Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam

Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam Kerajaan Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam (ms) کراجاءن کوبڠ ڤاسو دار القيام (jawi) เมืองกุปังปาสู (th)
1839–1864
Flag
The four Kedahan dominions by 1860 in colour, after the loss of Terang (Trang) to Siam in 1810, the secession of Prince of Wales Island and Province Wellesley to the British between 1786 to 1860 and the Kedah Partition of 1843 that witnessed the birth of four separate dominions. The four kingdoms are in their respective colours, while other neighbouring polities are in light brown.
Status	Client state of Siam
Capital	Kota Pulau Pisang
Common languages	Malay, Kedah Malay
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Raja
• 1839–1853	H.H. Tunku Anum bin Tunku ‘Abdu’l Rahman
• 1853–1863	H.H. Tunku Haji Ishak bin Tunku Muhammad
History
• The foundation of Kubang Pasu	1839
• Kedah Unification	1864
Preceded by Succeeded by Kedah Kingdom Kedah Kingdom
Today part of	Thailand Malaysia

Part of a series on the
History of Malaysia
show Prehistoric Malaysia Prehistoric Malaysia –6th century
show Early kingdoms Gangga Negara 2nd–11th century Langkasuka 2nd–14th century Chi Tu 2nd–6th century Pan Pan 3rd–5th century Kedah Tua 5th–9th century Pahang Tua 5th–15th century Melayu 6th century Kota Gelanggi 7th–9th century Srivijaya 650–1377 Majapahit 1293–1500
show Rise of Muslim states Kedah Sultanate 1136–present Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Brunei Sultanate 1368–present Malacca Sultanate 1402–1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450–1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902 Perak Sultanate 1528–present Johor Sultanate 1528–present Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641 Selangor Sultanate 1745–present Besut Kingdom 1780–1899 Setul Kingdom 1808–1916 Reman Kingdom 1810–1902 Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864 House of Jamalullail 1843–present
show Colonial era Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661 Dutch Malacca 1641–1824 Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 Straits Settlements 1786–1946 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Burney Treaty 1826 Naning War 1831–1832 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946 Pahang Civil War 1857–1863 Larut Wars 1861–1874 Klang War 1867–1874 Pangkor Treaty 1874 Perak War 1875–1876 British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946 Jementah Civil War 1879 North Borneo 1882–1946 Federated Malay States 1895–1946 Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909 Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946 Battle of Penang 1914 Kelantan rebellion 1915
show World War II Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941–1945 Malayan campaign 1941–1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Sook Ching 1942 Syburi 1942 Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945 Si Rat Malai 1943–1945 Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
show Formative era BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946–1963 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946–1963 Anti-cession movement 1946–1963 Malayan Union 1946–1948 Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 Baling Talks 1955 Malayan Independence 1957 Singapore Self-governance 1959 North Borneo Self-governance 1963 Konfrontasi 1963–1966 Sarawak Self-governance 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965 ASEAN Declaration 1967 Second communist insurgency 1968–1989 New Economic Policy 1971–1990 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
show Barisan Nasional era Federal Territory of KL 1974 Pedra Branca dispute 1979–present South China Sea dispute (Spratly Islands) 1980–present Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Memali incident 1985 Operation Lalang 1987 Constitutional crisis 1987–1988 National Development Policy 1990–2000 Vision 2020 1991–2020 Royal Immunity Amendments 1993 Financial crisis 1997–1998 1998 Commonwealth Games 1998 Reformasi Movement 1998–present Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999 Twin Towers Grand opening 1999 Federal Territory of Putrajaya 2001 H1N1 pandemic in Malaysia 2009–2010 1Malaysia Concept 2009–2018 1MDB scandal 2015–present Malaysian Citizens' Declaration 2016
show Pakatan-Perikatan era GE14 – Change of government 2018 Singapore Water Conflict 2018 ICERD protest 2018 Bornean States status bill 2019 Abdication of Muhammad V 2019 Vote18 amendment 2019 Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 2019–2030 COVID-19 pandemic 2020–present Sheraton Move 2020–present Movement Control Order 2020–present 2020 Sabah Dispute 2020 Sabah Snap election 2020 2021 State of Emergency 2021–present COVID-19 vaccination 2021–present
show Incidents Brunei revolt 1962–1966 North Borneo dispute (Philippine militant attacks) 1962–present Singapore race riots 1964 Brunei's Limbang claim 1967–2009 Penang Hartal riot 1967 13 May incident 1969 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969–2002 Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present AIA building hostage crisis 1975 National Monument bombing 1975 Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1976 MH653 incident 1977 Kelantan Emergency 1977 Dawn Raid 1981 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Sabah Emergency 1986 Ming Court Affair 1987 1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1989 Tropical Storm Greg 1996 Al-Ma'unah incident 2000 2001 Kampung Medan riots 2001 2004 tsunami in Malaysia 2004 Murder of Altantuyaa 2006 Bersih rally 2007–2016 HINDRAF rally 2007 Anti ISA rally 2009 2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia 2010 2013 People's Uprising Rally 2013 Black-Out rally 2013 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 MH370 incident 2014 MH17 incident 2014 2014–15 Malaysia floods 2014–2015 2015 Sabah earthquake 2015 Malay Dignity Rally 2015 Movida Bar grenade attack 2016 Assassination of Kim Jong-nam 2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire 2017 Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot 2018 ICERD protest 2018 2020–21 Malaysian floods 2021 Undi-18 protest 2021 LRT train collision 2021
show By topic Communications Economic Military
Malaysia portal
v t

