Governor of New South Wales
| Governor of New South Wales | |
|---|---|
 Badge of the Governor | |
 Flag of the Governor | |
| Viceregal | |
| Style | Her Excellency the Honourable |
| Residence | Government House, Sydney |
| Seat | Sydney |
| Nominator | Premier of New South Wales |
| Appointer | Monarch of Australia on the advice of the Premier |
| Term length | At Her Majesty's pleasure (usually 5 years by convention) |
| Formation | 7 February 1788 |
| First holder | Arthur Phillip |
| Deputy | Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales |
| Salary | $529 000 (AUD) |
| Website | governor |
The governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governors of the Australian states perform constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level. The governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the premier of New South Wales,[1] for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current governor is retired judge Margaret Beazley, who succeeded David Hurley on 2 May 2019.
The office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The present incarnation of the position emerged with the Federation of Australia and the New South Wales Constitution Act 1902, which defined the viceregal office as the governor acting by and with the advice of the Executive Council of New South Wales.[2] However, the post still ultimately represented the government of the United Kingdom until, after continually decreasing involvement by the British government, the passage in 1942 of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (see Statute of Westminster) and the Australia Act 1986, after which the governor became the direct, personal representative of the uniquely Australian sovereign.
Appointment[]
The Office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act, 1902. The Australian monarch, on the advice and recommendation of the premier of New South Wales, approves the appointment of governor with a commission issued under the royal sign-manual and Public Seal of the State, who is from then until being sworn in by the premier and chief justice referred to as the governor-designate.
Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The constitution act stipulates that: "Before assuming office, a person appointed to be Governor shall take the Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance and the Oath or Affirmation of Office in the presence of the Chief Justice or another Judge of the Supreme Court."[2] The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).[citation needed]
The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a developed convention, and the governor still technically acts at Her Majesty's pleasure (or the Royal Pleasure). The premier may therefore recommend to the queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time, sometimes upwards of more than seven years. A governor may also resign[note 1] and three have died in office.[note 2] In such a circumstance, or if the governor leaves the country for longer than one month, the lieutenant governor of New South Wales, concurrently held by the chief justice of New South Wales since 1872, serves as Administrator of the Government and exercises all powers of the governor.[note 3] Furthermore, if the lieutenant governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of governor or is also absent from the state, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the administrator.[note 4]
Selection[]
Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside New South Wales and were often members of the peerage. Historian A. J. P. Taylor once noted that "going out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracy's 'abiding consolation'".[3] However, even though the implementation of the Australian Citizenship Act in 1948 established the concept of an independent Australian citizenship, the idea of Australian-born persons being appointed governor of New South Wales was much earlier. Coincidentally the first Australian-born governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born governor of any state. However, as Northcott was born in Victoria, it was not until Sir Eric Woodward's appointment by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 that the position was filled by a New South Welshman; this practice continued until 1996, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Gordon Samuels, a London-born immigrant to Australia.
Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be non-partisan while in office, governors were frequently former politicians, many being members of the House of Lords by virtue of their peerage. The first governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, being a former justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. The first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir.
Role[]
As the sovereign predominantly lives outside New South Wales, the governor's primary task is to perform the sovereign's constitutional duties on their behalf.[4]
It is the governor who is required, by the Constitution Act 1902, to appoint persons to the Government of New South Wales, who are all theoretically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative. Convention dictates that the governor must draw from the Parliament an individual to act as premier, who is also capable of forming government—in almost all cases the Member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the Legislative Assembly. The premier then directs the governor to appoint other members of parliament to the Executive Council of New South Wales known as the Cabinet, and it is in practice only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the queen and governor will take direction on the use of executive power, an arrangement called the Queen-in-Council or, more specifically, the Governor-in-Council. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council. The governor-in-council is also required to appoint in the queen's name the president of the Legislative Council, the speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Supreme Court and District Court justices, and local court magistrates in the state, though all of these are made on the advice of either the premier and cabinet or the majority of elected members of each house in the case of the speaker or president. The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, typically binding; both the queen and her viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power, this was last fully exercised in 1932, when Sir Philip Game revoked the commission of Premier Jack Lang.
The governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. Beyond that, the viceroy carries out the other conventional parliamentary duties in the sovereign's absence, including reading the Speech from the throne and the proroguing and dissolving of parliament. The governor grants royal assent in the queen's name; legally, he or she has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the queen's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent). If the governor withholds the queen's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied royal assent to a bill. With most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australia's royal family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state. Also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consuls-general appointed to Sydney. When they are the longest-serving state governor, the governor of New South Wales holds a dormant commission to act as the administrator of the Commonwealth when the governor-general of Australia is absent from Australia, a role most recently held by Governor Bashir.[5]
The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride. He or she will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations, however the most senior awards such as ACs or the Victoria Cross are the sole prerogative of the governor general. The governor also ex-officio serves as Honorary Colonel of the Royal New South Wales Regiment (since 1960), Honorary Air Commodore of No. 22 (City of Sydney) Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force (since 1937) and Honorary Commodore of the Royal Australian Navy , as well as the Chief Scout for New South Wales.[6]
Symbols and protocol[]
As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor follows only the sovereign in the NSW order of precedence. The incumbent governor is entitled to use the style of His or Her Excellency, while in office. On 28 November 2013 the premier of NSW announced that the Queen had given approval for the title of "The Honourable" to be accorded to the governors and former governors of New South Wales.[7] He or she also upon installation serves as a Deputy Prior of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in Australia and is also traditionally invested as either a Knight or Dame of Justice or Grace of the Order.[6] It is also customary that the governor is made a Companion of the Order of Australia, though this is not necessarily automatic.
The Viceregal Salute—composed of the first and last four bars of the national anthem ("Advance Australia Fair")—is the salute used to greet the governor upon arrival at, and mark his or her departure from most official events, although "God Save The Queen", as the royal anthem, is also used. To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, aeroplane, or car in Australia, the governor's flag is employed. The present form was adopted on 15 January 1981. The state badge of the New South Wales crowned with the St Edward's Crown is employed as the badge of the governor, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office.
- Past and present standards of the governor
1870–1876
1876–1981
1981–present
History[]
![[icon]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by . (August 2010) |
Aside from the Crown itself, the office of Governor of New South Wales is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip assumed office as Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788, when the Colony of New South Wales, the first British settlement in Australia, was formally proclaimed. The early colonial governors held an almost autocratic power due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain, until 1824 when the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislative body, was appointed to advise the governor.[8]
Between 1850 and 1861, the governor of New South Wales was titled governor-general, in an early attempt at federalism imposed by Earl Grey. All communication between the Australian colonies and the British Government was meant to go through the governor-general, and the other colonies had lieutenant-governors. As South Australia (1836), Tasmania (January 1855) and Victoria (May 1855) obtained responsible government, their lieutenant-governors were replaced by governors. Although he had ceased acting as a governor-general, Sir William Denison retained the title until his retirement in 1861.[9]
The six British colonies in Australia joined to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. New South Wales and the other colonies became states in the federal system under the Constitution of Australia. In 1902, the New South Wales Constitution Act 1902 confirmed the modern system of government of New South Wales as a state, including defining the role of the governor as the monarch's representative, who acts by and with the advice of the Executive Council. Like the new federal governor-general and the other state governors, in the first years after federation, the governor of New South Wales continued to act both as a constitutional head of the state, and as a liaison between the government and the imperial government in London. However, the British government's involvement in Australian affairs gradually reduced in the next few years.
In 1942, the Commonwealth of Australia passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, which rendered Australia dominion status under the Statute of Westminster, and while Australia and Britain share the same person as monarch, that person acts in a distinct capacity when acting as the monarch of each dominion. The convention that the monarch acts in respect of Australian affairs on the advice of his or her Australian ministers, rather than his or her British ministers, became enshrined in law.[citation needed] For New South Wales however, because the Statute of Westminster did not disturb the constitutional arrangements of the Australian states, the governor remains (at least formally) in New South Wales the representative of the British monarch. This arrangement seemed incongruous with the Commonwealth of Australia's independent dominion status conferred by the Statute of Westminster, and with the federal structure.
After much negotiation between the federal and state governments of Australia, the British government and Buckingham Palace, the Australia Act 1986 removed any remaining constitutional roles of the British monarch and British government in the Australian states, and established that the governor of New South Wales (along with the other state governors) was the direct, personal representative of the Australian monarch, and not the British monarch or the British government, nor the governor-general of Australia or the Australian federal government.
