List of unclassified languages of South America

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The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), Ethnologue, and Glottolog. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only an ethnic or regional name.

Campbell (2012)[]

See also: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas § Campbell (2012)

Campbell (2012:116-130) lists the following 395 languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.[1] Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)[2] and Adelaar & Muysken (2004).[3] The majority are not listed in Ethnologue. The list is arranged in alphabetical order.

  • Aarufi – Colombia
  • Aburuñe – Bolivia
  • Acarapi – Brazil
  • Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known
  • Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru
  • Alarua – Brazil
  • Alon – Peru
  • Amasifuin – Peru
  • Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil
  • Amoeca – Brazil
  • Amuimo – Brazil
  • Anetine – Bolivia
  • Angara – Peru
  • Anicun – Brazil
  • Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia
  • Aparea – Argentina
  • Apitupá – Brazil
  • Apiyipán – Bolivia
  • Aracadaini – Brazil
  • Arae – Brazil
  • Aramayu – Brazil
  • Aramurú – Brazil
  • Arapoá – Brazil
  • Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil
  • Ararau – Brazil
  • Arda – Peru, Colombia (a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary of the West African language Popo (Gen))
  • Arma-Pozo – Colombia (cf. Arma)
  • Aroásene – Brazil
  • Artane – Bolivia
  • Atavila – Peru
  • Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil
  • Atunceta – Colombia
  • Aueiko – Brazil
  • Avis – Brazil
  • Axata Darpa – Paraguay
  • Ayacore – Peru
  • Bagua – Peru; only 3 words known
  • Baixóta – Brazil
  • Bakurönchichi – Brazil
  • Bauá – Brazil
  • Bikutiakap – Brazil
  • Bixarenren – Brazil
  • Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil
  • Bolona – Ecuador
  • Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru
  • Buritiguara – Brazil
  • Caapina – Brazil
  • Cachipuna – Peru
  • Cafuana – Brazil
  • Cagua – Colombia
  • Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina
  • Cahan – Brazil
  • Cajamarca – Peru
  • Cajatambo – Peru
  • Camana (Maje) – Peru
  • Camaraxo – Brazil
  • Camaré – Brazil
  • Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed
  • Canelo – Ecuador
  • Cañacure – Bolivia
  • Capueni – Brazil
  • Capua – Brazil
  • Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan
  • Carabayo (Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa")
  • Caraguata – Brazil
  • Carapacho – Peru
  • Carára – Brazil
  • Carari – Brazil, Amazonas. A short word-list.
  • Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil
  • Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil
  • Cascoasoa – Peru
  • Casigara – Brazil
  • Casota – Argentina
  • Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil
  • Cauauri – Brazil
  • Caucahue – southern Chile
  • Cauni – Brazil
  • Caupuna – Brazil
  • Cavana (Maje) – Peru
  • Caxago – Brazil
  • Cayú – Brazil
  • Ceococe – Brazil
  • Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru
  • Chancay – Brazil
  • Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words chivil 'two', chu 'earth', and hati great.
  • Chedua – Peru
  • Chicha – Bolivia
  • Chincha – Peru
  • Chinchipe – Peru
  • Chipiajes – Colombia
  • Chitarero – Colombia
  • Cholto – Peru
  • Chongo – Peru
  • Chono – Chile
  • Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran
  • Chunanawa – Peru
  • Churima – Bolivia
  • Chusco – Peru
  • Ciaman – Colombia
  • Cognomona – Peru
  • Colima[4] – Ecuador; possibly Cariban
  • Comanahua – Peru
  • Comaní – Brazil
  • Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean
  • Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known
  • Coritananhó – Brazil
  • Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia
  • Culaycha – Argentina
  • Cumayari – Brazil
  • Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru
  • Curanave – Brazil
  • Curi – Brazil
  • Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown
  • Curierano – Brazil
  • Curizeta – Peru
  • Curubianan – Brazil
  • Curumiá – Brazil
  • Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay
  • Curuzirari – Brazil
  • Cutaguá – Brazil
  • Cutría – Brazil
  • Cuximiraíba – Brazil
  • Cuxiuára – Brazil
  • Damanivá – Brazil
  • Dawainomol – Paraguay
  • Demacuri – Brazil
  • Diaguita (Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca [Pazioca], Pular, Quilme, Yacampis
  • Divihet – Argentina
  • Dokoro – Brazil
  • Duri – Brazil
  • Egualo – Argentina
  • Eimi – Peru
