1744 in Canada

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Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe
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Events from the year 1744 in Canada.

Incumbents[]

  • French Monarch: Louis XV
  • British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors[]

  • Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
  • Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
  • Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
  • Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas Smith

Events[]

  • France declares war on England (March 15)
  • Treaty of Lancaster (English-Iroquois).
  • Having begun in Europe in 1740, The War of the Austrian Succession spreads to North America (King George's War).
  • Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts.

Births[]

  • May 22 - Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, naval officer, explorer, administrator (d.1794)
  • October 6 - James McGill, merchant, philanthropist (d.1813)
  • December 10 - William Berczy, painter, architect, author, and colonizer (d.1813)

Full date unknown[]

  • Elias Hardy, lawyer and office-holder (d.1798)

Deaths[]

Historical documents[]

Alerting Fort Albany to war with France, Hudson's Bay Company orders readying of men and arms and getting "Trading Indians" to patrol daily[1]

Louisbourg francophone man obtains Council warrant to capture chief and other "Chickinakady Indians" he says murdered crew of British ship[2]

Council meets with Saint John River Indigenous leaders who have heard rumours of British-French war and seek (and get) assurances of peace[3]

Duvivier's force of 900 regular troops and militia from Île-Royale takes Canso from its 80-man garrison on May 13 and burns settlement[4]

"Breaking the French measures;[...]timely Succours receiv'd [and] our French refusing to take up arms against us" halts Annapolis attack[5]

Nova Scotia Council reports that in June and August attacks, local Acadians helped enemy "while we were entirely Deserted by them"[6]

Word from Île-Royale is that 23 British fishing and commercial ships have been taken by large schooner and five other French privateers[7]

New York governor George Clinton tells Assembly he has increased defences (including Six Nations scouts) at Oswego, Saratoga and Albany[8]

In July and August, Boston privateer takes French ships on "great banks," plus other French fishers on northeast coast of Newfoundland[9]

Privateer brings in to Boston three French ships, including one carrying to Canada wine, brandy, iron and dry goods worth £8-9,000[10]

Under flag of truce, three vessels arrive at Boston from Île-Royale with 350 British prisoners taken from Canso and "sundry Vessels, &c."[11]

French abhor inhumanity of privateers who took New York ship by firing after it surrendered, including one "chew'd" musket ball[12]

New Hampshire privateer with Île-Royale prizes is attacked by "Indians on Cape Sables," and later by canoes (driven off by swivel guns)[13]

Report of arrival of 70-gun and three other French warships plus 18 armed merchant ships at Île-Royale with arms for Quebec-built warship[14]

Duvivier orders Minas Acadians to supply horses, handlers and gunpowder, and to pledge loyalty to French king (Note: "savages" used)[15]

Nova Scotia commander Mascarene reports skirmish and tactical issues (including Indigenous fighters' "sculking way of fighting")[16]

Acadians ask French not to take their meagre harvest and to withdraw, citing "mild" government they live under (Note: "savages" used)[17]

In October, captured French privateer's crew is found to include "Irish Roman-catholick soldiers formerly of" Canso regiment[18]

Nova Scotia Council allows commandeering of vessel and equipment to counter "great body of Indians" threatening from Minas and Chignecto[19]

Massachusetts declares war on French-allied Indigenous peoples in November, and sets bounties for scalps of men, women and children[20]

Mascarene says loyal as well as disloyal Acadians "must unavoidably share in the trouble that military people generally bring with them"[21]

Mascarene praises daughter of former seigneur for her loyalty, but will not defend property of her disloyal family (Note: "savages" used)[22]

Council hears of Cobequid Acadians' loyalty and non-participation "in the last troubles " (except when forced to assist)[23]

Annapolis River Acadians told loyalty includes supplying non-combatant personnel, no matter their fear of Indigenous people's "resentment"[24]

Map: lands surrounding Gulf of St. Lawrence and lower St. Lawrence River[25]

Joseph Robson wonders what keeps Hudson's Bay Company from competing with French upriver, and then finds it hard going up Nelson River[26]

Minister to Kanien’kéhà:ka reports having to calm them after "our restless Enemies the French" spread rumour of British attack[27]

New Hampshire proclamation summons volunteers for expedition against Cape Breton (Île-Royale)[28]

Soldier's widow and step-mother of his children has to ask Council's permission to sell his property, as "none Other would Accept of that Office"[29]

"There is a satisfaction even, in giving way to Grief" - On duty in Belgium, young James Wolfe writes home about his soldier brother's death[30]

References[]

  1. ^ Letter to Fort Albany (May 10, 1744), Report [on] the State and Condition of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay[....] (1749), pgs. 266-7. Accessed 1 October 2021
  2. ^ Nova Scotia Council meeting (May 4, 1744), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 44-6. Accessed 5 October 2021
  3. ^ "A Conference Held at Annapolis Royal" (May 5, 1744), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 46-8. Accessed 5 October 2021
  4. ^ William Douglass, "War was declared" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America (1755), pg. 318. Accessed 1 October 2021 (For details of Canso attack, see "By a Person who was Master of a Vessel lately taken by the French at Canso")
  5. ^ Mascarene's long, detailed account of war at Annapolis (in two parts; December 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 140-50. Accessed 6 October 2021
  6. ^ "Representation of the State of His Majesties Province of Nova Scotia(...) (November 8, 1745), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 80, 81-2. (See detailed report of this fighting and appeal for help) Accessed 5 October 2021
  7. ^ "Boston" The New-York Gazette (July 2, 1744), image 2. Accessed 6 October 2021
  8. ^ "Speech of His Excellency" The New-York Gazette (July 23, 1744), pg. 1. Accessed 6 October 2021
  9. ^ "End of July" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America (1755), pg. 339. Accessed 1 October 2021
  10. ^ "Boston" The New-York Gazette (August 20, 1744), image 3. Accessed 6 October 2021
  11. ^ "Boston September 20th" The New-York Gazette (October 1, 1744), image 2. Accessed 6 October 2021
  12. ^ "Capt. Samuel Richards in a Sloop from New-York" The New-York Gazette (October 1, 1744), image 3. Accessed 6 October 2021
  13. ^ "Boston" The New-York Gazette (October 29, 1744), image 3. Accessed 6 October 2021
  14. ^ "letter from Philadelphia" (September 8, 1744), Considerations on the State of the British Fisheries in America;[...]with Proposals for their Security, by the Reduction of Cape-Breton[....], pgs. 7 (bottom) - 8. Accessed 1 October 2021
  15. ^ "M. Du Vivier's order to the inhabitants of Mines, Piziquid, River Canard, and Cobequid" (translation; August 27, 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 134-5. Accessed 6 October 2021
  16. ^ "Gov. Mascarene to Lords of Trade" (excerpt; September 25, 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 133-4. Accessed 6 October 2021
  17. ^ "To M. De Ganne, Knight, Captain of infantry commanding(....)" (translation; October 10, 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 135. (De Ganne complies) Accessed 6 October 2021
  18. ^ "In October" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America (1755), pg. 340. Accessed 1 October 2021
  19. ^ Council meeting (December 8, 1744), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 51-2. Accessed 5 October 2021
  20. ^ "As the Cape-Sable and St. John's Indians" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America (1755), pgs. 320-1. Accessed 1 October 2021 (See Gov. Shirley's letter linking war declaration with Saint John River leaders' alleged treachery)
  21. ^ "Governor Mascarene to Deputies of Mines, Piziquid, and River Canard" (translation; October 13, 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 137. (See warning to disloyal Chignecto and rejection of their promised neutrality) Accessed 6 October 2021
  22. ^ "Govr. Mascarene to Frances Belleisle Robishau" (translation; October 13, 1744), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 136. Accessed 6 October 2021
  23. ^ Council meeting (December 11, 1744), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pg. 52. Accessed 5 October 2021
  24. ^ Council meetings (December 21 and 28, 1744), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 53-4. Accessed 5 October 2021
  25. ^ Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, "A New Chart of the Coast of New England, Nova Scotia, New France or Canada, with the Islands of Newfoundland Cape Breton St. John's Etc." (1744-1775), McCord Museum. Accessed 6 October 2021
  26. ^ Joseph Robson, "The French settlements" An Account of Six Years Residence in Hudson's-Bay (1752), pgs. 18-19, 21-2. Accessed 1 October 2021
  27. ^ "While the Tribe of the Mohock Indians" (March 12, 1744), "New-York," A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreigh Parts (1745), pgs. 45 (bottom) - 46. Accessed 1 October 2021
  28. ^ "By His Excellency Benning Wentworth[...]A Proclamation" (1744?) https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.60314/1?r=0&s=1 (this document is reproduced in segments, beginning here)
  29. ^ "Copy Minute of Council on Wednesday March 7th, 1743/4" Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 41-2. Accessed 5 October 2021
  30. ^ Letter of James Wolfe (October 29, 1744), General Wolfe's Letters to His Parents. Accessed 7 October 2021 https://collections.library.utoronto.ca/view/wolfe:F7025 (swipe to F7025_0069_L014_01)



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