1945 in Canada

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Events from the year 1945 in Canada.

Incumbents[]

Crown[]

  • Monarch – George VI

Federal government[]

  • Governor General – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone[1]
  • Prime Minister – William Lyon Mackenzie King
  • Chief Justice – Thibaudeau Rinfret (Quebec)
  • Parliament – 19th (until 16 April) then 20th (from 6 September)

Provincial governments[]

Lieutenant governors[]

  • Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – John C. Bowen
  • Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – William Culham Woodward
  • Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams
  • Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – William George Clark (until November 1) then David Laurence MacLaren
  • Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Henry Ernest Kendall
  • Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Albert Edward Matthews
  • Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Bradford William LePage (until May 18) then Joseph Alphonsus Bernard
  • Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Eugène Fiset
  • Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Archibald P. McNab (until February 27) then Thomas Miller (February 27 to June 20) then Reginald John Marsden Parker (from June 22)

Premiers[]

  • Premier of Alberta – Ernest Manning
  • Premier of British Columbia – John Hart
  • Premier of Manitoba – Stuart Garson
  • Premier of New Brunswick – John McNair
  • Premier of Nova Scotia – A.S. MacMillan (until September 8) then Angus Macdonald
  • Premier of Ontario – George A. Drew
  • Premier of Prince Edward Island – J. Walter Jones
  • Premier of Quebec – Maurice Duplessis
  • Premier of Saskatchewan – Tommy Douglas

Territorial governments[]

Commissioners[]

  • Controller of Yukon – George A. Jeckell
  • Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Charles Camsell

Events[]

Two young women standing on Saint Catherine Street in Montreal, reading the front page of The Montreal Daily Star. The title "Germany Quit" announces the German surrender and the impending end of the World War II in Europe.
  • 1944–1945: World War II: Japan's Special Balloon Regiment launched 9,000 Fu-Go balloon bombs towards the Pacific Northwest, intended to cause panic, by starting forest fires. Six casualties, a woman and her five children in American state of Oregon, were reported. The ten metre-wide balloons contained 540 cubic metres of hydrogen and reached as far inland as Manitoba. The Japanese project was declared a failure and abandoned, after six months.[2]
  • January 8 – Brantford, Ontario becomes the first Canadian community to fluoridate its water supply.
  • January 20 – World War II: The first conscripted Canadian soldiers arrive overseas
  • February 8 – World War II: The Anglo-Canadian Operation Veritable launched in the Netherlands
  • February 24 – Radio Canada International begins operation
  • February 25 – Sergeant Aubrey Cosens posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross
  • March 1 – Major Frederick Albert Tilston wins the Victoria Cross
  • March 29 – The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan is shut down
  • April 16 – World War II: HMCS Esquimalt is sunk off Halifax by the German submarine U-190.
  • May 8 – VE Day sees celebrations across the nation, but also the Halifax Riot.
  • June 4 – 1945 Ontario general election: George Drew's PCs win a majority
A V-E Day parade on Sparks Street, Ottawa (May 8, 1945)
  • June 11 – Federal election: Mackenzie King's Liberals win a third consecutive majority
  • June 26 – Canada is a founding member of the United Nations
  • August 2 – The Canadian Armoured Corps becomes the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps
  • August 15 – VJ Day marks the end of the Second World War. Over a million Canadians had fought in the conflict and 42,000 were killed.
  • September 5 – The defection of Soviet embassy clerk Igor Gouzenko reveals a Soviet spy ring in Canada.
  • September 8 – Angus Macdonald becomes premier of Nova Scotia for the second time, replacing Alexander MacMillan
  • September 12 – The Ford Motor employees in Windsor, Ontario go on strike.

Full date unknown[]

  • Family allowance payments are introduced.
  • Canada has its first trade surplus with the United States.

Arts and literature[]

  • The Tin Flute (Bonheur d'occasion) by Gabrielle Roy.

Sport[]

  • February 25 – Maurice Richard sets a new record for the most goals (50) in a single ice hockey season.
  • April 22 – The Toronto Maple Leafs win their fifth Stanley Cup by defeating the Detroit Red Wings 4 games to 3.
  • April 23 – The Ontario Hockey Association's Toronto St. Michael's Majors win their second Memorial Cup by defeating the 's Moose Jaw Canucks 4 games to 1. All games were played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto
  • September 29 – The Calgary Stampeders are established
  • December 1 – The Toronto Argonauts win their sixth Grey Cup by defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 35 to 0 in the 33rd Grey Cup played in Varsity Stadium in Toronto.

Births[]

January to March[]

  • January 15 - Bonnie Burnard, novelist
  • January 18 - Steven Truscott, exonerated murderer
  • January 21 - Len Derkach, politician
  • January 23 - Mike Harris, politician and 22nd Premier of Ontario
  • January 27
    • Harold Cardinal, writer, political leader, teacher, negotiator and lawyer (d.2005)
    • Joe Ghiz, politician and 29th Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1996)
  • February 2 - , singer
  • February 5 - Nancy McCredie, track and field athlete
  • February 19
    • Jim Bradley, politician
    • Bill Casey, politician
  • February 20 - Donald McPherson, figure skater (d.2001)
  • March 4 - Patrick Boyer, politician and university professor
  • March 6 - John A. MacNaughton, financier and executive (d.2013)
  • March 17 - Dave Bailey, track and field athlete
  • March 26 - Diane McGifford, politician
  • March 28 - Bobby Schmautz, ice hockey player (d. 2021)

April to June[]

  • April 24 - Doug Riley, Canadian keyboard player and producer (d. 2007)
  • May 3 – Leo Panitch, political scientist (d. 2020)
  • May 27 - Bruce Cockburn, folk/rock guitarist and singer-songwriter
  • June 11 - Robert Munsch, children's writer
  • June 16 - Lucienne Robillard, politician and minister
  • June 20 - Anne Murray, singer

July to September[]

Bjarni Tryggvason
Roberta Bondar
  • August 4 - Ben Sveinson, politician
  • August 11 - David Walsh, businessman, disgraced head of Bre-X (d.1998)
  • August 12 - Mary Stewart, swimmer and world record breaker
  • August 15 - Rosann Wowchuk, politician and Deputy Premier of Manitoba
  • September 21 - Bjarni Tryggvason, engineer and astronaut

October to December[]

  • October 15 - John Murrell, playwright
  • November 5 - Jacques Lanctôt, member of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
  • November 11 - Norman Doyle, politician
  • November 12 - Neil Young, singer-songwriter, musician and film director
  • December 4 - Roberta Bondar, neurologist and Canada's first female astronaut

Full date unknown[]

  • Felix Partz, artist and co-founder of the artistic collective General Idea (d.1994)

Deaths[]

  • January 15 – Kate Simpson Hayes, playwright and legislative librarian (b. 1856)
  • March 2 - Emily Carr, artist and writer (b.1871)
  • March 23 - Walter Charles Murray, first President of the University of Saskatchewan (b.1866)
  • July 17 - Adjutor Rivard, lawyer, writer, judge and linguist (b.1868)
  • October 24 - Franklin Carmichael, painter and Group of Seven member (b.1890)
  • November 1 - Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie, feminist and social activist (b.1867)
  • December 10 - Joseph-Octave Samson, businessperson, politician and 28th Mayor of Quebec City (b.1862)

See also[]

Historical documents[]

Platoon leader in 48th Highlanders of Canada describes Battle of Apeldoorn in Netherlands[3]

"A zest to life she has never felt before" - Manitoban nurses "tigers" of 1st Canadian Division in Italy[4]

Food shortage in occupied France, especially in cities but benefiting farmers, accompanied after liberation by high inflation[5]

Winter 1945 is trying for Canadian diplomats Charles Ritchie and Saul Rae and family, living in liberated Paris without fuel[6]

Print: For European children dying of cold and hunger at Christmas[7]

Record of two British mariners killed on Canadian cargo ship sunk in Scottish waters in war's last U-boat attack[8]

Film: newsreel shows U-boats surrendering in North American waters, including off Shelburne, Nova Scotia[9]

"A despondent-looking mob" - Canadian Parachute Battalion finds German soldiers and families eagerly surrender to avoid Russians[10]

"My survival was an absolute miracle" - 14-year-old orphan liberated from Buchenwald concentration camp[11]

Hundreds of children freed from Buchenwald, where several Polish inmates ran school[12]

Agreement on trials of European war criminals, who will return "to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done"[13]

"That vague expression and pose of utter bewilderment" - war artist's painting of lone survivor of bomber crash[14]

Royal Navy electrician posted to Quebec City makes substantial extra pay playing trumpet in Al Bedard's band[15]

War artist Lance-Corporal Molly Lamb's humorous graphic story of saying goodbye to her CWAC comrades[16]

"A friend to the service man and his dependents at home" - New Brunswick MP's election campaign flyer is aimed at military voters[17]

Black Canadian Army private goes to City Hall to challenge segregation policy in four Glasgow dance halls[18]

Returning veterans should have houses and suits, but souvenir firearms are not encouraged[19]

Poster: Information on Canadian production and fighting in later war period[20]

British PM Clement Attlee says farm, factory and shipyard workers, scientists, technicians and research workers share credit for victory[21]

"A steadfast and progressive people, blessed with a bountiful land" - production of energy and farm products in wartime Alberta[22]

To block inflation, Canadians urged to avoid black markets, keep to price controls and "not buy two where one will do"[23]

Discussion guide on women's war effort and future role of women in workplace, home and community[24]

Postwar hurdles that Canadians face and need to discuss include too few people, too little independence, and disunity[25]

Editorial speculates on "Japanese mind" in assessing Japan's crimes, "which no Japanese wants to hear about today"[26]

Protests against transfer of more than half of Japanese Canadians to Japan, with calls for their rehabilitation and rights restoration[27]

PM King explains proposal for peace and security organization (UN), and how it would improve on League of Nations[28]

"Trust the people as to the future" - King believes putting war and UN conference above politics will aid Liberals' re-election[29]

On way to UN conference, diplomat Charles Ritchie labels PM King "the fat little conjurer with his flickering, shifty eyes"[30]

Canadians seek standing equal to their role in victory, but U.S. diplomat says cooperation among four major Allies is complex enough[31]

U.S.A., U.K. and Canada intend to share non-military atomic research with all nations for "an atmosphere of reciprocal confidence"[32]

Soviet embassy clerk Igor Gouzenko defects, "sickened by the evidence of intrigues and espionage directed against Canada"[33]

Film: newsreel of Russian espionage case with shots of Deep River, Ontario "atom bomb plant" and many Mounties[34]

U.S. State Department briefing paper on Britain's (and specifically Churchill's) lack of control over Commonwealth nations[35]

"Anglophobia" in U.S.A. targets U.K. (and Canada, as still part of Empire), hampering postwar economic settlement[36]

Private cars, buses and trucks seized for enormous roadblock during strike by Ford of Canada workers in Windsor, Ont.[37]

Program of Oscar Peterson Trio concert includes works by Chopin, Kreisler, Dvorak, Gershwin, Ellington and Peterson[38]

References[]

