List of indigenous languages of South America
This article lists the indigenous languages of South America. Extinct languages are marked by dagger signs (†).
Demographics by country[]
Demographics of indigenous languages of South America by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):[1]
Language | Alternate names | Family | Branch | Population | Speaker number | Degree of endangerment | Country | Other countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mapudungun | Mapuche | Araucanian | 113,680 | 8,413 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Chile | |
Aymara | Aymaran | 4,104 | ? | endangered | ![]() |
Chile, Bolivia, Peru | ||
Gününa Yajich | Gününa Küne, Pampa | Chonan | 1,585 | – | extinct (1960–1970) | ![]() |
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Selk'nam | Ona | Chonan | 696 | – | extinct (1970s) | ![]() |
Chile † | |
Tehuelche | Aonek’enk, P’e:nk’enk | Chonan | 10,590 | 3 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Teushen | Tehuesh | Chonan | – | – | extinct (early 1900s) | ![]() |
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Mocoví | Moqoyt La’qa:tqa | Guaicuruan | 15,837 | 2,780 | endangered | ![]() |
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Pilagá | PitelaGa Laqtak | Guaicuruan | 4,465 | 3,494 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Toba | Namqom | Guaicuruan | 69,452 | 30,410 | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay | |
Vilela | Lule-Vilelan | 50 | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
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Chorote | Yofuáha, Yowúwa | Matacoan | 2,613 | 1,692 | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay | |
Nivaclé | Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay | Matacoan | 553 | 224 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay | |
Wichí | Mataco, ’Weenhayek in Bolivia | Matacoan | 40,036 | 28,631 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia | |
Santiagueño Quechua | Quechuan | – | 60,000 – 80,000 | endangered | ![]() |
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Ava Guaraní | Guaraní in Bolivia, Guaraní Occidental in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 21,807 | 5,139 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia |
Guaraní Correntino | Guaraní Goyano | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | – | 100,000 – 1,000,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
|
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 8,223 | 3,908 | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay, Brazil | |
Tapieté | Ñandevá in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 524 | 178 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia, Paraguay |
Kunza | Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe | Isolate | 3,044 | – | extinct | ![]() |
Chile † | |
Yahgan | Yámana | Isolate | – | – | extinct (late 1900s) | ![]() |
Chile | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 2,125,000 | 1,540,833 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina | ||
Aymara | Aymaran | 1,470,000 | 1,008,825 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Peru, Chile, Argentina | ||
Chipaya | Uru-Chipayan | 2,134 | 1,800 | endangered | ![]() |
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Uchumataqu | Uru | Uru-Chipayan | 230 | – | extinct (2004) | ![]() |
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Chholo | Uru-Chipayan | ? | 1? | extinct | ![]() |
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Puquina | Puquinan | – | – | extinct | ![]() |
Peru † | ||
Kallawaya | Mixed | – | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Machineri | Arawakan | 30 | 13 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Baure | Arawakan | 886 | 67 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Moxo (Mojeño), Trinitario | Arawakan | 30,000 | 3,140 | endangered | ![]() |
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Moxo (Mojeño), Ignaciano | Arawakan | 2,000 | 1,080 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Paunaca | Arawakan | ? | 5 | moribund | ![]() |
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Moré | Itene | Chapacuran | 64 | 44 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Chácobo | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 516 | 380 | endangered | ![]() |
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Pacahuara | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 46 | 6 | moribund | ![]() |
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Yaminahua | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 93 | 51 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Peru, Brazil | |
Ese Ejja | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 732 | 518 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Araona | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 158 | 111 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Cavineña | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 1,683 | 601 | endangered | ![]() |
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Tacana | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 7,345 | 1,153 / 50–500 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Maropa | Reyesano | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 4,919 | 53 / 12 | moribund | ![]() |
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Yuki | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 208 | 140 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Sirionó | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 268 | 187 | endangered | ![]() |
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Guarayo | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 11,953 | 8,433 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Guaraní | Chiriguano | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 125,159 | 43,633 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Argentina |
Tapieté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 41 | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Paraguay | |
'Weenhayek | Mataco, Wichí in Argentina | Matacoan | 1,797 | 1,929 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina | |
Ayoreo | Zamucoan | 1,398 | 1,398 | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay | ||
Canichana | Isolate | 404 | 4 / 0? | extinct | ![]() |
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Movima | Isolate | 12,230 | 1,173 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Cayubaba | Isolate | 664 | 23 / <3 | moribund | ![]() |
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Itonama | Isolate | 2,791 | 389 / < 2 | moribund | ![]() |
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Mosetén | Mosetenan | 1,588 | 948 | endangered | ![]() |
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Tsimane' | Chimane | Mosetenan | 8,615 | 6,351 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Leko | Isolate | 4,186 | 132 / 20 | moribund | ![]() |
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Yurakaré | Isolate | 2,829 | 1,809 | endangered | ![]() |
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Besïro | Chiquitano | Macro-Gê | Chiquitano | 195,624 | 4,615 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Banawá Yafí | Banawá | Arawan | 100 (2006) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Deni | Arawan | 875 (2006) | 875 | endangered | ![]() |
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Jamamadí | Yamamadí, Kanamantí | Arawan | 884 (2006) | 800 | endangered | ![]() |
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Jarawara | Jarauara | Arawan | 180 (2006) | 180 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kulina | Culina, Madihá, Madiha, Madija | Arawan | 3,500 (2006) | 3,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Paumari | Palmari | Arawan | 892 (2006) | 290 (2000) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Zuruahã | Sorowaha, Suruwaha | Arawan | 136 (2007) | 136 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Apurinã | Popingaré, Kangitê, Kaxiriri, Cacharary | Arawakan | 3,256 (2006) | 2,000 | endangered | ![]() |
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Asháninka | Kampa, Axíninka | Arawakan | 869 (2004) | 813 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Baniwa | Baniwa do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Walimanai, Wakuenai | Arawakan | 5,811 (2005) | 5,811 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Venezuela | |
Baré | Arawakan | 10,275 (2005) | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
Venezuela | ||
Enawê-Nawê | Salumã | Arawakan | 445 (2006) | 445 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kaixana | Caixana | Arawakan | 505 (2006) | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
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Kinikinau | Guaná | Arawakan | 250 (2005) | 11 (2007) | moribund | ![]() |
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Kuripako | Curripaco, Curipaco, Coripaco | Arawakan | 1,332 (2005) | 1,332 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Venezuela | |
Machineri | Manchineri, Yine | Arawakan | 937 (2004) | 937 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia | |
Mehinako | Mehinaku, Meinaku | Arawakan | 227 (2006) | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Palikur | Paliku’ene, Aukwayene, Aukuyene | Arawakan | 1,330 (2006) | 1,300 | endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana | |
Parecí | Paresí, Arití, Halití | Arawakan | 2,005 (2008) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() |
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Tariana | Tariano | Arawakan | 1,914 (2002) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Terêna | Terena, Tereno | Arawakan | 19,961 | 19,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Wapixana | Wapishana, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana | Arawakan | 7,000 (2008) | 4,000? | endangered | ![]() |
Guyana | |
Warekena | Werekena, Uarequena | Arawakan | 806 (206) | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Waurá | Waujá, Uará | Arawakan | 321 (2008) | 321 | endangered | ![]() |
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Yawalapití | Iaualapití | Arawakan | 222 (2006) | 10? | moribund | ![]() |
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Bakairí | Bacairí, Kurâ | Cariban | 950 (1999) | 950 | endangered | ![]() |
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Galibí | Galibí do Oiapoque, Kari’na, Kaliña | Cariban | 66 | only elders | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Hixkaryana | Hyxkaryana | Cariban | 631 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() |
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Ikpeng | Txicão, Txikão | Cariban | 342 (2006) | 342 | endangered | ![]() |
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Ingarikó | Akawayo, Kapon | Cariban | 1,170 (2007) | 1,170 | endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Venezuela | |
Kalapalo | Calapalu | Cariban | 506 (2006) | 506 | endangered | ![]() |
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Katxuyana-Xikuyana | Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana, Caxuiana | Cariban | 230 (2006) | 150 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Kuikuro | Cuicuro | Cariban | 509 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() |
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Makuxí | Macuxi, Macushi, Pemon | Cariban | 23,433 (2006) | 15,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Matipú | Cariban | 103 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
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Nahukwá | Nahukuá, Nafuquá | Cariban | 124 (2006) | 124 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Naruvoto | Cariban | 78 (2003) | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Patamona | Kapon, Akawayo | Cariban | 87 (2006) | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Venezuela | |
Taurepang | Taulipang, Pemon, Arekuna | Cariban | 582 (2002) | 500 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Venezuela | |
Tiriyó | Trio, Tarëno, Tirió, Tirio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto | Cariban | 1,156 (2006) | 1,156 | endangered | ![]() |
Suriname | |
Waimirí-Atroarí | Kinã, Kinja | Cariban | 1,120 (2005) | 1,120 | endangered | ![]() |
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Waiwai | Wai Wai, TunayanaWaiwai, Katuena | Cariban | 2,914 (2005) | 2,914 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Guyana | |
Wayana | Waiana, Uaiana, Aparaí | Cariban | 288 (2006) | 288 | endangered | ![]() |
Suriname, French Guiana | |
Yekuana | Ye’kuana, Yekwana, Yecuana, Makiritare, Maquiritare, Maiongong, So’to | Cariban | 430 (2000) | 430 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Kuyubim | Kujubí, Cojubím, Kaw Ta Yo | Chapacuran | 55 (2006) | 2 (2001) | moribund | ![]() |
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Miguelenho | Uomo | Chapacuran | 50 | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
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Moré | Chapacuran | 30 (2002) | 12 (2002) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia | ||
Oro Win | Oro Towati | Chapacuran | 56 (2006) | 5 | moribund | ![]() |
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Torá | Chapacuran | 312 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
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Wari' | Pakaa Nova, Pacaás Novos | Chapacuran | 2,721 (2006) | 2,721 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Kadiweu | Kadiweo, Caduveo, Cadiuéu, Ejiwajigi, Mbaya-Guaicuru | Guaicuruan | 1,629 (2006) | 1,600 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kanamarí | Canamarí, Tüküná, Tâkâna | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 1,654 (2006) | most? | endangered | ![]() |
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Katawixí | Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 10? (1986) | 10? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Katukina do Biá | Pedá Djapá, Tüküná | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 450 (2007) | 1 (1976) | possibly extinct | ![]() |
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Tsohom Djapá | Tucano | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 100 (1985) | 30? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Bororo | Eastern Bororo, Boe, Boe Wadáru | Macro-Gê | Bororo | 1,390(2006) | 1,390 | endangered | ![]() |
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Umutina | Omotina, Barbados | Macro-Gê | Bororo | 445 (2009) | – | extinct | ![]() |
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Chiquitano | Linguará, Anenho | Macro-Gê | Chiquitano | 737 (2006) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia |
Guató | Macro-Gê | Guató | 370 (2006) | 5 | moribund | ![]() |
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Apinajé | Apinayé, Apinaié, Timbira Ocidentais | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 1,525 (2006) | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() |
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Canela | Kanela, Kanela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela Apanyekra | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,502 (2006) | 2,502 | endangered | ![]() |
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Gavião Perkatêjê | Gavião, Parkatêjê, Gavião do Pará, Gavião do Mãe Maria | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 476 (2006) | 476 | endangered | ![]() |
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Gavião Pukobiê | Pykopjê, Gavião do Maranhão, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 494 (2006) | 494 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kaingang | Caingangue, Kanhgág | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 28,000 (2006) | 18,500 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Krahô | Craô, Kraô, Mehim, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,184 (2006) | 2,184 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kren-Yê | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 30 (1999) | 1 (1981) | extinct | ![]() |
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Krikatí | Krinkatí, Krikatí-Timbira, Timbira | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 682 (2005) | 682 | endangered | ![]() |
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Mebêngokrê | Kayapó, Xikrin, Put Karot | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 7,266 (2006) | 7,266 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Panará | Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-Akarore, Índios Gigantes | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 374 (2008) | 374 | endangered | ![]() |