  • Emischata – Argentina
  • Envuelo – Colombia
  • Erema – Brazil
  • Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State
  • Foklása – Brazil
  • Gadio – Brazil
  • Galache – Brazil
  • Gambéla – Brazil
  • Gorgotoqui ��� Bolivia
  • Goyana – Brazil
  • Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia
  • Guacará – Argentina
  • Guadaxo – Brazil
  • Guaimute – Brazil
  • Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia
  • Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan)
  • Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  • Guanarú – Brazil
  • Guanavena – Brazil
  • Guarino – Brazil
  • Guenta – Colombia
  • Guyarabe – Brazil
  • Hacaritama – Colombia
  • Harritiahan – Brazil
  • Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil
  • Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group
  • Huacavilca – Ecuador; extinct
  • Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco
  • Huayana – Peru
  • Huayla – Peru
  • Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño
  • Iapama – Brazil
  • Ibabi Aniji – Peru
  • Idabaez[5] – Colombia; only 1 word and a chief's name are known; Pacific coast, Bahía Solano to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968)
  • Imaré – Brazil
  • Ina – Brazil
  • Iñajurupé – Brazil
  • Irra – Colombia
  • Iruri – Brazil
  • Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil
  • Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil[6]
  • Itipuna – Brazil
  • Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil
  • Jacariá – Brazil
  • Jaguanai – Brazil
  • Jaguanan – Brazil
  • Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  • Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil
  • Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  • Jurema – Brazil
  • Juruena – Brazil
  • Jururu – Brazil
  • Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct
  • Kamba (Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct
  • Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct
  • Kantaruré[7] – Brazil
  • Kapinawá – Brazil; extinct
  • Karahawyana – Brazil; possibly Cariban
  • Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil
  • Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil
  • Kohoroxitari – possibly Tocanoan; may be the same as Baniwa
  • Kokakôre – Brazil
  • Komokare – Brazil
  • Korubo (Caceteiros) – Brazil; possibly Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi (Yanomaman)
  • Koshurái – Brazil
  • Kururu – Brazil
  • Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  • Lambi – Brazil
  • Lili – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  • Llamish – Peru
  • Macamasu – Brazil
  • Macarú – Brazil
  • Macuani – Brazil
  • Macuaré – Brazil
  • Macuja – Brazil
  • Macuruné – Brazil
  • Mairajiqui – Brazil
  • Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data
  • Malibú – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  • Malquesi – Paraguay
  • Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia
  • Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known
  • Maracano – Brazil
  • Marapaña – Brazil
  • Maricoxi – Brazil
  • Maricupi – Brazil
  • Maripá – Brazil
  • Maruquevene – Brazil
  • Masa – Argentina
  • Masarari – Brazil
  • Masaya – Colombia
  • Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan)
  • Matará – Argentina
  • Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi
  • Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia
  • Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); mayu is the Quechuan word for 'river, water'
  • Menejou – Brazil
  • Minhahá – Brazil
  • Miarrã – Brazil
  • Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known
  • Moheyana – Brazil
  • Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  • Moriquito – Brazil
  • Morua – Brazil
  • Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru
  • Muriva – Brazil
  • Muzapa – Peru
  • Muzo[8] – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known
  • Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct
  • Nacai – Brazil
  • Nambu – Bolivia
  • Nauna – Brazil
  • Nindaso – Peru
  • Nocadeth – Brazil
  • Nomona – Peru
  • Ñumasiara – Brazil
  • Ocra – Peru
  • Ocren – Brazil
  • Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma
  • Oivaneca – Brazil
  • Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura
  • Onicoré – Brazil
  • Onoyóro – Brazil
  • Orí – Brazil
  • Ortue – Bolivia
  • Otecua – Peru
  • Otegua – Colombia
  • Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422)
  • Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data
  • Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil
  • Pacimonari – Venezuela
  • Paguara – Brazil
  • Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan
  • Panche[9] – Colombia; possibly Cariban
  • Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct
  • Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia
  • Pao – Venezuela
  • Papamiän – Brazil
  • Papana – Brazil
  • Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?)
  • Paragoaru – Brazil?
  • Paraparixana – Brazil
  • Parapicó – Brazil
  • Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban
  • Patiti – Brazil
  • Payacú – Brazil
  • Payanso – Peru
  • Pehuenche (Peguenche) – Argentina
  • Peria (Poria) – Brazil
  • Perovosan – Bolivia
  • Piapia – Brazil
  • Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia
  • Pipipan – Brazil
  • Pocoana – Brazil
  • Porcá – Brazil
  • Porú (Procáze) – Brazil
  • Pubenza (Popayan) – Colombia
  • Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador
  • Puquina – Peru, Bolivia, Chile
  • Quelosi – Argentina
  • Querandí (Carendie)[10] – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne. Loukotka (1968) gives the words zobá 'moon' and afia 'bow'
  • Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru
  • Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known
  • Quillacinga (Quillasinga)[11] – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy (Chibchan); Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa (speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga
  • Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 1 word is known
  • Quimbioá – Brazil
  • Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia
  • Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found
  • Qurigmã – Brazil
  • Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan)
  • Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil
  • Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known
  • Sacosi – Bolivia
  • Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil
  • Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data to justify this.
  • Sapeiné – Peru
  • Seden – Brazil
  • Siberi – Bolivia
  • Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay
  • Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  • Sipisipi – Peru
  • Socorino – Bolivia
  • Stanatevogyet – Paraguay
  • Supuselo – Argentina
  • Surucosi – Bolivia
  • Suruim – Brazil
  • Tacunbiacu – Bolivia
  • Taguaylen – Argentina
  • Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil
  • Taluhet – Argentina
  • Tamacosi – Bolivia
  • Tamaní – Colombia
  • Tamaquéu – Brazil
  • Tamararé – Brazil
  • Tambaruré – Brazil
  • Taminani – Brazil
  • Tanquihua – Peru
  • Tapacurá – Brazil
  • Tapeba – Brazil
  • Tapuisú – Brazil
  • Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil
  • Tarimoxi – Brazil
  • Taripio – Brazil, Suriname
  • Tavúri – Brazil
  • Tchagoyána – Brazil
  • Tchicoyna – Brazil
  • Tegua – Colombia
  • Tepqui – Peru
  • Tevircacap – Brazil
  • Tiboi – Bolivia
  • Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan)
  • Tingán – Peru
  • Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató
  • Tobachana – Brazil
  • Tohazana – Venezuela
  • Tomata – Bolivia
  • Tomina – Bolivia
  • Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region
  • Tororí – Brazil
  • Truká – Brazil
  • Tremembé (Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil
  • Tubichaminí
  • Tucumanduba – Brazil
  • Tulumayo – Peru
  • Tupijó – Brazil
  • Tupiokón – Brazil
  • Tutura – Bolivia
  • Uairua – Brazil
  • Uauarate – Brazil
  • Uranaju – Brazil
  • Urucuai – Brazil
  • Uruma – Brazil
  • Uru-Pa-In – Brazil
  • Urupuca – Brazil
  • Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso
  • Vanherei – Brazil
  • Vouve – Brazil
  • Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri
  • Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil
  • Walêcoxô – Brazil
  • Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil
  • Wau – Peru
  • Xaquese – Bolivia
  • Xaray – Bolivia
  • Xibata – Brazil
  • Xipará – Brazil
  • Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro
  • Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz
  • Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  • Yamesí – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  • Yampará – Bolivia
  • Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay
  • Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto(an)
  • Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data (Yarigui people)
  • Yauei – Brazil
  • Yenmu – Colombia
  • Yoemanai – Brazil
  • Yufiua – Brazil
  • Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but no data
  • Zapazo – Peru
  • Zuana – Brazil
  • Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru
  • Zurina – Brazil

