AP-238 is an opioiddesigner drug related to drugs such as azaprocin and bucinnazine, with around the same potency as morphine.[1] It was first discovered in Italy in the 1960s but was never marketed,[2] subsequently appearing on the illicit market around 2020 and being detected in both Slovenia and the USA.[3][4]
^Fogarty, Melissa F.; Vandeputte, Marthe M.; Krotulski, Alex J.; Papsun, Donna; Walton, Sara E.; Stove, Christophe P.; Logan, Barry K. (2022). "Toxicological and pharmacological characterization of novel cinnamylpiperazine synthetic opioids in humans and in vitro including 2-methyl AP-237 and AP-238". Archives of Toxicology. doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03257-7. ISSN1432-0738. PMID35275255.
^Cignarella G, Testa E (May 1968). "2,6-Dialkylpiperazines. IV. 1-Propionyl-4-substituted cis-2,6-dimethylpiperazines structurally related to the analgetic 8-acyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (3): 592–4. doi:10.1021/jm00309a039. PMID5656502.