Krenak languages

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Krenak
Aimoré
Botocudo
Borum
EthnicityAimoré
Geographic
distribution		Brazil
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê
  • Krenak
Subdivisions
Glottologaimo1246
Krenák languages.png

The Aimoré, Botocudoan or Borum languages, now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages - spoken mainly in Brazil - including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968)[1] considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012)[2] describe at least some of them as separate languages.

Languages[]

A fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct.

Loukotka (1968)[]

Loukotka (1968) illustrates the following:

Krekmun/Kraik-mús, Krenak (Crenaque), Pejaurún (Cajaurun), Naknanuk (Nacnhanuc, Nakyananiuk), Xiporoc (Shiporoc, Yiporok, Djiporoca), Nak-Ñapma, Bakuen (Bacuen, Bocué), Nakrehé (Nacrehé), Aranãa, Miñan-yirugn, Pojichá (Pozyichá), Gueren

and mentions sources of data for:

Uti Krag (Guti Krag, Ngùd-Kràg),

reported in 1913 to still be spoken. Miñan-yirugn and some of the other might still have been spoken in Loukotka's time.

Other varieties sometimes reported in the literature, but of which nothing is known, include Ankwet (Anquet) and Xónvúgn (Chonvugn).

Mason (1950)[]

Mason (1950) lists:[3]

Botocudo (Aimboee, Borun)
  • Araná (Aranya)
  • Crecmun
  • Chonvugn (Crenak)
  • Gueren
  • Gutucrac: Minya-yirugn (Minhagirun)
  • Nachehe (Nakrehe)
  • (Yiporok [Giporok]: Poicá [Poyishá, Požitxá])
  • (Anket ?)
  • (Nacnyanuk ?)

Varieties[]

Below is a full list of Botocudo (Aimoré; Batachoa) varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]

  • Krekmun / Kraik-mús - extinct dialect once spoken on the right shore of the Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais.
  • Crenaque / Krenak - once spoken on the left bank of the Doce River.
  • Pejaurún / Cajaurun - once spoken on the Doce River.
  • Naknanuk / Nakyananiuk - spoken between the Jequitinhonha River, Mucuri River, and São Mateus River.
  • Hereːkere - once spoken on the Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
  • Jirun - once spoken on the Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
  • Imató - once spoken on the Doce River. (Unattested)
  • Xiporoc / Djiporoca - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River near .
  • Bacuen / Bocué - once spoken on the Mucuri River near (now in the municipality of Ecoporanga, Espírito Santo).
  • Poruntun - once spoken on the São Mateus River. (Unattested)
  • Nak-ñapma - formerly spoken between the Mutum River and Pancas River.
  • Nacrehé - spoken at the sources of the Manhuaçu River.
  • Miñan-yirugn - originally spoken between the Doce River and São Mateus River, now only by a few individuals in Posto Pancas, state of Espirito Santo.
  • Urufu - once spoken to the east of the Bacuen tribe. (Unattested)
  • Aranãa - spoken by a few individuals on the , state of Minas Gerais.
  • Mutun - once spoken in the Mutum River valley, Espirito Santo. (Unattested)
  • Maconcuji - once spoken near Santa Clara do Mucuri, Bahia. (Unattested)
  • Bavan - extinct dialect once spoken on the Mucuri River near the city of Teófilo Otoni. (Unattested)
  • Catarana - once spoken in the vicinity of the city of Araçuaí (Unattested)
  • Imburú - once spoken on the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
  • Xópxóp - once spoken on the Doce River near Resplendor. (Unattested)
  • Arari / Ariari - once spoken between the Araçuaí River and Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
  • Norek - formerly spoken near Teófilo Otoni on the . (Unattested)
  • Poté / Porun - extinct dialect once spoken in the vicinity of Teófilo Otoni near Pote. (Unattested)
  • Tambakori - once spoken on the Itambacuri River. (Unattested)
  • Pojichá / Pozyichá - extinct dialect formerly spoken on the Todos os Santos River.
  • Uti Krag / Nakpie / Guti Krag / Ngùd-Kràg - originally spoken between the Doce River and Pancas River, now by a few individuals in Colatina, state of Espirito Santo.
  • Etwet - once spoken at the sources of the Manhuaçu River. (Unattested)
  • Nakporuk - once spoken on the right bank of the Guandu River. (Unattested)
  • Nepnep - once spoken between the Mucuri River and São Mateus River. (Unattested)
  • Pampam - once spoken on Pampã River. (Unattested)
  • Porokun - once spoken on the São Mateus River. (Unattested)
  • Mekmek - once spoken on the . (Unattested)
  • Usnus - extinct dialect from the right bank of the Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
  • Ankwet - spoken in the Serra dos Aimorés, perhaps extinct now. (Unattested)
  • Xónvúgn - once spoken between the Mutum River and . (Unattested)
  • Gueren / Borun - originally spoken on the , later near the city of Olivença, Alagoas state; now perhaps extinct.
  • Maracá - extinct language once spoken in the Serra do Espinhaço, Bahia state. (Unattested)

Vocabulary[]

Several lexical loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties have been found identified. Examples include tuŋ ‘flea’ and krai ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’.[4]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages.[1]

gloss Krekmun Krenak Pejaurún Naknanuk Shiporok Nak-ñapma Bakuen Nakrehé Aranaa Miñan-Yirugn Pojichá Gueren
head kerän kren krén kren krén krén krend kren kren kren kren
tooth kiyun kizyun kiyún kiyun zyun kzyunʔ kizyuʔun dzyon kiyúdn kuzyun
water mañan muñan muñám miñam muñan mʔna miñaʔan miñanga mãyán miñan
fire shompek zyonpek shompeik chonpek chonpök chompék shampek shompek chonpek chompék zyanpek ghompek
sun tarú tarú tarú tarú tarú tarú tepó tépó tepó tepó manué
earth nak nák nák nak nak nak nak nak nak nak
bird bakán bokoun bakan bakan bakan bakan boken bakan
jaguar kuparak kuparag kuparák kuparak kuparák kuparaki kupara kuparak kuparak kepó
bow uazyík auzyik uásik uaishik uazyik uazyik uazyik

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  3. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 1–64.

References[]

  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: BOTOCUDO[1]
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