted on this 1962 stamp

Most of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes, except for landmark towers. By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower, built for the Exposition Universelle (1889). Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris, there were contemporary critics opposed to its construction, and demands for it to be dismantled after the fair's conclusion.[23]

Other structures that remain from these fairs:

  • 1851 – London: The Crystal Palace, from the first World's Fair in London, designed so that it could be recycled to recoup losses, was such a success that it was moved and intended to be permanent, only to be destroyed by a fire in 1936.[24]
  • 1876 – Philadelphia: The Centennial Exposition's main building, Memorial Hall, is still in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and serving as the new home for the Please Touch Museum. The space under the entrance to Memorial Hall houses a scale model of the entire Exposition.
  • 1880 – Melbourne: The World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, constructed for the Melbourne International Exhibition.
  • 1893 – Chicago: The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts, one of the last remaining buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition. In conjunction with the fair, the Art Institute of Chicago building was built to house conferences, as the World's Congress Auxiliary Building. The intent or hope was to make all Columbian structures permanent, but most of the structures burned, possibly the result of arson during the Pullman Strike. The foundation of the world's first Ferris wheel, which operated at the Exposition, was unearthed on the Chicago Midway during a construction project by the University of Chicago, whose campus now surrounds the Midway. Relocated survivors include the Norway pavilion, a small house now at a museum in Wisconsin, and the Maine State Building, now at the Poland Springs Resort in Maine.
  • 1894 – San Francisco: The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park is the last major remnant of the California Midwinter International Exposition. Large ornamental wooden gates and a pagoda from the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition were brought in after the latter fair closed,[25] making the Tea Garden a rare if not unique instance of a survivor that incorporates architectural features from two completely separate fairs.
  • 1897 – Nashville: A full-scale replica of the Parthenon was built for the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition where it stands today in Nashville's Centennial Park. It features plaster reproductions of the Elgin Marbles and, in 1990, a re-creation of the original Athena Parthenos statue was installed inside just as it was in the original Parthenon in ancient Greece.
  • 1900 – Paris: the Grand Palais and Petit Palais.
  • Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, the administration building of the 1904 World's Fair
    1904 – St. Louis: The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park, originally the Palace of the Fine Arts, and Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, are remnants of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (held a year late, as it was originally intended to be the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. But organizers, and President Theodore Roosevelt, wanted the fair to be held during the Olympics which were moved from Chicago.), better known as the St. Louis World's Fair. The aviary in Forest Park gave root to the St. Louis Zoo.
  • 1906 – Milan: The Civic Aquarium of Milan built for the Milan Exposition is still open after 100 years and was recently renovated. The International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) was settled in Milan during the fair and had its first congress in the Expo pavilions. In June 2006 the ICOH celebrated the first century of its life in Milan. An elevated railway with trains running at short intervals linked the fair to the city center. It was dismantled in the 1920s.
  • 1909 – Seattle: The landscaping (by the Olmsted brothers) from the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition (AYPE) in Seattle still forms much of the University of Washington campus. The only major building left from the AYPE, Architecture Hall, is used by the university's architecture school.
  • 1915 – San Francisco: The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco and its adjacent artificial lagoon are the only major remnants of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition still in their original locations on the former fairgrounds (now the city's Marina District neighborhood), but the building is almost entirely a reconstruction. The plaster-surfaced original, not intended to survive after the fair, was a crumbling ruin in 1964 when all but the steel framework was demolished so that it could be reproduced in concrete. The San Francisco Civic Auditorium, now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium, is another major legacy of the fair but was built off-site in the city's Civic Center. The independent Panama-California Exposition in San Diego left a substantial legacy of permanent buildings and other structures which today define its site, San Diego's central Balboa Park, including the Prado walkway, the California Tower and Dome (now home to the Museum of Man), the 1,500-foot Cabrillo Bridge, the lily pond and botanical gardens, and the Spreckels Organ Pavilion.[26]