Loukotka (1968)[]

See also: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas § Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. They are extinct unless otherwise noted.

Southern South America and Chacos Region[]

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63):

  • Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of in the province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
  • Casota – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Dawainomol – unknown language from the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
  • Divihet – Colorado River and Sauce Chico River, province of La Pampa, Argentina.
  • Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of , province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Jaguanan – Iguape, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
  • Kaguan – mission of , Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
  • Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
  • Masa – unknown language of the old mission of .
  • Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina.
  • Quelosi – unknown language east of the Mar Chiquita, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
  • Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe.
  • Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
  • Supeselb – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.
  • Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.

Central Brazil[]

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86-87):

  • Arae – unknown language left bank of the Araguaia River south of Bananal Island.
  • Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the Araguaia River and Manso River.
  • Cahan – Iguatimí River (Iguatemi River) and , state of Mato Grosso.
  • Curumiá – sources of the Brilhante River, Mato Grosso.
  • Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River.
  • Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown.
  • Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso.
  • Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo.
  • Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown.
  • Imaré – Taquari River, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Ina – unknown language, Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of state.
  • Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown.
  • Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the Tocantins River.
  • Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown.
  • Koróge – Pogúbe River (Poguba River), Mato Grosso.
  • Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the Carinhanha River.
  • Macuruné – Mucunis River (Mucuri River ?), state of Minas Gerais.
  • Papana – between the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais.
  • Urupuca – Urupuca River (Urupaça River), Minas Gerais.
  • Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown.
  • Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

Northeast Brazil[]

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92-95):

  • Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around and in Penedo; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio.
  • Anicun – source of the Uruhu River (Uru River) and Dos Bois River.
  • Apitupá – unknown language, , Bahia state.
  • Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco.
  • Arariú – unknown language near Meruoca on the , state of Ceará.
  • Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near Carnaubeira. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River.
  • Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco.
  • Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near Aracajú on the São Francisco River.
  • Caimbé – village of Masacara near Mirandela, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Camaraxo – between Ilhéus and Serra dos Aimorés, state of Bahia.
  • Cambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco state.
  • Cararú or Cajurú – in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco state.
  • Caripó or Curupehe – São Francisco River near Boa Vista, Pernambuco.
  • Caxago – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Ceococe – and , Pernambuco.
  • Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the .
  • Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia.
  • Gambéla – unknown language near Ourém and state.
  • Guarino – middle course of the Tijuco River, Mato Grosso.
  • Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown.
  • Macamasu – the exact location of which is unknown.
  • Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Mairajiqui – Bahia de Todos os Santos, state of Bahia.
  • Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the São Francisco River.
  • Nacai – , Bahia.
  • Ocren – Bahia on the São Francisco River near Salitre.
  • Orí – Bahia, between the Itapicuru River and Vaza-Barris River.
  • Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the and .
  • Parapicó – , Pernambuco.
  • Peria or Poria – village of Rodelas, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Pipipan – lower course of the Moxotó River, Pernambuco.
  • Porcá – on Várgea Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco.
  • Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the and , later on the and in the São Francisco River. Now probably extinct.
  • Quiambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco.
  • Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (Salvador, Bahia), state of Bahia.
  • Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the , state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of Propriá, Sergipe state.
  • Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the Salitre River in the São Francisco River.
  • Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the São Francisco River, state of Pernambuco.
  • Tamaquéu – São Francisco River in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the Salitre River.
  • Tchili – city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
  • Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the and the mouth of the Chorro River (Choró River), state of Ceará.
  • Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the tribe.
  • Uruma – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state.
  • Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
  • Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

North Central South America[]

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165-168):

  • Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Anetine – near Mojos, Bolivia.
  • Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Aueiko – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
  • Bixarenren – , a tributary of the , Rondônia.
  • Cabixi – , Mato Grosso.
  • Cañacure – Mamoré River, Bolivia.
  • Capua – spoken on the Rolim de Moura River, Rondônia.
  • Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Churima – old mission of , Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Djupá – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River, Rondônia.
  • Dokoro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Duri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Erema – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
  • Iruri – right bank of the Madeira River, between the Maici River and Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Juruena – spoken on the Juruena River, Mato Grosso.
  • Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia.
  • Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the Ji-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Lambi – extinct language between the Branco River and São Miguel River, Rondônia.
  • Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River (Uimeerê River), a tributary of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Maricoxi – sources of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of Trinidad, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Minhahá – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) to the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
  • Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Nocadeth – spoken on the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
  • Onicoré – between the mouths of the Manicoré River and Marmelos River, state of Amazonas.
  • Onoyóro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Papamiän – spoken on the São Simão River, Rondônia.
  • Paraparixami – between the Manicoré River and , Amazonas.
  • Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River.
  • Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Piapai – between the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) and Iriri River, state of Pará.
  • Sacosi – ancient , Bolivia.
  • Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Socorino – Bolivia.
  • Surucosi – Bolivia.
  • Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the Machado River, Rondônia.
  • Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia.
  • Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Tamararé – sources of the Juruena River and Galera River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the .
  • Tapacurá – , state of Pará.
  • Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia.
  • Tavúri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia.
  • Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the , a tributary of the Xingú River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tororí – right bank of the Madeira River north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the , Mato Grosso.
  • Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia.
  • Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso.
  • Xaquese – , Bolivia.
  • Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Yauei – left bank of the Madeira River across from the mouth of the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
  • Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