Kubang Pasu, officially known as the Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam (Malay: Kerajaan Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam; Jawi: کراجا^ءن کوبڠ ڤاسو دار القيام; Thai: เมืองกุปังปาสู; RTGS: Mueang Kupangpasu^[1]) was a historical Malay Kingdom located in the northern Malay Peninsula.^[2] The state was established in 1839 as an honour for Tunku Anum, a member of Kedahan nobility after his efforts of restoring the diplomatic ties between Kedah and Siam during the Perang Musuh Bisik (The War of Whispering Enemies) of 1821.^[3] The kingdom witnessed the reign of two monarchs before it was reunified with Kedah in 1864.^[4]

History[]

Origin[]

Map of Kubang Pasu as part of Siam in 1900^[5]

The Fall of Kedah under the Siamese hands had bought the kingdom on its knees by 1821. The devastation caused by the advancing Siamese powers had caused the Sultan of Kedah, Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II to retreat to Prince of Wales Island and lived in exile in Malacca. From Malacca, he launched several failed rebellions to recapture over his previous kingdom in 1828 to 1831 and between 1838 and 1839.^[3]

It was during this time that Tunku Anum raised to prominence in the Kedahan political arena. He is a member of the political elite in the Royal House of Kedah and the son of Tunku Abdul Rahman, the ruler of Chenak district.^[6] He was previously appointed as a kingdom's representation for the Bunga Mas tribute to Siam in August 1809, in which he was awarded the honorific title of Tengku Paduka Raja Jambangan.^[7]

During the Siamese occupation of Kedah, he managed to gain influence by strengthening his relationship with Phya Sina Nunchit, the Siamese administrator of Kedah and the son of the Ligor governor.^[2] His political ambitions were largely manoeuvred by his desire to release the Kingdom from the Siamese imperialism on the Kedahan soil.

Liberation of Kedah[]

Gua Kerbau, the historic training camp for the Kedahan militia during the Siamese occupation of Kedah.

While slowly receiving the confidence of the Siamese administrator, Tunku Anum also began to recruit local Malay militia in Gua Kerbau, Bukit Keplu, located in present-day Kodiang. The regiment was trained with the aim to combat the Siamese colonial powers. While leaving his forces behind in Gua Kerbau, he went to the Ligor court with a recommendation letter. He managed to gain further respect and trust of the Ligor governor during his diplomatic visit in the territory.

During his mission in Ligor, the Malay militia began to launch an offensive against the Siamese troops in Alor Ganu, near Anak Bukit. Desperate, Nunchit sent a letter to his father, the Governor of Ligor to request aid to qualm the rebellion. While the ruler of Ligor mobilise its troops down south, he also offered Tunku Anum as his representative in Kedah, hoping that his expertise in the domestic governance and politics can subjugate the rebellion.

Tunku Anum politely refused the position as the Ligor representative in Kedah. Believing that if he accepted the offer, Kedah shall be forever remained under the Siamese occupation and he will be reduced as a mere puppet monarch.^[8][6] As the battle escalated in Kedah, the Siamese again requested military assistance from Ligor. Only this time, due to the soaring cost of war, the huge number of deaths and the spreading of deadly diseases in the military camp, the Siamese decided to withdraw their military presence in Kedah, with a requirement that Kedah shall send Bunga Mas and Bunga Perak procession to Siam every 3 years. Thus, liberating the state against the Siamese occupation.^[9]

The King of Kubang Pasu[]

Sungai Tunku Anum in Kubang Pasu. The river was named in honour of the late king for his efforts on developing the territory, including improving the irrigation system of the river.

Tunku Anum also led the restoration of the monarchy system in Kedah following the end of Siamese occupation in the kingdom.^[3][7] Upon the return of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin after his exile in Malacca, he awarded Tunku Anum with 24 districts from Tunjang to Sendawa, with Pulau Pisang in Jitra as its capital, for his instrumental role in liberating Kedah.^[8][9][3] He ascended the throne in 1839 and bestowed the honorific title of Darul Qiyam "the sovereign state" to the kingdom.

Kubang Pasu was met with an unprecedented growth during his rule with the construction of various development projects in the area, including a judicial court, fortified defence system, prison, religious schools and land office.^[8] The area then prospered as a centre for trade and rice production.^[6] He also ordered the construction of local factory which paved ways for the textile industry in the area now known as Pulau Kain and improved the irrigation system of the local river, presently called as Sungai Tunku Anum (Tunku Anum River). The land titles and grants transaction made during this era also bore the seal of Kubang Pasu.

Reunification with Kedah[]

Tunku Anum ruled the kingdom for 17 years before his death in 29 May 1853 in Istana Kota Pulau Pisang, the palatial residence of Kubang Pasu.^[4] His demise was widely believed to caused by the devastation upon the earlier death of his son in 1848. He was laid to rest in Kubang Pasu Royal Cemetery, Pekan Tunjang. A narration of his life was written nearby his tomb.

In 31 May 1853, Tunku Ishak, was proclaimed as the King of Kubang Pasu, while Tunku Muhammad Saman was appointed as the Raja Muda (crown prince) of the kingdom, both princes are the grandsons of Tunku Anum.^[7] In contrast to Tunku Anum, Tunku Ishak was known to be a rather unpopular monarch with his subjects and other ministers due to various bitter policy that he promulgated. Following various resistant movement by the populace during his 10-year reign, the king was forced to abdicate his position as a monarch and reunifying the area into Kedah on 10 November 1864, effectively marking the end of the Kubang Pasu Kingdom.^[2]

Rulers[]

See also[]

• Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara, another historical Malay Kingdom born during the Partition of Kedah.
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References[]

Bibliography[]