  • 1929 – Seville & Barcelona: much survives from the two simultaneous fairs Spain hosted that year. The most famous are the remnants of the Ibero-American Exposition in Seville, in which the Spanish Pavilion's Plaza de España forms part of a large park and forecourt. Most of that fair's pavilions have survived and been adapted for other uses, with many of them becoming consulates-general for the countries that built them. The Barcelona International Exposition featured the famous German pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe, which was demolished but later rebuilt on the original site.[27]
  • 1936 – Johannesburg: The Empire Exhibition, South Africa was built close to the University of the Witwatersrand, and by the late 1970s the growth of the university was large enough to incorporate the permanent buildings from the exhibition. In 1985, the university purchased the South African Government Building; the two Heavy Machinery Halls, now called Empire Hall and the Dining Hall; the Hall of Transport; the Tower of Light; the Cape Dutch complex; and the Bien Donne Restaurant.
  • 1939 – New York City: The New York City Building from the 1939's World Fair, was reused for the 1964 World's Fair and is now the Queens Museum. Parachute jump was a ride from the fair. It was moved to the Coney island boardwalk in Brooklyn.[citation needed]
  • 1942 – Rome: A special case is the EUR quarter in Rome, built for a World's Fair planned for 1942 but cancelled because of World War II. Today it hosts governmental and private offices, and several museums.
  • 1958 – Brussels: In Brussels, the Atomium still stands at the exposition site. It is a 165-billion-times-enlarged iron-crystal-shaped building. Until June 2012, the "American Theatre" on the Expo grounds was frequently used as a television studio by the VRT.
Seattle – World's Fair sign at 47th and Aurora, 1962
  • 1962 – Seattle: The Space Needle theme building of the Century 21 Exposition commonly known as the Seattle World's Fair still stands as Seattle's iconic landmark. The Seattle Center Monorail, the other widely known futuristic feature of the fair, still operates daily. The US pavilion became the Pacific Science Center.
The Unisphere, from the 1964 World's Fair in New York City, USA in the early 21st century
  • 1964 – New York City: many structures still stand
    • The Unisphere, built for the second New York World's Fair, stands on its original site in Flushing Meadows, Queens
    • The Singer Bowl stadium, since converted into Louis Armstrong Stadium, part of the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, site of the US Open.
    • New York Hall of Science, built for the fair, continues to operate as a science museum, similar to its original role
    • The Port Authority Heliport and Exhibit is now the Terrace on the Park event and catering venue
    • The New York State Pavilion is mostly derelict, but is still an icon, with its observation towers prominently featured in 1997's Men In Black. The Theaterama building is the only portion still maintained, and is used by the Queens Theater. There are plans to restore to the main Tent of Tomorrow building.
    • The New York City Pavilion, a holdover form the 1939 fair, continues to serve as the home of the Queens Museum
    • Other artifacts remain throughout the park, and many buildings were transported for use elsewhere and continue to function.
  • 1967 – Montreal: Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie's Habitat 67, Buckminster Fuller's American pavilion the "Montreal Biosphere," the Jamaica Pavilion, the Tunisia Pavilion, and the French pavilion (now the Montreal Casino).
  • 1968 – San Antonio: San Antonio kept the Tower of the Americas, the Institute of Texan Cultures and the Convention Center from HemisFair '68.
  • 1970 – Osaka: The Tower of the Sun was left standing, but was neglected after the conclusion of the Expo '70. After restoration to the structure was completed, the museum inside the tower was re-opened on 18 March 2018.[28]
  • 1974 – Spokane: Spokane still has its Riverfront Park that was created for Expo '74—the park remains a popular and iconic part of Spokane's downtown.
View of 1982 fairgrounds, with the Sunsphere
  • 1982 – Knoxville: The Sunsphere from the Knoxville World's Fair remains as a feature of Knoxville's skyline.
  • 1984 – New Orleans: The main pavilions of the 1984 New Orleans World's Fair became the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, which is also known for its use as a shelter of last resort during Hurricane Katrina.
  • 1986 – Vancouver: In Vancouver, many Expo 86 projects were designed as legacy projects. Of note are the Skytrain, Science World and Canada Place.
  • 1988 – Brisbane: The Skyneedle, the symbol tower of Expo '88 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, still stands. Other survivors are the Nepalese Peace Pagoda of the Nepalese representation, now at the transformed World Expo '88 site South Bank Parklands, and the Japan Pond and Garden from the Japanese representation, now at the Brisbane Mount Cooth-tha Botanic Gardens. In 2018 the World Expo 88 Art Trail was re-birthed and dramatically expanded as part of the 30th Anniversary of World expo 88, now forming a Major tourist attraction in its own right.[29]
  • 1992 – Seville: The pavilions of Expo '92 in Seville had been converted into a technological square and a theme park.
  • 1998 – Lisbon: The main buildings of Expo '98 in Lisbon were completely integrated into the city itself and many of the art exhibition pieces still remain.
  • 2005 – Nagoya: The home of Satsuki & Mei Kusakabe, built for the 2005 Expo in Aichi, remains operating at its original site in Morikoro Park and is a popular tourist attraction.
The China pavilion at the Expo 2010; repurposed as a museum.
  • 2010 – Shanghai: The China pavilion from Expo 2010 in Shanghai, the largest display in the history of the World Expo, is now the China Art Museum, the largest art museum in Asia.
  • 2015 – Milan: The Italian Pavilion of Expo 2015 remains on the original site.