South Central South America[]

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178-179):

  • Alon – Huambo River, department of San Martín, Peru.
  • Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru.
  • Ayacore – Curaray River, Loreto, Peru.
  • Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the Putumayo River.
  • Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru.
  • Chedua – department of San Martín on the Huambo River.
  • Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River.
  • Chupacho – Monzón River and Chinchao River, department of Huánuco.
  • Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River.
  • Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui tribe.
  • Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín.
  • Curizeta – , Loreto, Peru.
  • Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Napo River, department of Loreto.
  • Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938)
  • Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín.
  • Otecua – spoken on the , Loreto.
  • Payanso – Chipurana River, Loreto.
  • Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley.
  • Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the Napo River, Loreto.
  • Tepqui – , Huánuco, Peru.
  • Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón River, Huánuco.
  • Tulumayo – , , and Aguaytia River, Huánuco.
  • Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

Central South America[]

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196-198):

  • Aarufi – unknown language from the , territory of Caquetá, Colombia.
  • Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
  • Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state.
  • Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the , state of Amazonas.
  • Aracadaini – and Aroá River (Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River (Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas.
  • Arda – between the Nanay River and the upper course of the , Loreto, Peru.
  • Bauá – Motum River and , Amazonas.
  • Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa tribe.
  • Capueni – between the Amazon River and , Amazonas.
  • Caraguara – between the Amazon River and .
  • Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River (Mucum River ?), Amazonas.
  • Casigara – mouth of the Juruá River.
  • Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River.
  • Cauni – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River, Amazonas.
  • Caupuna – mouth of the Purus River.
  • Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region.
  • Curi – Curi region south of the tribe.
  • Curuzirari – between the mouths of the Juruá River and Tefé River.
  • Cuxiuára – right bank of the Purus River near the mouth.
  • Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the , Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Guanarú – Juruá River, north of the Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil.
  • Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Itipuna – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River.
  • Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
  • Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana tribe, Rondônia.
  • Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the and , tributaries of the , Amazonas.
  • Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the , Amazonas.
  • Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the .
  • Mariman – spoken on the , tributary of the .
  • Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas.
  • Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River.
  • Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas.
  • Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas.
  • Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene tribe.
  • Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa tribe.
  • Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the and .
  • Paguara – Tefé River.
  • Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Pauana – , Amazonas.
  • Pocoana – between the Amazon River and .
  • Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the , Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the in Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Tobachana – between the Juruá River and Juri River south of the Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the , a tributary of the , Amazonas.
  • Uaia – Içá River west of the Passé tribe.
  • Uairua – between the Juruá River and .
  • Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina tribe.
  • Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
  • Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the Purus River, Amazonas state, Brazil.
  • Yufiua – south of the Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River.
  • Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the , state of Amazonas.

Northeast South America[]

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228-230):

  • Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas.
  • Aramayu – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
  • Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
  • Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
  • Caapina – between the Maicuru River and Jari River, state of Pará.
  • Camare – Camoó River (Camaiú River), a tributary of the Trombetas River, Amazonas.
  • Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas.
  • Cauauri – south of the Curanave tribe, Amazonas.
  • Comanl – area north of , state of Pará.
  • Coritanaho – , a tributary of the Trombetas River, state of Pará.
  • Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas.
  • Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly.
  • Curierano – south of the sources of the Orinoco River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
  • Curubianan – Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas
  • Damanivá – spoken on the ; a tributary of the and in the , Rio Branco territory.
  • Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River (Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas.
  • Goyana – lower course of the Branco River, territory of Rio Branco.
  • Guanavena – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas.
  • Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory.
  • Macuani – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory.
  • Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and , Vaupés territory, Colombia.
  • Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of , Rio Branco territory, Brazil.
  • Maricupi – lower course of the , Amapá territory.
  • Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory.
  • Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and , state of Pará.
  • Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
  • Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
  • Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela.
  • Paragoaru – .
  • Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas.
  • Taminani – Uaçá River and Curupi River (Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect.
  • Tapuisú – mouth of the , Amapá territory.
  • Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana.
  • Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and , state of Pará.
  • Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the .
  • Tohazana – Venezuela.
  • Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River, Amapá.
  • Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Ventuari River and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela.
  • Xipará – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