  1. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2.
  2. ^ "Japan bombs Saskatchewan". CBC.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  3. ^ A.E. Brock, "My Last Battle" WW2 People's War, BBC. Accessed 24 July 2020
  4. ^ Mary Lyle Benham, "They Stay in the Fight; 'Red Patches' Her Gang - And Woe to Any Critics!" The Winnipeg Tribune, 56th Year, No. 106 (May 3, 1945), pg. 13. Accessed 13 August 2020
  5. ^ Roy H. Thomson, "The Puzzling Years Ahead" (April 12, 1945), The Empire Club of Canada Addresses, pgs. 409-26. Accessed 13 August 2020
  6. ^ Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: A Canadian Diplomat Abroad, 1937-1945, pg. 185, quoted in Pat Barclay, Charles Ritchie and the English Diary Tradition (1987), pgs. 144-7 (PDF pgs. 154-8). Accessed 13 August 2020
  7. ^ Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. "Print, In Memory of the Children of Europe Who Have to Die of Cold and Hunger This X'mas". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Avondale Park; Canadian Steam Merchant" Ships Hit by U-boats, uboat.net. Accessed 7 August 2020
  9. ^ "Uboat Surrender - film clip," "'An East Coast Port;' Halifax in Wartime, 1939-1945" Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 10 August 2020
  10. ^ Historical Section (G.S.), Army Headquarters, "The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion in the Low Countries and in Germany" (Report No. 17, October 27, 1947), paras. 64-5, pgs. 31-2. Accessed 24 July 2020
  11. ^ Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre, "Photograph: Buchenwald, April 1945," Open Hearts - Closed Doors: The War Orphans Project; Liberation, pg. 6. Accessed 10 August 2020 http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/orphelins-orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_liberation.pdf (turn to pg. 6)
  12. ^ WNS, "Buchenwald Yields 4,500 Including 1000 Children" Jewish Western Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 9 (May 4, 1945), pg. 4. Accessed 11 August 2020
  13. ^ "Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis,(...)8 August 1945" Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, International Committee of the Red Cross. Accessed 12 August 2020
  14. ^ Letter of Eric Aldwinckle (June 1, 1945), pgs. 4-5. Accessed 10 August 2020 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/creative-dialogue-across-ocean-eric-aldwinckles-letters-harry-somers?page=15 (scroll down to 1 June); relevant pages: http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-1-june-1945-2 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-16-june-1945 (note: pg. 5 from the June 1 letter is mislabelled June 16); The Survivor: http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001881.jpg
  15. ^ "Sidecar" (Stan Dibben), "VE and VJ Days in Canada" WW2 People's War, BBC. Accessed 24 July 2020
  16. ^ Molly Lamb Bobak, "Girl fails to avoid sordid end" (March 27, 1945), "W110278" the Personal War Records of Private Lamb, M., pg. 165. Accessed 31 July 2020 (See photo of Molly Lamb at work)
  17. ^ Letter and flyer of Alfred J. Brooks, "The Man For Royal (Kings and Queens) Service Men and Women to Vote For" (May 1, 1945). Accessed 10 August 2020 http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/MOP/english/ww2/dosearch.asp?browse=3&results=50&all=true (scroll down to Alfred J. Brooks)
  18. ^ The (U.K.) League of Coloured Peoples, "17. Dance Hall Colour Bar Challenged - 'Daily Worker' of 13th September," News Letter Vol. XIII, No. 73 (October 1945), pg. 19. Accessed 24 July 2020
  19. ^ "Rehab Roundup," Civvy Street News, No. 21 (October 1945), in Canadian Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 16 (Canadian Edition, 1945), inserted between pgs. 10 and 11. Accessed 29 July 2020
  20. ^ Industrial Information Section, Wartime Information Board, "Wallnews, Feb. 1945. Canadian guns first-rate ... RCAF 'Lankys' bomb Ruhr(...)" (1945). Accessed 24 July 2020
  21. ^ "Address of The Right Honourable Clement R. Attlee (November 19, 1945), House of Commons Debates, 20th Parliament, 1st Session, Vol. 2, pg. 2278. Accessed 29 August 2021
  22. ^ Calgary Brewing and Malting Co., "The Miracle of Wartime Production in Alberta" (1945). Accessed 10 August 2020
  23. ^ The Brewing Industry (Ontario), "The Canadian Way of Life ... 'where the heart is!'" The Canadian Jewish Review, Vol. XXVII, No. 29 (April 20, 1945), pg. 9. Accessed 11 August 2020
  24. ^ Renée Morin, "Women after the War" Canadian Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Canadian Edition, March 1, 1945). Accessed 29 July 2020
  25. ^ "Canadian Hurdles" Looking Ahead (Canadian Post-War Affairs Discussion Manual No. 4; August 1945). Accessed 29 July 2020
  26. ^ "The Case Against Japan" The Winnipeg Tribune, 56th Year, No. 215 (September 7, 1945), pg. 6. Accessed 12 August 2020
  27. ^ "Movement to Japan to Start" and "Protest Repatriation of Japanese Canadians," Granada Pioneer, Vol. III, No. 91 (Final Edition; Amache, Colorado, September 15, 1945), pg. 9. Accessed 15 February 2020
  28. ^ W.L. Mackenzie King, "San Francisco Conference; Proposed General International Organization for Maintenance of Peace and Security" (March 20, 1945) House of Commons Debates, 19th Parliament, 6th Session: Vol. 1, pgs. 24-7. Accessed 14 August 2020
  29. ^ William Lyon Mackenzie King Diary for 1945 (March 21), pg. 268. Accessed 14 August 2020
  30. ^ Charles Ritchie, "Diary of a Quiet Diplomat," Macleans (November 1, 1974). Accessed 13 August 2020 https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1974/11/1/diary-of-a-quiet-diplomat (scroll down to April 21, 1945)
  31. ^ United States Department of State, "The Assistant Chief of the Division of British Commonwealth Affairs (Parsons) to the Ambassador in Canada (Atherton)" (May 4, 1945), Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945; European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany, pgs. 271-3. Accessed 12 August 2020
  32. ^ "Atomic Energy; Agreed Declaration by the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Prime Minister of Canada" (November 15, 1945), in Gill Bennett and Richard Smith (eds.), Britain and the Making of the Post-War World (Documents from the British Archives: No. 1; 2020), pgs. 164-6. Accessed 26 July 2020
  33. ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police ("apparently"), "Corby" (September 1945), in Gill Bennett and Richard Smith (eds.), Britain and the Making of the Post-War World (Documents from the British Archives: No. 1; 2020), pgs. 110-12. Accessed 26 July 2020
  34. ^ British Pathé, "Espionage Found In Canada" (1946). Accessed 27 July 2020
  35. ^ United States Department of State, "No. 223; Briefing Book Paper; Britain as Member of the 'Big Three'" (July 2, 1945), General Background Reports, Foreign Relations of the United States; Diplomatic Papers; The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945; Volume I, pgs. 253-5. Accessed 12 August 2020
  36. ^ D.W. Brogan, "U.S. Suspicions of Britain; Misunderstanding of Empire Position" The Glasgow Herald, 163rd Year, No. 232 (September 29, 1945), pg. 4. Accessed 24 July 2020
  37. ^ Walter W. Ruch, "12,000 Defy Police in Windsor Strike," The New York Times (November 7, 1945), pgs. 1, 4. Accessed 12 August 2020 https://projects.windsorpubliclibrary.com/digi/sar/part6.htm (scroll down to Excerpt from The New York Times)
  38. ^ "Glebe Collegiate Institute Auditorium; Wednesday, December 5th, 1945; Oscar Peterson and His Jazz Trio" Accessed 12 August 2020
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