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Kisêdjê | Suyá, Suiá, Mëkisêdjê | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 351 (2006) | 351 | endangered | ![]() |
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Tapayuna | Suyá Orientais, Novos Suyá, Beiço-de-Pau | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 58 (1995) | 58? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Xakriabá | Xacriabá, Xikriabá | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 7,665 (2006) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
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Xavante | A’uwe, Awen | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 13,303 (2007) | 13,303 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Xerente | Akwê, Akwen, Acuen | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 2,569 (2006) | 2,569 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Xokleng | Shokleng, Xokrén, Laklanô, Bugres, Botocudos, Aweikoma, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Aweikoma-Kaingang | Macro-Gê | Gêan | 887 (2004) | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Arikapú | Aricapú | Macro-Gê | Jabutí | 30 (2006) | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
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Djeoromitxí | Jeoromitxí, Jabutí | Macro-Gê | Jabutí | 165 (2006) | 30 (2008) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Yatê | Iatê, Fulniô, Carnijó | Macro-Gê | Yatê | 2,930 (1999) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() |
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Javaé | Karajá | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 1,208 (2006) | 800? | endangered | ![]() |
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Karajá | Carajá, Iny | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 2,532 (2006) | 2,250 | endangered | ![]() |
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Xambioá | Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu | Macro-Gê | Karajá | 269 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
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Krenak | Crenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Nakrehé, Krenak-Nakrehé, Borun; Botocudos; Aimorés | Macro-Gê | Krenakan | 204 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
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Maxakalí | Maxacalí, Monacó, Kumanuxú, Tikmuún | Macro-Gê | Maxakalí | 1,271 (2006) | 1,271 | endangered | ![]() |
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Pataxó | Pataxó do Norte, Pataxó do Sur, Hã Hã Hãe | Macro-Gê | Maxakalí | 2,219 (2005) | – | extinct (late 1900s) | ![]() |
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Ofayé | Ofaié, Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante | Macro-Gê | Ofayé | 61 (2006) | 12 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Rikbaktsá | Erikbaktsá, Erigpaktsá, Orelhas de Pau, Canoeiros | Macro-Gê | Rikbaktsá | 1,117 (2006) | 900 | endangered | ![]() |
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Mura | Muran | 9,299 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
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Pirahã | Mura-Pirahã | Muran | 389 (2006) | 389 | endangered | ![]() |
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Dâw | Kamã | Nadahup | 120 | 120 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Hup | Hupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá Makú | Nadahup | 1,500 | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Kuyabi | Kuyawi | Nadahup | 20 | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Nadëb | Nadöbö, Anodöb, Makunadöbö, Guariba, Guariba Tapuyo, Kabori, Xiriwai | Nadahup | 350 | 350 | endangered | ![]() |
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Yuhup | Nadahup | 617 | 617 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | ||
Latundê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 19 | 19 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Lakondê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 7 | 1 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Mamaindê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 250 | 250 | endangered | ![]() |
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Negarotê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | 80 | 80 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Tawandê | Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) | Nambikwaran | few | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
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Southern Nambikwara | Nambikwara do Sul | Nambikwaran | 721 | 721 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Sabanê | Nambikwaran | 140 | 3 | moribund | ![]() |
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Arara Shawãdawa | Arara do Acre, Shawanauá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 332 (2004) | 9 (2000) | moribund | ![]() |
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Katukina-Kanamari | Katukina [Tüküná, Pi:Dyapa], Kanamarí [Tüküna Kanamarí, Canamari], Tsohom-Dyapa [Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa], Katukina do Acre, Katukina Pano | Panotacanan | Panoan | 2,239 (2008) | 2,239 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
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Kaxararí | Caxarari, Kaxariri | Panotacanan | Panoan | 322 (2009) | 300? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Kaxinawá | Caxinauá, Cashinahuá, Cashinahua, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kuin | Panotacanan | Panoan | 4,500 (2004) | 4,500 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Peru |
Korubo | Panotacanan | Panoan | 26 (2007) | 26 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Kulina do Acre | Kulina Pano, Culina | Panotacanan | Panoan | 125 (2006) | only elders | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Marubo | Panotacanan | Panoan | 1,252 (2006) | 1,252 | endangered | ![]() |
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Matís | Panotacanan | Panoan | 322 (2008) | 322 | endangered | ![]() |
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Matsés | Panotacanan | Panoan | 1,592 (2006) | 1,500 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Maya | Quixito | Panotacanan | Panoan | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru? |
Nukini | Nuquini, Nukuíni | Panotacanan | Panoan | 600 (2003) | – | extinct | ![]() |
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Poyanawa | Poianáua | Panotacanan | Panoan | 403 (1999) | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
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Shanenawá | Katukina, Shanenawá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 361 (2006) | 300 | endangered | ![]() |
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Yaminawa | Jaminawa, Iauminawa | Panotacanan | Panoan | 855 (2006) | 600 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia, Peru |
Yawanawá | Yauanauá, Iauanauá | Panotacanan | Panoan | 519 (2006) | 519 | endangered | ![]() |
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Arapaso | Arapaço | Tucanoan | 569 | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
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Bará | Waimajã, Waípinõmakã | Tucanoan | 21 (2005) | 21 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Barasana | Barasano, Pãnerã, Hanera, Panenoá | Tucanoan | 34 (2005) | 34 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Desano | Desana, Dessano, Wira, Umúkomasá | Tucanoan | 2,204 (2005) | 700 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Karapanã | Carapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna | Tucanoan | 63 (2005) | 63 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Kotiria | Wanano, Wanana, Guanano, Uanano | Tucanoan | 735 (2005) | 650 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Kubeo | Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa | Tucanoan | 381 (2005) | 150–200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Makuna | Macuna, Yeba-Masã | Tucanoan | 32 (2005) | 32 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Mirity-Tapuya | Miriti-Tapuia, Buia-Tapuya | Tucanoan | 75 (2005) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
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Piratapuya | Piratapuia, PiraTapuia, Piratapuyo, Waíkana | Tucanoan | 1,433 (2005) | 700 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Siriano | Siria-Masã | Tucanoan | 71 (2005) | 71? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Tukano | Tucano, Ye’pãmasa, Dasea | Tucanoan | 6,241 (2005) | 7,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Tuyuka | Tuyuca, Tuiuca, Dokapuara, Utapinõmakãphõná | Tucanoan | 825 (2005) | 800? | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Yurutí | Jurití | Tucanoan | ? | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Karitiana | Tupían | Arikem | 320 (2005) | 320 | endangered | ![]() |
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Awetí | Aueti | Tupían | Awetí | 160 (2008) | 160 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Aruá | Tupían | Monde | 36 | 12 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Cinta Larga | Tupían | Monde | 645 | 645 | endangered | ![]() |
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Gavião | Gavião de Rondônia, Ikõlej, Ikõleey, Ikõro | Tupían | Monde | 523 (2004) | 523 | endangered | ![]() |
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Zoró | Pageyn | Tupían | Monde | 599 (2008) | 599 | endangered | ![]() |
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Paiter | Suruí-Paiter, Suruí de Rondônia | Tupían | Monde | 1,007 (2006) | 1,007 | endangered | ![]() |
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Salamãi | Sanamãika, Mondé | Tupían | Monde | ? | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
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Kuruaya | Kuruaia, Curuaia | Tupían | Mundurukú | 129 (2006) | 3 | moribund | ![]() |
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Mundurukú | Mundurucú | Tupían | Mundurukú | 10,065 (2002) | 8,000 | endangered | ![]() |
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Puruborá | Tupían | Puruborá | 62 (2006) | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
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Karo | Arara, Arara Karo, Arara de Rondônia, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Itoga-púk, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi, Ytangá | Tupían | Ramaraman | 208 (2006) | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
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Sateré-Mawé | Sataré-Maué, Sateré, Mawé | Tupían | Sateré-Mawé | 9,156 (2008) | 6,219 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Ajurú | Wayurú, Wayoró | Tupían | Tuparían | 94 (2006) | 8 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Akuntsú | Akunt’su, Akunsu | Tupían | Tuparían | 5 (2009) | 5 | moribund | ![]() |
|
Makurap | Macurap | Tupían | Tuparían | 381 (2006) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Sakurabiat | Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiat | Tupían | Tuparían | 84 (2006) | 22 (2008) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Tuparí | Tupían | Tuparían | 433 (2006) | 150 (2005) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Amanayé | Amanaié, Ararandeuara | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 192 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
|
Anambé | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 132 (2000) | 6 (2000) | moribund | ![]() |
||
Apiaká | Apiacá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,000 (2009) | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
|
Araweté | Araueté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 339 (2006) | 339 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Akwawa | varieties: Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, Suruí do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,548 | 1,548 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Asuriní do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 384 (2006) | 384 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Parakanã | Apiterewa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 900 (2004) | 900 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Suruí do Tocantins | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 264 (2006) | 264 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Asuriní do Xingu | Awaeté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 125 (2006) | 125 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Avá-Canoeiro | Canoeiro, Carijó, Índios Negros, Cara Preta | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 16 | 16? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Diahoi | Jiahui, Jahói, Djahui, Diahkoi, Diarroi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 88 | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
|
Guajá | Awá, Avá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 283 (2005) | 283 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Guajajara | Tenetehára, Ze’egete | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 19,471(2006) | 14,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
|
Juma | Yuma | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 5 | 5 | moribund | ![]() |
|
Ka'apor | Urubu-Kaapor, Kaaporté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 991 (2006) | 991 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Kayabí | Kaiabí, Caiabí | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,619 (2006) | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Kaiowa | Kaiova, Paï-Tavyterã | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 20,000 (2003) | most? | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay |
Kamaiurá | Camaiurá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 492 (2006) | 400 (2008) | endangered | ![]() |
|
Kagwahiva languages) | (part of theTupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 14 (2004) | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Kokama | Kocama, Cocama | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 9,000(2003) | 5 (1993) | moribund | ![]() |
Peru, Colombia |
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 6,000 (2003) | 6,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Paraguay | |
Ñandeva | Ava-Guaraní or Chiripá in Paraguay | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,000 (2008) | 13,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay |
Nheengatu | Yeral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral Amazônica | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 3,000 (1977) | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Omagua | Kambeba, Kambewa, Cambeba | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 347 | few? | moribund | ![]() |
Peru |
Parintintin | Kagwahiwa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 284 (2006) | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
|
Tapirapé | Tapi’irape | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 564 (2006) | 564 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Tembé | Timbé, Tenetehára, Turiwara | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,425 (2006) | 60 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Tenharim | Kagwahiwa | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 699 (2006) | 350 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Tupinamba | Coastal Tupi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,590 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau | Amondawa, Jupaú, Kawahíb | Tupían | Tup��-Guaranían | 183 (2006) | 183 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Wajãpi | Wayãpy, Waiãpi, Guaiapi, Wayampi, Oyampi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 905 (2008) | 905 | endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana |
Xetá | Hetá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 86 (2006) | 8 | moribund | ![]() |
|
Zo'é | Poturu, Jo’é | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 177 (2003) | 177 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Xipaya | Xipaia, Shipaya | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 595 (2002) | 2 (2003) | moribund | ![]() |
|
Yudjá | Yuruna, Juruna, Jurûna | Tupían | Yuruna | 362 (2006) | 300? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Witoto | Huitoto, Uitoto | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 42 | ? | possibly extinct (in Brazil) | ![]() |
Peru, Colombia |
Miranha | Mirãnha, Miraña | Witotoan | Boran | 836 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
Colombia |
Sánuma | Sanïma, Sánïma, Sánema | Yanomaman | 462 (2006) | 462 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Yanam | Ninam, Xirianá | Yanomaman | 466 (2006) | 466 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Yanomam | Yanomae | Yanomaman | 4,000 (2006) | 4,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Yanomami | Yanomamï, Yanomamõ, Yanomama, Yanoama | Yanomaman | 6,000 (2006) | 6,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Chamacoco | Ishir | Zamucoan | 1,572 (2002) | 1,572 | endangered | ![]() |
Paraguay | |
Aikanã | Aikaná, Masaká, Kasupá, Huarí, Mondé, Tubarão | Isolate | 200 | 150 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Atikum | Aticum, Wamoé | Isolate | 5,852 (1999) | – | extinct (1960s) | ![]() |
||
Iranxe | Irantxe, Manoki | Isolate | 276 (2006) | 10 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Myky | Menky, Munku | Isolate | 80 (2000) | 80? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Kanoê | Canoé, Kapixaná | Isolate | 95 (2002) | 3 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Kwazá | Koaiá, Coaiá, Quaia | Isolate | 40 (2008) | 25 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Ticuna | Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüa | Isolate | 35,000 (2008) | 35,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Peru | |
Trumai | Isolate | 147 (2006) | 51 (2007) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
Tuxá | Isolate | 3,927 | 2 (1961) | extinct (1960s) | ![]() |
|||
Arara do Aripuanã | Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco | Unclassified | 209 (2005) | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Isolados do Massaco | Unclassified | 100? | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
Isolados do Tanarú | Unclassified | 1 | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Kambiwá | Cambiuá | Unclassified | 2,820 | 2 (1961) | extinct | ![]() |
||
Kantaruré | Unclassified | 493 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Kapinawá | Capinauá | Unclassified | 3,294 | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Kariri | Cariri, Kipea, Kiriri, Dzubukuá; Tumbalalá | Unclassified | ? 1,469 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Kiriri | Katembri, Kariri, Kariri de Mirandela | Unclassified | 1,612 | 1 (1960s) | extinct | ![]() |
||
Máku | Macu, Mako | Unclassified | ? | – | extinct (2000–2002) | ![]() |
||
Pankararu | Pancararu, Pankararé | Unclassified | 6,515 | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Potiguara | Potyguara | Unclassified | 11,424 | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Tapeba | Tapebano, Perna-de-Pau | Unclassified | 5,741 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Tingui-Botó | Unclassified | 302 | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Tremembé | Unclassified | 2,049 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Truká | Unclassified | 4,169 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Wassú | Unclassified | 1,560 (2003) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Xokó | Chocó | Unclassified | 364 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
||
Kariri-Xocó | Unclassified | 1,763 (2000) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Xukuru-Kariri | Unclassified | 2,652 (2006) | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Xukuru | Unclassified | 9,064 (2006) | – | extinct (early 1960s) | ![]() |
|||
Huilliche | Chesungun | Araucanian | 2,000 (1982) | few elders | moribund | ![]() |
||
Mapudungun | Mapuche | Araucanian | 604,349 | 250,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina | |
Aymara | Aymaran | 48,501 | 24,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia, Peru, Argentina | ||
Selk'nam | Ona | Chonan | – | – | extinct | ![]() |
Argentina † | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 6,175 | 1,000 ? | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia | ||
Kunza | Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe | Isolate | 21,015 | – | extinct (1960) | ![]() |
Argentina †, Bolivia † | |
Yahgan | Yámana, Háusi Kútə | Isolate | 1685 / 70 | 1 | moribund | ![]() |
Argentina † | |
Kawésqar | Qawasqar, Alacaluf | Isolate | 2622 / 101 | 20 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Achagua | Arawakan | 283 (2001) | 283 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela † | ||
Baniva | Baniva del Guainía | Arawakan | ? | few? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Cabiyarí | Kabiyari, Kawiyarí, Kawiri, Cauyari, Cabuyari | Arawakan | 311 (2001) | 311 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Curripaco | Curripaco-Baniva, Kurripako, Baniva del Isana | Arawakan | 7,827 (2001) | 7,000? | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Wayuunaiki | Guajiro, Goajiro | Arawakan | 149,827 (2001) | 149,827 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Piapoco | Piapoko, Tsáçe | Arawakan | 4,926 (2001) | 4,926 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Tariana | Tariano | Arawakan | 445 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yucuna-Matapí | Yukuna | Arawakan | 770 (221) | 770 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil? | |
Awa Pit | Awapit, Awá, Awa-Cuaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker | Barbacoan | 15,364 (2001) | < 15,364 | endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador | |
Guambiano | Coconuco, Guanaca | Barbacoan | 23,462 (2001) | 23,462 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Totoró | Barbacoan | 4,130 (2001) | 4 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Carijona | Karijona, Tsahá | Cariban | 307 (2001) | < 10 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Opón-Carare | Cariban | ? | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Yuko | Yukpa, Yucpa, Japrería | Cariban | 3,651 (2001) | 3,651 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Arhuaco | Ika, Ijka, Bíntukua | Chibchan | 14,799 (2001) | 14,799 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Barí | Motilón | Chibchan | 3,617 (2001) | 3,617 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Chimila | Ette Taara | Chibchan | 900 (2001) | 900 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Cuna | Kuna, Tule | Chibchan | 1,231 (2001) | 1,231 | endangered | ![]() |
PA | |
Damana | Sanka, Malayo, Arsario, Wiwa | Chibchan | 1,922 (2001) | 1,922 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Kogui | Kawgian, Kággaba, Kogi | Chibchan | 9,911 (2001) | 9,911 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Uwa-Tunebo | Uw Kuwa, U’wa | Chibchan | 7,231 (2001) | 7,231 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela † | |
Emberá | Pede Epenã, Epérã Pedée, Pede, Chamí, Catío, Katío, Sambú | Chocoan | 88,747 (2001) | 88,747? | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador, PA | |
Waunana | Waunán, Waunméu, Waumeo, Chocó, Noanama | Chocoan | 8,177 | 8,177 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
PA | |
Zenú | Chocoan | 34,566 | – | extinct | ![]() |
|||
Cuiba | Cuiva, Kuiva | Guahiboan | 2,445 (2001) | 2,445 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Sikuani | Hiwi, Jive, Guahibo, Vichadeño, Amorúa, Tigrero | Guahiboan | 23,006 (2001) | 23,006 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Guayabero | Mitua, Jiw | Guahiboan | 1,118 (2001) | 1,118 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Hitnu | Jitnu, Macaguane-Hitnu | Guahiboan | 441 (2001) | 441? | endangered | ![]() |
||
Pepojivi | Playero, Guahibo Playero | Guahiboan | < 200 (1982) | < 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Hup | Hupda, Hupdë | Nadahup | 235 | 235 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Kakua | Cakua | Nadahup | 220 | 220 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Nukak | Nadahup | 390 | 390 | endangered | ![]() |
|||
Yuhup | Yuhuo Makú | Nadahup | 200 | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yagua | Yawa | Peba-Yaguan | 297 (2001) | 297 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Inga | Ingano | Quechuan | 19,079 (2001) | 8,000 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Piaroa | Sáliba-Piaroan | 773 (2001) | 773 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | ||
Sáliba | Sáliva | Sáliba-Piaroan | 1,929 (2001) | < 1,929 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Bará | Waimaja, Waimasa, Waymasa, Waimaha, Barasano del Norte | Tucanoan | 109 (2001) | 109 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Barasana | Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Pãnerã, Banera Yae | Tucanoan | 1,890 (1997) | 1,890 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Carapana | Karapana | Tucanoan | 464 (2001) | 464 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Cubeo | Kubeo | Tucanoan | 6,647 (2001) | 6,647 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Desano | Tucanoan | 2,457 (2001) | 2,457 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Koreguaje | Coreguaje, Ko’reuaju | Tucanoan | 2,212 (2001) | 2,212 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Macaguaje | Makaguaje | Tucanoan | 50 (2001) | 0? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
||
Macuna | Makuna | Tucanoan | 1,009 (2001) | 1,009 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Piratapuyo | Piratapuya | Tucanoan | 630 (2001) | 630 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Pisamira | Pápiwa | Tucanoan | 61 (2001) | 25 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Siona | SionaSecoya | Tucanoan | 734 (2001) | 500 (2003) | endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador, Peru | |
Siriano | Tucanoan | 749 (2001) | 749 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Taiwano | Taibano, Eduria | Tucanoan | 22 (2001) | 22 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Tanimuca-Letuama | Opaina, Ufaina, Retuarã | Tucanoan | 1,952 (2001) | < 1,952 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Tatuyo | Tucanoan | 331 (2001) | 331 | endangered | ![]() |
|||
Tucano | Tucanoan | 6,996 (2001) | 6,996 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Tuyuca | Tucanoan | 642 (2001) | 642 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Wanano | Guanano, Kotiria | Tucanoan | 1,395 (2001) | 1,395 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yauna | Tucanoan | 103 (2001) | 103? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
Yurutí | Tucanoan | 687 (2001) | 687 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Cocama | Kokama, Cocama, Cocamilla | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 792 (2001) | few semi-speakers | moribund | ![]() |
Peru, Brazil |
Nonuya | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 228 (2001) | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Ocaina | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 137 | 137 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Witoto | Witoto, Witoto Murui, Witoto Mïnïca, Witoto Muinane | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 7,343 | 7,343 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Peru, Brazil †? |
Bora | Witotoan | Boran | 701 (2001) | <500 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Miraña | Witotoan | Boran | 715 (2001) | <100 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Muinane | Bora Muinane | Witotoan | Boran | 547 | 50–100? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
A'ingae | Cofán, Kofán | Isolate | 1,143 (2000) | 379 (2008) | endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador | |
Andoke | Andoque | Isolate | 597 (2001) | 597 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Kamsá | Camsá, Kamëntsa | Isolate | 4,773 (2001) | 4,773 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Nasa Yuwe | Paéz | Isolate | 138,501 (2001) | 60,000 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Ticuna | Tikuna | Isolate | 7,102 (2001) | 7,102 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Peru, Brazil | |
Tinigua | Isolate | 1? | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Carabayo | Yuri | Unclassified | 217 (2001) | 217 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Wãnsöhöt | Puinave | Unclassified | 6,604 (2001) | 6,604 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela | |
Awapit | Barbacoan | 3,283 | 2,100 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | ||
Cha'palaa | Cha’palaachi, Chachi, Cayapa | Barbacoan | 5,465 | 5,871 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Tsafiqui | Tsafiki, Tsáchila, Tsachela, Colorado | Barbacoan | 1,484 | 1,872 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Epera Pedede | Êpera, Epena Pedee, Siapedie, Emberá, Emberá del Sur, Emberá Chami | Chocoan | 65 | 52 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Achuar-Shiwiara | Achiar Chicham | Jivaroan | 2,404 | 2,943 | endangered | ![]() |
Peru | |
Shiwiar Chicham | Jivaroan | 612 | 579 | endangered | ![]() |
|||
Shuar | Chicham | Jivaroan | 52,697 | 42,261 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Quichua | Cañar, Azuay, Cotopaxo, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Loza, Napo, Pastaza, and Salasaca dialects | Quechuan | 408,395 | 451,783 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia | |
Secoya | Siona-Secoya, Pai Coca | Tucanoan | 240 | 85 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Peru | |
Pai Coca | Siona, Kokakañú | Tucanoan | 304 | 260 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Teteté | Tucanoan | ? | 2 (1969) | possibly extinct | ![]() |
|||
Záparo | Kayapi | Zaparoan | 346 | 176 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
A'ingae | Cofán | Isolate | 1,044 | 638 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Huao | Wao, Waorani, Waotededo, Wao Tiriro, Auca, Sabela | Isolate | 1,534 | 1,616 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Lokono | Arawak | Arawakan | 15,500 (2000) | 1,500 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela | |
Wapishana | Arawakan | 6,900 (2000) | < 6,900 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Mawayana | Arawakan | ? | few rememberers | extinct | ![]() |
Suriname, Brazil † | ||
Akawayo | Kapon | Cariban | 5,000 (2000) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Arekuna | Pemon | Cariban | 400–500 | 400–500 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Kari'na | Carib | Cariban | 3,000 (2000) | few hundred | seriously endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Makushi | Pemon | Cariban | 7,750 (2000) | < 7,750 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Patamona | Kapon | Cariban | 5,000 (2000) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | |
Waiwai | Cariban | 240 | 240 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Warao | Isolate | 5,000 (2000) | few | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Venezuela, Brazil | ||
Taruma | Saluma, Saloema, Charuma | Unclassified | ? | few | moribund | ![]() |
Suriname †, Brazil † | |
Lokono | Arawak | Arawakan | 2,000 | 500-700 | endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela | |
Mawayana | Arawakan | 60-80 | < 5 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Akuriyo | Cariban | 40-50 | 3 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Kari'na | Carib | Cariban | 3,000 | 1,200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Sikïiyana | Cariban | 60-70 | < 12 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Trio | Cariban | 1,300 | 1,300 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Tunayana | Katuena | Cariban | 80-90 | 10 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Wayana | Cariban | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana, Brazil | ||
Arawak | Lokono | Arawakan | 1,500 | 375 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela | |
Palikur | Arawakan | 1,500 | < 1500 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Aparaí | Cariban | ? | few | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Galibi | Kari’na, Kali’na | Cariban | 4,000 | 2,400 | endangered | ![]() |
Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil | |
Wayana | Cariban | 1,000 | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Suriname, Brazil | ||
Emérillon | Teko | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Wayãpi | Wajãpi, Wayampi | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 750 | 750 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Angaité | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 3,730 | 1,030 | endangered | ![]() |
|||
Enlhet | Enlhet Norte, Enslet, Enthlit, Enlhet-Lengua, Lengua | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 7,316 | 6,439 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Enxet | Enxet Sur | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 5,930 | 3,842 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Guaná | Kashika | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 258 | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Sanapaná | Sa’apan, Kasnapan | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 2,327 | 984 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Toba-Enenlhet | including Toba-Maskoy | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 1,509 | 1,253 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Toba-Maskoy | Enlhet-Enenlhet | 764 | 12 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Toba-Qom | Qom-Lik, Emok-Lik, Takshika, Toba in Argentina | Guaicuruan | 1,499 | 1,183 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina | |
Maká | Maca | Matacoan | 1,307 | 1,042 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Manjuy | Manjui, Chorote in Argentina; three varieties: Iyo’wuhwa, Iyojwa’ja [Yohwaha], and Montaraz [Wikinawos, Manjuy] | Matacoan | 452 | 365 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina | |
Nivaclé | Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay | Matacoan | 12,169 | 10,109 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina | |
Aché | Axé, Aché-Guayaki, Guayakí | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,242 | 911 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Ava-Guaraní | Chiripá, Ava-Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Avakatu-ete, Ñandeva in Brazil | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,872 | 6,308 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Guaraní-Ñandeva | Ñandeva, Tapieté | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,021 | 1,550 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Bolivia |
Guaraní Occidental | Ava-Guaraní in Argentina, Guaraní (Chiriguano) in Bolivia | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 2,359 | 574 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Bolivia |
Mbyá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 14,624 | 10,016 | endangered | ![]() |
Argentina, Brazil | |
Pãi-Tavyterã | Kaiova, Kaiowa, Avá | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 13,391 | 6,364 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Ayoreo | Moro, Pyta Jovai | Zamucoan | 2,100 | 1,756 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia | |
Chamacoco | Ishir, Yshyrö; 2 varieties: Ybytoso, Ybytoso | Zamucoan | ![]() |
|||||
Ybytoso | Zamucoan | 1,553 | 1,174 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Tamárâho | Zamucoan | 106 | 85 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Madija | Madiha, Kulina, Kurina | Arawan | 300 | 300 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Asháninca | Asháninka | Arawakan | 88,703 (2007) | 88,703 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Ashéninca | Ashéninka, Axininca, Ashéninca Pajonal | Arawakan | 20,000 | 20,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Campa Caquinte | Poyenisati | Arawakan | 500 | 500 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Chamicuro | Chamekolo | Arawakan | 126 (1993) | 8 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
||
Iñapari | Arawakan | 68 (1993) | 4 (1998) | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Machiguenga | Matsiguenga, Matsigenka, Niagantsi | Arawakan | 8,679 (1993) | 5,000 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Nanti | Cugapacori, Kugapakori | Arawakan | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Nomatsiguenga | Inato, Ina’o, Inthome, Intsome | Arawakan | 5,531 (1993) | 5,531 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Resígaro | Arawakan | 14 (1993) | 2 | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Yanesha' | Amuesha | Arawakan | 10,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Yine | Piro, Apurinã, Yinerï Tokanï | Arawakan | 2,553 (1993) | 2,553 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Aymara | Aymaran | 434,372 (2007) | < 434,372 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
|||
Cauqui | Aymaran | ? | 9 (2005) | moribund | ![]() |
|||
Jaqaru | or Cauqui | Aymaran | 3,000? | 725? | endangered | ![]() |
||
Shawi | Chayahuita | Cahuapanan | 21,424 (2007) | 14,000 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Shiwilu | Jebero, Xebero | Cahuapanan | 642 (1993) | < 30 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Harakmbut | Harakmbut Hate, Harakmbut Ate, Amarakaeri | Harakmbut-Katukinan | 1,206 (1993) | 1,206 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Cholón | or Seeptsá | Hibitocholonan | ? | 2 (1986) | possibly extinct | ![]() |
||
Achuar-Shiwiar | Shiwiar-Maina | Jivaroan | 2,500 (2008) | 2,500 | endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador | |
Awajún | Aguajún, Ahuajún, Aguaruna | Jivaroan | 55,366 (2007) | 55,366 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Huambisa | Jivaroan | 8,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
|||
Amahuaca | Ameuhaque, Amaguaco | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 247 (1993) | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Capanahua | Capabaquebo, Kapanawa, Capacho | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 275 (2006) | 100? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|
Cashibo-Cacataibo | Uni | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 2,191 (1993) | 2,191 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Cashinahua | Caxinahua, Kaxinawa, Hantxa Kuin, | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 957 (1993) | 957 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Matsés | Matsés-Mayoruna, Mayoruna | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 2,500 | 2,500 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Nahua | Yura, Yora, Yurahahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 450 | 450 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia |
Sharanahua | Marinahua, Mastanahua, Parquenahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 438 | <438 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Shipibo-Konibo | Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 22,517 (2007) | 22,517 | endangered | ![]() |
|
Wariapano | Huariapano, Panobo | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | ? | – | probably extinct (1991) | ![]() |
|
Yaminahua | Pano-Tacanan | Panoan | 400 | 400 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia, Brazil | |
Ese Ejja | Huarayo, Guarayo, Chama | Pano-Tacanan | Tacanan | 782 (1993) | 782 | endangered | ![]() |
Bolivia |
Yagua | Yawa, Iahua | Peba-Yaguan | 5,000 | 4,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Quechua | Quechuan | 3,262,137 (2007) | < 3,262,137 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina | ||
Orejón | Maihuna, Coto, Payagua, Tutapi | Tucanoan | 300 | 100 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Secoya | Siona-Secoya | Tucanoan | 329 (1993) | 329 | endangered | ![]() |
Ecuador | |
Cocama-Cocamilla | Xibitoana, Huallaga, Pampadeque | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 10,705 | 1,000 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Brazil |
Omagua | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 630 (1976) | 2 (2010) | moribund | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Huitoto | Witoto | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 3,000 | 1,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Brazil †? |
Ocaina | Witotoan | Witotoan proper | 150 | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Bora | Witotoan | Boran | 3,000 | 2,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Brazil | |
Andoa-Shimigae | Zaparoan | ? | 2 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
Ecuador | ||
Arabela | Chiripuno | Zaparoan | 500 | 50 (2001) | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Cahuarano | Cahuarana | Zaparoan | ? | 5 (1975) | extinct | ![]() |
||
Iquito | Amacacore, Quiturran, Puca-Uma | Zaparoan | 500 | 25–50 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Candoshi | Candoshi-Shapra | Isolate | 1,586 (1993) | 1,586 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Munichi | Muniche | Isolate | ? | 8 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
||
Ticuna | Isolate | 8,000 | 8,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil, Colombia | ||
Urarina | Kacha Ere, Shimacu, Itucale, Cimarrón | Isolate | 2,000 (2003) | 2,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Vacacocha | Aushiri | Isolate | ? | 2? (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
||
Aguano | Unclassified (Arawakan)? | 40 families (1959) | extinct | ![]() |
||||
Culle | Culli | Unclassified | – | – | extinct (1950s) | ![]() |
||
Mashco | Mashco-Piro | Unclassified | 200–600 | 200–600 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Taushiro | Pinche | Unclassified | 20 | 1 (2008) | moribund | ![]() |
||