Northern Andes[]

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259):

  • Chirú – southwest of the tribe, Panama.
  • Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama.
  • Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia.
  • Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque tribe.
  • Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama.
  • Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia.
  • Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama.
  • Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

Former Inca Empire region[]

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272-273):

  • Angara – ancient Inca province of Angara, department of Ayacucho, Peru.
  • Arequipa – department of Arequipa.
  • Atavila – ancient province of Canta, department of Lima.
  • Cachipuna – , department of Lima.
  • Cajamarca – around the city of Cajamarca.
  • Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima.
  • Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department.
  • Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa.
  • Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.)
  • Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima.
  • Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia.
  • Chincha – Chincha River in the department of Ica.
  • Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department.
  • Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the , Huancavelica department.
  • Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash.
  • Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín.
  • Huacho – around the city of Huacho, Lima department.
  • Huamachi – on Chongos Alto, department of Junín.
  • Huamachuco – Condebamba River, department of Libertad.
  • Huamalí – Panao River, Huánuco department.
  • Huamanga – Peru.
  • Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department.
  • Huanca or Wanka – Mantaro River, Junín department, now Quechuanized.
  • Huayla – middle course of the Santa River, Ancash department, now Quechuanized.
  • Hunacabamba – , Piura department.
  • Ica – Ica River, Ica department.
  • Lampa – Pativilca River, Ancash department.
  • Llamish – department of Lima in the Cordillera de Huantán.
  • Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Moquegua – department of Moquegua, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara.
  • Moyobamba – around the city of Moyobamba, San Martín department; now Quechuanized.
  • Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department.
  • Ocro – sources of the Santa River, Ancash department.
  • Pocra – Peru.
  • Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima.
  • Rucana – near , Ayacucho department.
  • Sipisipi – Peru.
  • Sora – , Apurimac department.
  • Supe – Huaura River, department of Lima.
  • Tanquihua – around the city of Ayacucho, department of Ayacucho.
  • Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile.
  • Tomata – near the city of Tupiza, Potosí province, Bolivia.
  • Tomina – between the Mizque River and Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Yampará – middle course of the Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia.
  • Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

Ethnologue[]

Ethnologue 17 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified:

Additional languages at Glottolog[]

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists the following:

  • Apoto[12] - lower Amazon, unattested
  • Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases[13] - Chile, 10 words
  • Envuelto[14] - Colombia, 9 words
  • Guachipa(s)[15] - Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009)
  • Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Alacalufan
  • Hoxa[16] - Colombia
  • Pacahuaras-Castillo[17] - Pacaguara, collected by Castillo
  • Payaya - Texas
  • Pitaguary[18] - Ceará, Brazil
  • Quepo(s)[19] - Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238)
  • Tapajó - 3 words
  • Tembey[20] - upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332)
  • Unainuman[21] - Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014
  • Urucucú(s)[22] - Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language)
  • Yanacona[23] - name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

Other[]

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above.[24]

  • Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche)
  • Cabixi (Cabixi-Natterer) - Mato Grosso, Brazil, a short word-list.[25] The name 'Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested languages. An ISO code for it has been retired.
  • Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe)
  • Gamela of Viana - Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words (Nimendajú 1937:64) - presumably the same as Gamela

See also[]

Brazil

Further reading[]

  • Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.

References[]

  1. ^ Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. Classification of South American Indian Languages Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA.
  3. ^ Adelaar, Willem F.H., and Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Colima". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Idabaez". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  6. ^ Isolado do Tanaru [aka Isolado do Buraco] at the Endangered Languages Project.
  7. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kantarure". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  8. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Muzo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  9. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Panche". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  10. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Querandi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  11. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Quillacinga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  12. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Apoto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  13. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Fayjatases". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  14. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Envuelto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  15. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Guachipas". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  16. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hoxa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  17. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pacahuaras-Castillo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  18. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pitaguary". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  19. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Quepos". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  20. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tembey". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  21. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Unainuman". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  22. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Urucucús". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  23. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yanacona". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  24. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "List of unclassified languages of South America". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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