Residences and household[]
Government House[]
On his arrival in Sydney in 1788, Governor Phillip resided in a temporary wood and canvas house before the construction of a more substantial house on a site now bounded by Bridge Street and Phillip Street, Sydney. This first Government House was extended and repaired by the following eight governors, but was generally in poor condition and was vacated when the governor relocated to the new building in 1845, designed by Edward Blore and Mortimer Lewis.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, it was announced that Government House was to serve as the secondary residence of the new governor-general of Australia. As a consequence the NSW Government leased the residence of Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill as the residence of the governor. This arrangement lasted until 1913 when the NSW Government terminated the Commonwealth lease of Government House (the governor-general moved to the new Sydney residence of Admiralty House), the governor from 1913 to 1917, Sir Gerald Strickland, continued to live in Cranbrook and on his departure his successor returned to Government House.
On 16 January 1996, Premier Bob Carr announced that the next governor would be Gordon Samuels, that he would not live or work at Government House and that he would retain his appointment as chairman of the New South Wales Law Reform Commission. On these changes, Carr said: "The Office of the Governor should be less associated with pomp and ceremony, less encumbered by anachronistic protocol, more in tune with the character of the people."[10] The state's longest-serving governor, Sir Roden Cutler, was also reported as saying: "It's a political push to make way in New South Wales to lead the push for a republic. If they decide not to have a Governor and the public agrees with that, and Parliament agrees, and the queen agrees to it, that is a different matter, but while there is a Governor you have got to give him some respectability and credibility, because he is the host for the whole of New South Wales. For the life of me I cannot understand the logic of having a Governor who is part-time and doesn’t live at Government House. It is such a degrading of the office and of the Governor."[11][12]
In October 2011, the new premier, Barry O'Farrell, announced that the governor, now Dame Marie Bashir, had agreed with O'Farrell's offer to move back into Government House: "A lot of people believe the Governor should live at Government House. That's what it was built for ... [A]t some stage a rural or regional governor will be appointed and we will need to provide accommodation at Government House so it makes sense to provide appropriate living areas".[13] With the Governor's return, management of the residence reverted to the Office of the Governor in December 2013.
Summer residence[]
In addition to the primary Sydney vice-regal residence, many governors had also felt the need for a 'summer retreat' to escape the hard temperatures of the Sydney summers. In 1790, Governor Phillip had a secondary residence built in the township of Parramatta. In 1799 the second governor, John Hunter, had the remains of Arthur Phillip's cottage cleared away, and a more permanent building erected on the same site. This residence remained occupied until the completion of the primary Government House in 1845, however the hard summers and growing size of Sydney convinced successive governors of the need for a rural residence.
The governor from 1868 to 1872, the Earl Belmore, used Throsby Park in Moss Vale as his summer residence. His successor, Sir Hercules Robinson, often retired privately to the same area, in the Southern Highlands, for the same reason. In 1879 it was then decided that the colony should purchase a house at Sutton Forest for use as a permanent summer residence, and in 1881 the NSW Government purchased for £6000 a property known as "Prospect" that had been built by Robert Pemberton Richardson (of the firm Richardson & Wrench). This was renamed "Hillview", and became the primary summer governor's residence from 1885 to 1957. In 1957, seen as unnecessary and expensive, Hillview was put up for sale and purchased from the state government by Edwin Klein. Hillview was returned to the people of NSW in 1985 and is currently leased under the ownership of the Office of Environment and Heritage.[14]
Household[]
The viceregal household aids the governor in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the Office of the Governor, whose current official secretary and chief of staff is Michael Miller RFD.[15] These organised offices and support systems include aides-de-camp, press officers, financial managers, speech writers, trip organisers, event planners and protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as tour guides. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as Government House. These departments are funded through the annual budget, as is the governor's salary of A$529,000.[16]
List of governors of New South Wales[]
The following individuals have served as a governor of New South Wales:[17]
| No. | Portrait | Governor | Term start | Term end | Time in office | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governors appointed by King George III (1760–1820): | ||||||||
| 1 |  |
Captain Arthur Phillip RN | 7 February 1788 | 10 December 1792 | 4 years, 307 days | |||
| 2 |  |
Captain John Hunter RN | 11 September 1795 | 27 September 1800 | 5 years, 16 days | |||
| 3 |  |
Captain Philip Gidley King RN | 28 September 1800 | 12 August 1806 | 5 years, 318 days | |||
| 4 |  |
Captain William Bligh RN | 13 August 1806 | 26 January 1808 | 1 year, 166 days | |||
| 5 |  |
Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB | 1 January 1810 | 1 December 1821 | 11 years, 334 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King George IV (1820–1830): | ||||||||
| 6 |  |
Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane Bt, GCH, GCB | 1 December 1821 | 1 December 1825 | 4 years, 0 days | |||
| 7 |  |
Lieutenant General Sir Ralph Darling GCH | 19 December 1825 | 21 October 1831 | 5 years, 306 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King William IV (1830–1837): | ||||||||
| 8 |  |
Major-General Sir Richard Bourke KCB | 3 December 1831 | 5 December 1837 | 6 years, 2 days | |||
| Governors appointed by Queen Victoria (1837–1901): | ||||||||
| 9 |  |
Major Sir George Gipps | 24 February 1838 | 11 July 1846 | 8 years, 137 days | |||
| 10 |  |
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy KCH, KCB | 3 August 1846 | 28 January 1855 | 8 years, 178 days | |||
| 11 |  |
Sir William Denison KCB | 20 January 1855 | 22 January 1861 | 6 years, 2 days | |||
| 12 |  |
The Rt Hon. Sir John Young Bt, GCMG, KCB | 16 May 1861 | 24 December 1867 | 6 years, 222 days | |||
| 13 |  |
The Rt Hon. The Earl Belmore GCMG, PC | 8 January 1868 | 21 February 1872 | 4 years, 44 days | |||
| 14 |  |
The Rt Hon. Sir Hercules Robinson GCMG | 3 June 1872 | 19 March 1879 | 6 years, 289 days | |||
| 15 |  |
The Rt Hon. Lord Augustus Loftus GCB | 4 August 1879 | 9 November 1885 | 6 years, 97 days | |||
| 16 |  |
The Rt Hon. The Lord Carrington GCMG, PC | 12 December 1885 | 3 November 1890 | 4 years, 326 days | |||
| 17 |  |
The Rt Hon. The Earl of Jersey GCB, GCMG, PC | 15 January 1891 | 2 March 1893 | 2 years, 46 days | |||
| 18 |  |
The Rt Hon. Sir Robert Duff GCMG | 29 May 1893 | 15 March 18952 | 2 years, 291 days | |||
| 19 |  |
The Rt Hon. The Viscount Hampden GCMG | 21 November 1895 | 5 March 1899 | 3 years, 104 days | |||
| 20 |  |
The Rt Hon. The Earl Beauchamp KCMG, PC | 18 May 1899 | 30 April 1901 | 1 year, 347 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King Edward VII (1901–1910): | ||||||||
| 21 |  |
Admiral Sir Harry Rawson GCB, GCMG, RN | 27 May 1902 | 27 May 1909 | 7 years, 0 days | |||
| 22 |  |
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Chelmsford GCMG | 28 May 1909 | 11 March 1913 | 3 years, 287 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King George V (1910–1936): | ||||||||
| 23 |  |
The Hon. Sir Gerald Strickland GCMG | 14 March 1913 | 27 October 1917 | 4 years, 227 days | |||
| 24 |  |
Sir Walter Davidson KCMG | 18 February 1918 | 4 September 1923[note 2] | 5 years, 198 days | |||
| 25 |  |
Admiral Sir Dudley de Chair KCB, MVO | 28 February 1924 | 7 April 1930 | 6 years, 38 days | |||
| 26 |  |
Air Vice Marshal Sir Philip Game GBE, KCB, DSO | 29 May 1930 | 15 January 1935 | 4 years, 231 days | |||
| 27 |  |
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Gowrie VC, GCMG, CB, DSO | 21 February 1935 | 22 January 1936 | 335 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King Edward VIII (1936): | ||||||||
| 28 |  |
Admiral Sir Murray Anderson KCB, KCMG, MVO | 6 August 1936 | 30 October 1936[note 2][note 3] | 85 days | |||
| Governors appointed by King George VI (1936–1952): | ||||||||
| 29 |  |
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Wakehurst KCMG | 8 April 1937 | 8 January 1946 | 8 years, 275 days | |||
| 30 |  |
Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott KCMG, KCVO, CB | 1 August 1946 | 31 July 1957 | 10 years, 364 days | |||
| Governors appointed by Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952): | ||||||||
| 31 |  |
Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward KCMG, KCVO, CB, CBE, DSO | 1 August 1957 | 31 July 1965 | 7 years, 364 days | |||
| 32 |  |
Sir Roden Cutler VC, KCMG, KCVO, CBE | 20 January 1966 | 19 January 1981 | 14 years, 365 days | |||
| 33 |  |
Air Marshal Sir James Rowland AC, KBE, DFC, AFC | 20 January 1981 | 20 January 1989 | 8 years, 0 days | |||
| 34 |  |
Rear Admiral Sir David Martin KCMG, AO, RAN | 20 January 1989 | 7 August 1990[note 1] | 1 year, 199 days | |||
| 35 | Rear Admiral Peter Sinclair AC, RAN | 8 August 1990 | 29 February 1996 | 5 years, 205 days | ||||
| 36 | The Hon. Gordon Samuels AC, CVO, QC | 1 March 1996 | 28 February 2001 | 4 years, 364 days | ||||
| 37 |  |
Professor The Hon. Dame Marie Bashir AD, CVO | 1 March 2001 | 1 October 2014 | 13 years, 214 days | |||
| 38 |  |
General The Hon. David Hurley AC, DSC (Retd) | 2 October 2014 | 1 May 2019 | 4 years, 211 days | |||
| 39 | The Hon. Margaret Beazley AO, QC | 2 May 2019 | Incumbent | 2 years, 135 days | ||||
See also[]
- Spouse of the Governor of New South Wales
- Governor-General of Australia
- Governors of the Australian states
- Governor's Body Guard of Light Horse
Notes[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sir David Martin resigned the viceregal post on 7 August 1990 due to health concerns. He died three days later.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c The following governors died in office: Sir Robert Duff on 15 March 1895; Sir Walter Davidson on 15 September 1923; and Sir David Anderson on 30 October 1936.
- ^ Jump up to: a b When Sir David Anderson died in office on 30 October 1936, the lieutenant governor, Sir Philip Street, served as Administrator until Lord Wakehurst was sworn in on 8 April 1937.
- ^ Sir Leslie Herron, the lieutenant governor, died suddenly in May 1973 while the governor, Sir Roden Cutler, was overseas. Sir John Kerr became the administrator until Cutler was able to return.
References[]
- ^ The Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Australia > The Queen's role in Australia". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Constitution Act, 1902, Sydney: Queen's Printer, retrieved 19 August 2010
- ^ Taylor, A. J. P. (1965). "English History, 1914–1945". In Cannadine, David (ed.). Aspects of Aristocracy. Yale University Press (published 1994). pp. 172–3.
- ^ Australia Act 1986, s 7.
- ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Gazette S205 dated 17 June 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Patronage Listing". Governor of New South Wales. Office of the Governor. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "The title 'The Honourable' for Governors of New South Wales" (PDF). New South Wales Government Gazette. 6 December 2013. p. 5716. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ NSW Parliament. History of the Legislative Council Archived 9 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ^ Twomey, Anne (2006). The chameleon Crown: The Queen and her Australian governors. Sydney: The Federation Press. ISBN 978-1-86287-629-3.
- ^ The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, Peter John Boyce, Federation Press, 2008, page 165
- ^ Government House, Legislative Assembly, 19 September 2012
- ^ "Editorial—A Governor on the side". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 1996.
- ^ "Governor Marie Bashir makes a grand return home to Government House". The Daily Telegraph. 7 October 2011.
- ^ "Heritage dispute over Sutton Forest mansion Hillview". Southern highland News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ "Governor of New South Wales Official Website". Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ "Constitution (Governor's Salary) Regulation 1990 (NSW)". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "GOVERNORS". Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser (Vic. : 1842 – 1876) (Evenings ed.). Vic.: National Library of Australia. 6 January 1868. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
External links[]
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