Xong language
Xong | |
---|---|
Xiangxi Miao | |
Xonb, Meo | |
Pronunciation | [ɕõ˧˥] |
Native to | China |
Region | Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi and Chongqing |
Ethnicity | Qo Xiong |
Native speakers | ~900,000 (2005)[1] |
Language family | Hmong–Mien
|
Dialects |
|
Writing system | Latin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:mmr – Western Xiangxi Miaomuq – Eastern Xiangxi Miao |
Glottolog | nort2748 |
The Xong language (Dut Xonb [tu53 ɕõ35]),[2] is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by c. 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu (湘西苗语), Western Hunan Miao, in Chinese. In Western sources, it has been called Eastern Miao, Meo, Red Miao and North Hmongic. The official alphabet was adopted in 1956.
Distribution[]
Xong is spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in a few areas of Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi provinces and Chongqing municipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are,[3]
- Western (Xong): 800,000 speakers (autonym qɔ35 ɕoŋ35)
- Hunan
- Huayuan County, Xiangxi
- Jishou, Xiangxi
- Fenghuang County, Xiangxi
- Baojing County, Xiangxi
- Longshan County, Xiangxi
- Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua
- Mayang Miao Autonomous County, Huaihua
- Guizhou
- Songtao Miao Autonomous County
- Tongren County
- Hubei
- Chongqing
- Guangxi
- Hechi (including Beiya 坝牙村 of Xia'ao 下坳乡, Yong'an 永安乡, and Banling 板岭乡 of Du'an County[4])
- Nandan County
- Hunan
- Eastern (Suang): 80,000 speakers
- Hunan
- Jishou, Xiangxi (e.g., in Xiaozhangzhai 小章寨, with autonym qɯ˨ suɑŋ˥˧)
- Longshan County, Xiangxi (e.g., in Wujiazhai 吴家寨)
- Guzhang County, Xiangxi
- Luxi County, Xiangxi (e.g., in Dongtouzhai 洞头寨, with autonym tei˥˧ sou˥˧)
- Hunan
Classification[]
Xong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker (1987). Xiang (1999)[3] divided Xong into western and eastern dialects. Matisoff (2001) considered these to be two distinct languages, but Matisoff (2006) consolidated them into one. Yang Zaibiao (2004)[5] divides each of these dialects into three subdialects, as listed below. Speaker populations and locations are from Li & Li (2012).[6]
- Western (includes standardized Xong)
- Lect 1 (autonym: qo35 ɕoŋ35): Jiwei 吉卫, Huayuan County; 769,000 speakers in the counties of Fenghuang (except Baren 叭仁乡), most of Huayuan, southern Jishou, Xinhuang, Mayang, Songtao, parts of Rongjiang, parts of Ziyun, Xiushan, parts of Nandan, parts of Hechi, and parts of Du'an.
- Lect 2 (autonym: qo54 ɕoŋ54): Yangmeng 阳孟, Jishou; 120,000 speakers in the counties of eastern Huayuan, western and northern Jishou, eastern Baojing, southwestern Guzhang, Fenghuang (in Baren 叭仁乡), and Xuan'en.
- Lect 3 (autonym: o55 ɕaŋ55): Zhongxin 中心, Baojing County; 30,000 speakers in southeastern Baojing County.
- Eastern
- Lect 4 (autonym: te53 suɑŋ53): Xiaozhang 小章, Luxi County; 6,000 speakers in and around Xiaozhang, Luxi County
- Lect 5 (autonym: ɡɔ35 sɤ53): Danqing 丹青, Jishou; 48,000 speakers in the counties of northwestern Luxi, eastern Jishou, and southeastern Guzhang.
- Lect 6 (autonym: bja22 sã44 nɤ44): Dengshang 蹬上, Longshan County; 300 speakers in southern Longshan County and Yongshun County (in Shouche 首车乡).
He Fuling (2009) describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village, Ala Township, Fenghuang County (凤凰县阿拉镇勾良苗寨).
Chen (2009)[7] describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town 大兴镇, Songtao County, Guizhou.
Phonology and script[]
A written standard based on the Western dialect in Làyǐpíng village and Jíwèi town, Huāyuán county, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1956.
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | app. | plain | pal. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Stop | voiceless | p | pʲ | pɹ | t | ʈ | c | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | |||
aspirated | pʰ | pʲʰ | pɹʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | cʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | qʰ | qʷʰ | ||||
prenasal | mp | nt | ɳʈ | ɲc | ŋk | ŋkʷ | ɴq | ɴqʷ | ||||||
prenasal asp. | mpʰ | mpɹʰ | ntʰ | ɳʈʰ | ɲcʰ | ŋkʰ | ŋkʷʰ | ɴqʰ | ɴqʷʰ | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | ts | tɕ | |||||||||||
aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | ||||||||||||
prenasal | nts | ȵtɕ | ||||||||||||
prenasal asp. | ntsʰ | ȵtɕʰ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʂ | ɕ | h | hʷ | |||||||
voiced | ʐ | ʑ | ||||||||||||
Nasal | voiced | m | mʲ | mɹ | n | ɳ | ȵ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||
aspirated | m̥ʰ | n̥ʰ | ||||||||||||
Lateral | voiced | l | lʲ | |||||||||||
aspirated | l̥ʰ | l̥ʲʰ | ||||||||||||
Approximant | w |
p | ⟨b⟩ | pʰ | ⟨p⟩ | mp | ⟨nb⟩ | mpʰ | ⟨np⟩ | m | ⟨m⟩ | m̥ʰ | ⟨hm⟩ | ||
pɹ | ⟨bl⟩ | pɹʰ | ⟨pl⟩ | mpɹʰ | ⟨npl⟩ | mɹ | ⟨ml⟩ | ||||||
t | ⟨d⟩ | tʰ | ⟨t⟩ | nt | ⟨nd⟩ | ntʰ | ⟨nt⟩ | l̥ʰ | ⟨hl⟩ | n | ⟨n⟩ | n̥ʰ | ⟨hn⟩ |
ts | ⟨z⟩ | tsʰ | ⟨c⟩ | nts | ⟨nz⟩ | ntsʰ | ⟨nc⟩ | s | ⟨s⟩ | f | ⟨f⟩ | ||
tɕ | ⟨j⟩ | tɕʰ | ⟨q⟩ | ntɕ | ⟨nj⟩ | ntɕʰ | ⟨nq⟩ | ɕ | ⟨x⟩ | ʑ | ⟨y⟩ | ||
ʈ | ⟨zh⟩ | ʈʰ | ⟨ch⟩ | ɳʈ | ⟨nzh⟩ | ɳʈʰ | ⟨nch⟩ | ʂ | ⟨sh⟩ | ʐ | ⟨r⟩ | ɳ | ⟨nh⟩ |
k | ⟨g⟩ | kʰ | ⟨k⟩ | ŋk | ⟨ngg⟩ | ŋkʰ | ⟨nk⟩ | ||||||
q | ⟨gh⟩ | qʰ | ⟨kh⟩ | ɴq | ⟨ngh⟩ | ɴqʰ | ⟨nkh⟩ | ||||||
w | ⟨w⟩ | h | ⟨h⟩ |
[dubious ]
i | ⟨i⟩ | u | ⟨u⟩ | ||
iu | ⟨iu⟩ | ||||
ɑ | ⟨a⟩ | iɑ | ⟨ia⟩ | uɑ | ⟨ua⟩ |
o | ⟨o⟩ | io | ⟨io⟩ | ||
e | ⟨e⟩ | ie | ⟨ie⟩ | ue | ⟨ue⟩ |
ei | ⟨ei⟩ | uei | ⟨ui⟩ | ||
a | ⟨ea⟩ | ia | ⟨iea⟩ | ua | ⟨uea⟩ |
ɔ | ⟨ao⟩ | iɔ | ⟨iao⟩ | ||
ɤ | ⟨eu⟩ | iɤ | ⟨ieu⟩ | uɤ | ⟨ueu⟩ |
ɯ | ⟨ou⟩ | iɯ | ⟨iou⟩ | uɯ | ⟨uou⟩ |
ɛ | ⟨an⟩ | iɛ | ⟨ian⟩ | uɛ | ⟨uan⟩ |
en | ⟨en⟩ | ien | ⟨in⟩ | uen | ⟨un⟩ |
ɑŋ | ⟨ang⟩ | iɑŋ | ⟨iang⟩ | uɑŋ | ⟨uang⟩ |
oŋ | ⟨ong⟩ | ioŋ | ⟨iong⟩ |
Tone | IPA | Letter |
---|---|---|
high rising, 45 | ˦˥ | ⟨b⟩ |
low falling, 21 | ˨˩ | ⟨x⟩ |
high, 4 | ˦ | ⟨d⟩ |
low, 2 | ˨ | ⟨l⟩ |
high falling, 53 | ˥˧ | ⟨t⟩ |
falling, 42 | ˦˨ | ⟨s⟩ |
References[]
- ^ Western Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Eastern Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Sposato, Adam (2015). A Grammar of Xong (PhD thesis). University at Buffalo.
- ^ a b Xiang, Rizheng 向日征 (1999). Jíwèi Miáoyǔ yánjiū 吉卫苗语硏究 [A Study of Jiwei Miao] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.
- ^ Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui [Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee] (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì 广西民族语言方音词汇 [Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- ^ Yang, Zaibiao 杨再彪 (2004). Miáoyǔ dōngbù fāngyán tǔyǔ bǐjiào 苗语东部方言土语比较 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- ^ Li, Jinping 李锦平; Li, Tianyi 李天翼 (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū 苗语方言比较研究 [A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
- ^ Chen, Hong 陈宏 (2009). Guìzhōu Sōngtáo Dàxīngzhèn Miáoyǔ yánjiū 贵州松桃大兴镇苗语研究 (Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Nankai daxue.
.
External links[]
Standard Xong test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Hmongic languages
- Languages of China