Some world's fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as:

Poster for the 1900 expo

Some pavilions have been transported overseas intact:

  • The Argentine Pavilion from the 1889 Paris was relocated to Buenos Aires, Argentina until its demolition in 1932.
  • The Chilean Pavilion from 1889 Paris is now in Santiago, Chile and following significant refurbishment in 1992 functions as the Museo Artequin[31]
  • The Peruvian Pavilion from 1900 Paris is now in Lima, as home to the Military Academy of History.
  • The Japanese Tower of the 1900 World's Fair in Paris was relocated to Laken (Brussels) on request of King Leopold II of Belgium.
  • The Belgium Pavilion from the 1939 New York World's Fair was relocated to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia.
  • The USSR Pavilion from Expo 67 is now in Moscow.
  • The Sanyo Pavilion from Expo '70 is the Asian Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
  • The Portugal Pavilion from Expo 2000 is now in Coimbra, Portugal.
  • The United Arab Emirates Pavilion from Expo 2010 is now in Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi in UAE[32]
  • The Bahrain Pavilion from Expo 2015 was relocated to Bahrain.The Azerbaijan Pavilion is in that country's capital Baku.The Chinese Pavilion was brought back to Qingdao and is on the site of the 2014 horticultural exhibition.
  • The Save the Children Italy pavilion from Expo 2015 was dismantled and re-built as school for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon.[33][34]

The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium: the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré[35] ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium: the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier.

Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including "it's a small world", and "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln", as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation.

Disney had contributed so many exhibits to the New York fair in part because the corporation had originally envisioned a "permanent World's Fair" at the Flushing site. That concept instead came to fruition with the Disney Epcot theme park, an extension of the Walt Disney World Resort, near Orlando, Florida. Epcot has many characteristics of a typical universal exposition: national pavilions and exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions that were relocated to Disneyland have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort.

Occasionally other mementos of the fairs remain. In the New York City Subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows, Queens remain from the 1964–65 event. In the Montreal subway at least one tile artwork of its theme, "Man and His World", remains. Also, a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found, and in the United States, at least, often turn up at garage or estate sales. Many fairs and expos produced postage stamps and commemorative coins.

The 1904 Olympic Games, officially the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in conjunction with the 1904 St. Louis fair, although no explicit coordination is evident. The Exposition Universelle (1900) Paris was also concomitant with the Olympic Games.

Current and upcoming expositions[]

2020 Dubai[]

Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates as a Registered Exposition, though it has been postponed because of COVID-19. The new dates are 1 October 2021 – 31 March 2022.[36] Despite being postponed, organizers will keep the name Expo 2020 for marketing and branding purposes.

The bidding process for this larger sized exposition formally began in 2011, with four cities being selected to participate in the final round of votes:

  • São Paulo, Brazil – the largest city in Brazil, the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere[37]
  • Yekaterinburg, the Russian capital of the Ural region[38]
  • Dubai, United Arab Emirates has placed a bid themed "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future".[39]
  • İzmir, Turkey – following a victory in a national competition with Ankara.[40][needs update]

Other participating cities and countries that were not selected for the final voting process to host Expo 2020, or did not submit bids for consideration by the BIE:

  • Ayutthaya was Thailand's official nomination to host World Expo 2020.[41] The province was chosen and approved as Thailand's bid city to host World Expo 2020 by the Thai cabinet[42] as the Prime Minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva, announced during the Shanghai World Expo 2010.[43][44] Ayutthaya brought a bid under the theme "Redefine Globalisation – Balanced Life, Sustainable Living"[45] concept when bidding on behalf of Thailand to be the host country.[46] However, Thailand's bid was disqualified by the Bureau of International Expositions because of concerns that the bid did not have sufficient government support.[47]
  • The United States has had several citizen efforts directed at bringing a World's Fair to the country. These efforts included the following cities:
    • Houston – "Inspired Innovation"[48]
    • New York City – "Showcasing the World"[49]
    • San Francisco – "Interculture: Celebrating the World's Cultures while Creating New Ones through Interaction and Exchange."[50]
    • Las Vegas – "The future of my future," according to the Wall Street Journal[51]
  • Philippines did not bid for the Expo 2020 although Manila had been considered a possible contender under the theme "Manila, Celebrating Light and Life"[52]
  • Brisbane, Queensland, Australia also considered putting an official bid to host Expo 2020[53] but did not bid.
  • Sydney, New South Wales, Australia has been quoted by media reports[54] as another potential candidate for the Australian 2020 bid.

