Family of proteins
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs ) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells , thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells . For red blood cell formation, see erythropoietin ).
They may be synthesized and administered exogenously. However, such molecules can at a latter stage be detected, since they differ slightly from the endogenous ones in, e.g., features of post-translational modification .
Etymology [ ]
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered.
Hematopoietic stem cells were cultured (see cell culture ) on a so-called semisolid matrix, which prevents cells from moving around, so that, if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located. These are referred to as "colonies". Therefore, it was possible to add various substances to cultures of hemopoietic stem cells and then examine which kinds of colonies (if any) were "stimulated" by them.
The substance that was found to stimulate formation of colonies of macrophages , for instance, was called macrophage colony-stimulating factor , for granulocytes, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and so on.
Mechanism [ ]
The colony-stimulating factors are soluble (permeable), in contrast to other, membrane-bound substances of the hematopoietic microenvironment . This is sometimes used as the definition of CSFs. They transduce by paracrine , endocrine , or autocrine signaling.
Examples [ ]
Colony-stimulating factors include:
CSF1 – macrophage colony-stimulating factor
CSF2 – Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim )
CSF3 – Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim )
Interleukin 3
Synthetic – Promegapoietin
Clinical uses [ ]
Bone marrow stimulation
Stem cell mobilization
References [ ]
Alberts, Bruce; et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9 .
External links [ ]
Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides
Mucoproteins
Mucin
CD43
CD164
MUC1
MUC2
MUC3A
MUC3B
MUC4
MUC5AC
MUC5B
MUC6
MUC7
MUC8
MUC12
MUC13
MUC15
MUC16
MUC17
MUC19
MUC20
Other
Proteoglycans
CS /DS HS /CS CS
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan
Neurocan
Brevican
CD44
CSPG4
CSPG5
Platelet factor 4
Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3
KS HS
Other
Cell signaling : cytokines
By family
Chemokine
TNF
TNFA
Lymphotoxin
TNFSF4
TNFSF5/CD40LG
TNFSF6
TNFSF7
TNFSF8
TNFSF9
TNFSF10
TNFSF11
TNFSF13
TNFSF13B
EDA
Interleukin
Type I (grouped by receptor subunit)
γ chain
IL2 /IL15
IL4 /IL13
IL7
IL9
IL21
β chain IL6 like/gp130 /IL12RB1 Other
Type II
IL10 family
IL10 /IL22
IL19
IL20
IL24
IL26
Interferon type III
Interferon
Ig superfamily IL17 family
Other
By function/ cell
CFU-GEMM CFU-GM
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
CFU-E CFU-Meg
Angiopoietin
Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 4
Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
Kinase inhibitors:
Rebastinib
Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)
CNTF EGF (ErbB)
EGF(ErbB1/HER1)
Agonists : Amphiregulin
Betacellulin
EGF (urogastrone)
Epigen
Epiregulin
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Murodermin
Nepidermin
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Brigatinib
Canertinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Grandinin
Icotinib
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Osimertinib
Vandetanib
ErbB2/HER2
Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Trastuzumab emtansine
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Lapatinib
Mubritinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
ErbB3/HER3
Antibodies: Duligotumab
Patritumab
Seribantumab
ErbB4/HER4
FGF
FGFR1 FGFR2
Agonists:
FGF (1 , 2 (bFGF) , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 (KGF ), 8 , 9 , 10 (KGF2) , 17 , 18 , 22 )
Palifermin
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib
FGFR3
Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)
FGFR4 Unsorted
HGF (c-Met)
Agonists :
Hepatocyte growth factor
Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)
IGF
IGF-1
Agonists : des(1-3)IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1 LR3
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Insulin
Mecasermin
Mecasermin rinfabate
Kinase inhibitors:
Linsitinib
IGF-2
Agonists : Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Antibodies: Dusigitumab
(against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
Others
Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target:
Trofinetide
LNGF (p75NTR )
Antagonists:
Dexamethasone
Testosterone
PDGF
Agonists: Becaplermin
Platelet-derived growth factor (A , B , C , D )
Kinase inhibitors:
Avapritinib
Axitinib
Crenolanib
Imatinib
Lenvatinib
Masitinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Radotinib
Quizartinib
Ripretinib
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Toceranib
RET (GFL)
SCF (c-Kit)
Kinase inhibitors:
Axitinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Masitinib
Nilotinib
Pazopanib
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
TGFβ Trk
TrkA
Antagonists:
Dexamethasone
FX007
Testosterone
Negative allosteric modulators:
Kinase inhibitors:
Entrectinib
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
Rebastinib
)
TrkB
Kinase inhibitors:
Entrectinib
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
TrkC
Kinase inhibitors:
Entrectinib
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
VEGF
Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
Ripretinib
VEGF (A , B , C , D (FIGF) )
Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
Bevacizumab
Icrucumab
Ramucirumab
Ranibizumab
Decoy receptors: Aflibercept
Others
Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Ephrins (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B1 , B2 , B3 )
Erythropoietin (see here instead)
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
Glia maturation factor (GMF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
Interleukins /T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
Midkine (NEGF2)
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
Oncomodulin
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
Pleiotrophin
Renalase
Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
Wnt signaling proteins
Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)
Chemokine CSF
Erythropoietin
Agonists:
Darbepoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa
Epoetin beta
Epoetin theta
Epoetin zeta
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)
Peginesatide
G-CSF (CSF3)
Agonists: Filgrastim
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Lenograstim
Lipegfilgrastim
Pegfilgrastim
GM-CSF (CSF2) M-CSF (CSF1)
Agonists:
Interleukin-34
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
SCF (c-Kit) Thrombopoietin
Interferon
IFNAR (α/β, I)
Agonists: Albinterferon
Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)
Interferon alfa (IFNA1 , IFNA2 , IFNA4 , IFNA5 , IFNA6 , IFNA7 , IFNA8 , IFNA10 , IFNA13 , IFNA14 , IFNA16 , IFNA17 , IFNA21 )
Interferon alfa 2a
Interferon alfa 2b
Interferon alfacon-1
Interferon alpha-n3
Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1 , )
Interferon beta 1a
Interferon beta 1b
Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)
Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)
Peginterferon alfa-2a
Peginterferon alfa-2b
Antibodies: Anifrolumab
Faralimomab
Rontalizumab
Sifalimumab
IFNGR (γ, II)
Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)
Interferon gamma 1b
IFNLR (λ, III)
See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead.
Interleukin TGFβ TNF Others
JAK (inhibitors )
JAK1
Abrocitinib
Baricitinib
Filgotinib
Momelotinib
Oclacitinib
Peficitinib
Ruxolitinib
Tofacitinib (tasocitinib, CP-690550)
Upadacitinib
JAK2
Atiprimod
Baricitinib
Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)
CYT387
Lestaurtinib
Pacritinib
Peficitinib
Ruxolitinib
Tofacitinib (tasocitinib, CP-690550)
JAK3
Decernotinib (VX-509)
Peficitinib
Tofacitinib (tasocitinib, CP-690550)
Others
Additional cytokine receptor modulators:
Lestaurtinib
Midostaurin
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib