Page semi-protected

Harti

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Harti (disambiguation).

Harti
هَرْتِي
Flag of Somaliland.svg Flag of Somalia.svg Flag of Ethiopia.svg
Qableh1.JPG
Sheikh Harti's tomb in Qa’ableh, Somaliland
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Ogaden, Marehan, Lailkase and other Darod and Somali groups

Harti (Somali: Harti, Arabic: هرتي‎), meaning "strong man", is a Somali clan family that is part of the Darod clan.[1] The major sub-clans include the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali and Dishiishe,[2] while other minor sub-clans consist of Kaskiqabe, Geesaguule and Liibaangashe.[3][4]

In Somalia, the Harti are primarily settled in the states of Puntland and Jubaland.[5][6][7] In Somaliland, they inhabit the regions of Sanaag, Sool and Togdheer. In Ethiopia, they inhabit the Dollo Zone and in Kenya the clan has some presences in the North Eastern Province.[8][9][10]

Distribution

Commander-poet Ismail Mire (pictured) administered the largest infantry Shiikhyaale and Adan Ali Gurey the second-largest, Golaweyne.

The extended formal name of the Harti clan is Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti. The primary homeland of the Harti is the state of Puntland in northeastern Somalia. The clan is well represented in the regions of Sool, Sanaag, Togdheer, Bari, Nugaal and Mudug. There is also a significant trading Harti community in the state of Jubaland particularly in the port city of Kismayo. In Ethiopia, they are well represented in the Dollo Zone, whilst they have a notable presence in the North Eastern Province of Kenya.

History

Northern Sultanates

Main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles
Mohamoud Ali Shire, Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate

The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud.[11] Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[12][13]

With the gradual extension of European colonial rule into northern Somalia, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.

Darawiish Period

(Abdi) Nur Hedik (white shirt), wearing the emblematic Kuuk Darawiish prayer bead on his left wrist and the emblematic Darawiish duubcad turban on his head; Hedik was the commnder of Dooxato (Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale division named after him, was of the western Ugaadhyahan clan.

The Darawiish, mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan; the four major Darawiish administrative divisions, i.e. Dooxato, Shiikhyaale, Golaweyne and Miinanle were near exclusively Dhulbahante.[14][15][16] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish Movement.[17] The poet Aadan Carab noted that the Dhulbahante experienced a genocide at the hands of European colonialists due to their Darawiish adherence, noting the Dhulbahante genocide in his poem Diidda Ama Yeella.[18] The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans.[19]

Foundation of Puntland

In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.[20] Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.[21]

Clan tree

The Dalyare fort is a Dhulbahante garesa located in the Oodagooye basin; the Oodagooye basin being where the territories of the Dhulbahante sub-clans of Ugaasyo, Baharsame, Galool Oriye and western Ugaadhyahan converge.

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[22][23]

Notable Harti members

Territory of Darawiish sultan Diiriye Guure in 1907 (marked out in black ink delineation), according to Somali historian Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed, consisted of the Ciid-Nugaal regions of Nugaal province, Las Anod District, Xudun District, Taleh District, Boocame District and Bookh District.

Commanders

  • Nuurxaashi Cali, commander of one of the two Garbo subdivisions, named after himself
  • Jaamac Cudur, commander of a Garbo (Darawiish) subdivision
  • Osman Boss, commander of a Ragxun subdivision
  • Cabbane Sugulle, commander of Burcadde-Godwein, a Darawiish administrative division
  • Adan Ali Gurey, commander of Golaweyne
  • Ali Meggar, Darawiish naval commander
  • Suleiman Aden Galaydh, Darawiish commander at Cagaarweyne
  • Nur Hedik, commander of Dooxato (the Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale regiment named after him
  • Haji Yusuf Barre, commander of the biggest battle in Darawiish history, i.e. Jidbali; singlehanded defender of Taleh
  • Yusuf Agararan, Jama Siad, led most successful Darawiish raid since Dul Madoba
  • Ibraahin Xoorane, Darawiish commander who killed Richard Corfield
  • Axmed Aarey, Darawiish artillery commander who abetted Richard Corfield's death
  • Mohamed Abshir Muse, first commander of the Somali Police Force
  • Abdullahi Ahmed Irro, Somali General, founded the National Academy for Strategy.
  • Mohamed Adam Ahmed, former Chief of Staff of the Somali Armed Forces

Prime ministers & leaders

The Sugulle family had many Darawiish leaders, including Jama Sugulle (pictured) the revivor of Darawiishnimo in 1960 via eponymous Somali Darawiish police unit; Badhiidh Sugulle commanded Taargooye, Cabbane Sugulle commanded Burcadde-Godwein, Barni Sugulle was governor of Indhabadan, and Faarax Sugulle was head of haroun (government).

Enterprisers

The last residents of the Silsilad fort were Haji Yusuf Barre, the singlehanded defender of Taleh, Mohamud Hosh (pictured), the last castellan of Taleh and Jama Biixi Kidin, an abandoned Darawiish child prisoner.
  • Aadan Carab, poet who documented the Dhulbahante genocide at the hands of European colonialists during the Darawiish era
  • Afqarshe Ismail, former Darawiish spokesman-poet; and first person to die in an airstrike in Africa
  • Ismail Mire, Darwiish supreme commander, poet
  • Jama Biixi Kidin, last resident of Silsilad; Darawiish child prisoner
  • , reverse engineer of electric toys
  • , created Somalia's national anthem
  • Aw Jama, Somali scholar, historian and collector of oral literature of Somalia. He wrote the first authoritative study of Dervishes.
  • Saado Ali Warsame, singer-songwriter and former MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
  • Ali Dhuh, anti-darwiish poet.
  • , Somali artist
  • Ali Haji Warsame, entrepreneur, former chief executive officer of Golis Telecom Somalia
  • Amina Mohamed, former chairman of the INM and the WTO's General Council, and the current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.
  • Abdi Bile, Somalia's most decorated athlete with the most Somali national records
  • Mohamed Suleiman, first ethnic Somali to win an Olympic medal
  • Abdinasir Ali Hassan, chairman of Hass petroleum.
  • Abdi Holland, Somali artist.
  • Abdillahi Mohammed Ahmed (1926–1993), known as Qablan, former Under-Secretary of Finance
  • Farah Awl (1937–1991), writer
  • Fatima Jibrell founder of the Horn relief now known as ADESO.
  • Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid, traditional Somali linguist
  • Shire Haji Farah, entrepreneur, and Executive Committee Member of the Somali Business Council
  • Omar A. Ali, entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and leading specialist on Islamic finance.
  • Osman Yusuf Kenadid, inventor of the Osmanya writing script
  • Mohammed Awale Liban, designed the flag of Somalia
  • Maxamed Daahir Afrax, novelist, playwright, journalist and scholar
  • Iman (Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid), a Somali-American fashion model, actress and entrepreneur. A pioneer in the ethnic-cosmetics market, she is also noted for her philanthropic work. She is the widow of English rock musician David Bowie.
  • Haji Mohamed Yasin Ismail, entrepreneur, and Somalia and Puntland presidential candidate
  • Abdulqawi Yusuf, lawyer and judge at the International Court of Justice.
  • Ali A. Abdi, sociologist and educationist, professor of education and international development, the University of British Columbia.

Royalty

Aw Abdille Ibrahim (pictured) and Yusuf Agararan were governors in the Cal (Darawiish) region.

Politicians

Ismaaciil, son of darawiish peace-time prime minister Xaashi Suni Fooyaan.
Aadan Carab reported on the Dhulbahante genocide at the hands of European colonialists during the Darawiish era in his poem Diidda ama Yeella.
The scout of Darawiish head of intelligence, Serar Shawe.
1903 drawing by Melton Prior depicting the Battle of Cagaarweyne commanded by Suleiman Aden Galaydh, Maxamuud Dheri and Diiriye Guure
  • Bashe Mohamed Farah, Speaker of Somaliland House of Representative.
  • Ibraahim Guure, Khatumo lawmaker
  • Ali Jangali Somalia's minister of foreign affairs
  • Ahmed Gacmayare, former Information Minister for Khaatumo State
  • Abdirizak Jurile, Veteran Politician, Former Minister of Planning and In't Cooperations of Somalia. Former Minister of Postal cooperation of Somalia. Diplomat, Head of numerous UN organizations and professor.
  • Abdullahi Bile Noor, longest served Somali MP, State-Minister of Education and Higher learning of Somalia Government
  • Faisal Hassan, Canadian politician
  • Ali Abdi Aware, former Puntland State Minister of the Presidency for International relations and Social Affairs.
  • Asha Gelle Dirie, former Minister of Women Development and Family Affairs of Puntland; founder and executive director of TAG Foundation
  • Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the first Somali-born member of parliament of a European country, author and political activist[19]
  • Farah Ali Jama, former Minister of Finance of Puntland
  • Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, first President of Somali National Assembly; Minister of Health and Labor of Somalia (1966–67)
  • Barkhad Ali Salah, First Mayor For Bosaso.
  • Hassan Abshir Farah, former Mogadishu mayor, Somalia ambassador to Japan and later to Germany, interior minister of Puntland
  • Hassan Ali Mire, first Minister of Education of the Somali Democratic Republic; former Chairman of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
  • Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar and revolutionary leader with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
  • Ilhan Omar, a Somali-American politician, currently a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives representing the 60B district. On November 6, 2018, Omar was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Minnesota's 5th congressional district. She was the first Somali member of congress and the second female Muslim to be elected (the first is Rashida Tlaib who will represent Michigan's 13th congressional district) She will be officially sworn into office on January 3, 2019.
  • Jama Ali Jama, Colonel in the Somali military and former President of Puntland
  • Mire Hagi Farah Mohamed, Somali Finance Minister 2004–2006, and former mayor of Kismayo
  • Mohamed Abdi Aware, Puntland judge and member of Supreme Judicial Council.
  • Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia
  • Said Mohamed Rage, Puntland Minister of Ports, Maritime Transport, Marine Resources and Counterpiracy. Founder of Puntland Maritime Crimes Agency.
  • Saida Haji Bashir Ismail, former Somali Finance Vice-Minister in the TNG (2000–2004)
  • Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke, leader and co-founder of the Somali Youth League
  • Yusuf Mohamed Ismail, former Ambassador of Somalia to the United Nations Human Rights Office in Geneva
  • Yusuf Osman Samatar, politician

Notes

  1. ^ Drake-Brockman, p.55.
  2. ^ Lewis, I M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somalis. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 9783825830847. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  3. ^ PDRC (2007). "The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building (1991-2007)" (PDF). Interpeace: 8. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  4. ^ Adam, Asha. "Legitimizing Puntland: Exploring Puntland's hybrid political order (Master's Thesis)" (PDF). Norwegian University of Life Sciences: 14. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  5. ^ Marchal, Ronald (2014). "The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis". HAL: 15. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. ^ Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  7. ^ Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  8. ^ Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  9. ^ Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  10. ^ Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  11. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p. 10 ISBN 0844407755.
  12. ^ Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.
  13. ^ Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.
  14. ^ Ciise, Jaamac (1976). Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan. p. 175
  15. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
  16. ^ De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
  17. ^ Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
  18. ^ Aadan-carab: 1917-2001 : maanmsoyahannadii hore kii u dambeeyey. Axmed F. Cali, p 314
  19. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
  20. ^ His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)
  21. ^ Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. International Business Publications. 2013. p. 102. ISBN 978-1438771045. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  22. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  24. ^ "WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.

References

Retrieved from ""