2023 Buenos Aires[]

Expo 2023 will be held at the Argentine capital and will have a theme of “Science, Innovation, Art and Creativity for Human Development. Creative Industries in Digital Convergence”.

Four countries had submitted bids to host Specialised Expo 2022/23:

  • Poland Łódź
    The central Polish city of Łódź announced its candidacy to host EXPO 2022.[55] It was promoted in the Polish Pavilion at the EXPO 2015 in Milan. Consequently, the Polish government officially submitted Łódź's candidacy to the International Bureau of Expositions on 15 June 2016.[56]
  • United States Minneapolis-Saint Paul made joint bids.
  • Argentina Buenos Aires[57]
  • United States Los Angeles[58] (cancelled)
  • Brazil Rio de Janeiro (cancelled)

At the end of the project examination phase, BIE Member States voted for Buenos Aires as the host city of Expo 2022/23 via a secret ballot at the BIE General Assembly, held in November 2017.[59]

2025 Osaka[]

Expo 2025 will be held at the Japanese city of Osaka and will have a theme of “Designing Future Society for Our Lives!”.

Four countries had submitted bids to host World Expo 2025:

Main article: Expo 2025
  • Japan Osaka, Japan

Osaka made its official bid for the Expo on 24 April 2017[60] with the theme “Designing Future Society for Our Lives”.[61]

  • Azerbaijan Baku, Azerbaijan

The Azerbaijani capital entered its candidacy before the deadline[62] under the theme "Human Capital".

  • France Paris, France (withdrawn)

The French capital was the first to declare its candidacy,[63] under the theme "Sharing our Knowledge, Caring for our Planet".[64] The candidacy was withdrawn in January 2018 because of budget constraints.[65]

  • Russia Yekaterinburg, Russia

The Russian city entered its candidacy on 22 May 2017[63] under the theme "Changing world: inclusive innovation is for our children and future generations".

At the end of the project examination phase, BIE Member States voted for Osaka as the host city of Expo 2025 via a secret ballot at the BIE General Assembly, held in November 2018.

2030[]

Potential host countries may apply to host 2030 expo between 6 and 9 years before its proposed opening date.[66] Once one country has submitted an application, alternative countries have 6 months to submit theirs.[66]

At the 167th BIE general assembly both Korea and Russia indicated their intention to bid for this expo.[67]

  • South Korea Busan
  • Russia Moscow

Non-BIE efforts[]

The only Expo to be held without BIE approval was the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair;[68] the sanctioning organization at Paris denied it "official" status because its president, Robert Moses, would not comply with the BIE rule limiting the duration of universal expositions to six months. The Fair proceeded without BIE approval, and turned to tourism and trade organizations to host national pavilions in lieu of official government sponsorship. Many countries participated in that fair, including several newly independent African and Asian states.[69] The two World's Fairs in New York (1939–40 and 1964–65) and the Century of Progress in Chicago (1934-1935) are the only two-year world expositions that have been held.[citation needed]

Frederick Pittera, a producer of international exhibitions and author of the history of world's fairs in the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton Encyclopedia, was commissioned by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. of New York City in 1959 to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Pittera was joined in his study by Austrian architect Victor Gruen (Inventor of the 'Shopping Mall'). The Eisenhower Commission ultimately awarded the world's fair bid to New York City against several major U.S. cities.[70]

Because the U.S. government withdrew its membership in the Bureau International des Expositions from 2002 to 2017,[71] Worlds Fair Nano is the first private effort in history to host a six-month World's Fair.[72] Worlds Fair Nano is organizing a series of mini-World's Fairs around the country called World's Fair Nano in cities like San Francisco[73] and New York City[74] in order to build excitement for the six month World's Fair, which Worlds Fair Nano hopes to organize within the decade.[when?]

The Los Angeles World's Fair is another non-BIE effort.[75]

Walt Disney World in Florida is hosting a perpetual world's fair at its EPCOT exhibit, called World Showcase.

International Horticultural Exhibition[]

The BIE, since 1959[76] grants recognition to the International Horticultural Exhibitions (Category A1) approved by the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) subject to it meeting certain criteria including being approved by the BIE general assembly.[77]

International Horticultural Exhibitions (upcoming in italics):

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