Achagua | Arawakan | – | – | extinct | ![]() |
Colombia | ||
Añu | Paraujano | Arawakan | 11,205 (2001) | 20 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Baniva | Baníwa, Banibo, Baniva-Yavitero, Baniva del Guainía | Arawakan | 2,408 (2001) | 608 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Brazil | |
Baré | Arawakan | 2,815 (2001) | 239 / few | moribund | ![]() |
Brazil | ||
Kurripako | Curripaco, Wakuénai, Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del Isana | Arawakan | 4,925 (2001) | 3,743 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia, Brazil | |
Lokono | Arhwak, Aruaco | Arawakan | 428 (2001) | 130 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Mandahuaca | Mandawaka | Arawakan | ? | – | possibly extinct | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Piapoko | Piapoco, Tsáçe | Arawakan | 1,939 (2001) | 1,745 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Warekena | Guarequena | Arawakan | 513 (2001) | 160 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Wayuunaiki | Guajiro, Wayuu | Arawakan | 293,777 (2001) | 293,777 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Yavitero | Baniva-Yavitero, Banibo | Arawakan | ? | 1 (2000) | possibly extinct | ![]() |
||
Akawayo | Kapon | Cariban | 245 (2001) | 180 | endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Brazil | |
Chaima | Cariban | 4,084 (2001) | 63 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
E'ñepa | Panare, Mapoyo | Cariban | 4,269 (2001) | 4,184 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
||
Kariña | Kariñá, Kari’na, Galibi | Cariban | 16,686 (2001) | < 5,000 | endangered | ![]() |
French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana | |
Kumanagoto | Cariban | 553 (2001) | 49 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
Makushi | Macushi, Makuxi | Cariban | 83 (2001) | not known | endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Brazil | |
Mapoyo | Mapoio, Wánai | Cariban | 365 (2001) | 12 | moribund | ![]() |
||
Patamona | Kapón | Cariban | 200 | 200? | endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Brazil | |
Pemon | Arekuna, Taurepan(g), Kamarakoto | Cariban | 27,157 (2001) | 23,083 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Guyana, Brazil | |
Pémono | Cariban | ? | 1 | possibly extinct | ![]() |
|||
Piritugoto | Cariban | 236 (2001) | 50 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
|||
Yawarana | Yavarana, Yabarana | Cariban | 292 (2001) | 151 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
||
Ye'kuana | Ye’kwana, De’kwana, Maquiritare, Maiongong | Cariban | 6,523 (2001) | 6,200 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yukpa | Yucpa, Japrería | Cariban | 7,522 (2001) | < 7,522 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Barí | Motilón | Chibchan | 1,520 (1992) | 1,520 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Tunebo | Uwa-Tunebo | Chibchan | ? | ? | possibly extinct | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Kuiva | Cuiva, Cuiba | Guahiboan | 454 (2001) | 440 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Hiwi | Jivi, Guahibo, Sikuani | Guahiboan | 14,750 (2001) | 12,000 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Pepojivi | Playero, Guahibo Playero | Guahiboan | 200 | 200 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Mako | Wirú, Wirö | Sáliba-Piaroan | 1,130 (2001) | most | endangered | ![]() |
||
Piaroa | Wothüha, Wotjüja, Wu’tjuja | Sáliba-Piaroan | 14,494 (2001) | 13,000 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Sáliba | Sáliva | Sáliba-Piaroan | 265 (2001) | 36 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Colombia | |
Yeral | Geral, Nheengatu, Ñengatú | Tupían | Tupí-Guaranían | 1,294 (2001) | 650 | endangered | ![]() |
Brazil |
Ninam | Yanam | Yanomaman | ? | ? | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Sanïma | Sanema, Sanuma | Yanomaman | 3,035 (2001) | 3,035 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yanomae | Yanomam, Yanomamë, Yanomama | Yanomaman | ? | ? | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Yanomamï | Yanoamï, Yanoamae | Yanomaman | 12,234 (2001) | 12,234 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Brazil | |
Hodï | Hoti, Jodi, Ho | Isolate | 767 (2001) | 767 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Pumé | Yaruro | Isolate | 8,222 | 7,400 | endangered | ![]() |
||
Sapé | Kariana, Kaliana, Caliana | Isolate | 20 (2008) | few elders | moribund | ![]() |
||
Uruak | Arutani, Awake | Isolate | 29 (2001) | 29 | seriously endangered | ![]() |
Brazil? | |
Warao | Isolate | 36,028 (2001) | 32,400 | potentially endangered | ![]() |
Guyana | ||
Puinave | Wãnsöhöt | Unclassified | 1,307 (2001) | 550 | endangered | ![]() |
Colombia |
Languages by classification[]
Jolkesky (2016)[]
Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.[2]: 783–806
- Andoke-Urekena
- Andoke
- Urekena
- Arawa
- Suruwaha
- Madi-Deni-Paumari
- Deni-Kulina: Deni; Kulina
- Madi-Arawa
- Arawa †
- Madi: Banawa; Jamamadi; Jarawara
- Paumari
- Barbakoa
- Barbakoa, Southern
- Karanki †
- Kayapa
- Kijo †
- Tsafiki
- Barbakoa, Northern
- Kokonuko
- Kokonuko †
- Guambiano-Totoro: Guambiano; Totoro
- Pasto
- Awa Pit
- Barbakoa †
- Pasto †
- Sindagua †
- Kokonuko
- Bora-Muinane
- Chacha-Cholon-Hibito
- Chacha †
- Cholon
- Hibito †
- Chapakura-Wañam
- Napeka
- Rokorona
- Chapakura-Kitemoka
- Chapakura †
- Kitemoka
- More-Tora
- More-Kuyubi
- Kuyubi-Kumana: Kumana; Kuyubi
- More
- Tora
- Kabixi
- More-Kuyubi
- Urupa-Wañam-Wari
- Charrua
- Chana
- Guenoa †
- †
- Chibcha
- Pech
- Votic
- Maleku
- Rama
- Wetar
- Isthmus
- Boruka-Talamanca
- Boruka
- Talamanca
- Teribe
- Bribri-Kabekar
- Bribri
- Kabekar
- Doraske-Changena
- Changena †
- Doraske
- Guaymi
- Buglere
- Ngäbe
- Kuna
- Kuna Paya-Pukuro
- Kuna San Blas
- Boruka-Talamanca
- Magdalena
- Choko
- Waunana
- Embera
- Embera, Southern: Embera Baudo; Embera Chami; Epena
- Embera, Northern: Embera Katio; Embera Darien
- Chon
- Duho
- Tikuna-Yuri
- Karabayo
- Tikuna
- Yuri †
- Saliba-Hodi
- Hodi
- Saliba-Betoi
- Betoi †
- Saliba-Piaroa
- Saliba
- Piaroa-Mako
- Ature †
- Mako
- Piaroa
- Guahibo
- Harakmbet-Katukina
- Amarakaeri; Arasaeri; Sapiteri; Wachipaeri
- Katukina-Katawixi
- Katawixi
- Kanamari; Katukina
- Jaqi
- Aymara
- Jaqaru
- Jaqaru
- Kawki
- Jirajara †
- Jivaro
- Aguaruna
- Palta †
- Jivaro, Nuclear
- Achuar-Shiwiar
- Wambisa
- Shuar
- Karib
- Karib, Western †
- Karare †
- Opon †
- Karib, Central
- Apalai
- Hianakoto
- Guake †
- Hianakoto-Umawa †
- Karihona
- Kariña
- Palmella †
- Tarano
- Akurio
- Tiriyo
- Wayana
- Karib, Southern
- Kuikuro
- Kalapalo
- Kuikuro
- Matipu
- Nahukwa
- Pekodi
- Pimenteira †
- Kuikuro
- Karib, Northern
- Parukoto
- Purukoto
- Kapong: Akawayo; Patamona
- Makushi
- Pemon: Arekuna; Ingariko; Kamarakoto; Taurepang
- Purukoto
- Venezuela
- De'kwana-Wayumara
- De'kwana
- Wayumara
- Eñepa
- Kumana
- Chayma
- Kumanagoto †
- Mapoyo-Yabarana
- Mapoyo
- Pemono
- Yabarana
- Tamanaku †
- Yao †
- Tiverikoto †
- Yao †
- De'kwana-Wayumara
- Yawaperi-Paravilhana
- Sapara-Paravilhana
- Paravilhana
- Sapara
- Yawaperi
- Bonari †
- Waimiri-Atroari
- Sapara-Paravilhana
- Yukpa-Japreria
- Kawapana
- Shawi
- Shiwilu
- Kechua
- Kechua I
- Kechua Pacaraos
- Kechua I, Central
- Wallaga
- Kechua Ambo-Pasco
- Kechua Cajatambo
- Kechua Wallaga
- Kechua Wamalies
- Kechua Junin
- Kechua Tusi Pasco
- Wankay
- Kechua Waylla Wanka
- Kechua Jauja-Wanka
- Waylay
- Kechua Conchucos, Southern
- Kechua Conchucos, Northern
- Kechua Corongo
- Kechua Waylas
- Kechua Siwas
- Yauyos
- Kechua Yauyos
- Wallaga
- Kechua II
- Kechua Chincha †
- Kechua Cusco, Classical †
- Kechua IIa
- Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
- Kechua Cajamarca
- Kechua Lambayeque
- Kechua Laraos-Lincha
- Kechua Laraos
- Kechua Lincha
- Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
- Kechua IIb
- Kechua Chachapoyas
- Kechua San Martin
- Kichua, Equatorial
- Inga
- Kichua Chimborazo
- Kichua Imbabura
- Kichua Kañar-Loja
- Kichua Napo
- Kichua Pastaza
- Kichua Pichincha
- Kichua Salasaca
- Kichua Tena
- Kechua IIc
- Kechua Ayacucho
- Kechua Cusco-Boliviano
- Kechua Apolo
- Kechua Arequipa
- Kechua Boliviano
- Kechua Cusco, Modern
- Kechua Puno
- Kechua Santiagueño
- Lengua-Maskoy
- Lengua: Enlhet; Enxet
- Maskoy
- Maskoy, Southern: Angaite; Sanapana
- Maskoy, Northern: Kaskiha; Maskoy
- Macro-Arawak
- Kandoshi / Shapra
- Muniche
- Pukina †
- Arawak
- Yanesha
- Arawak, Western
- Aguachile †
- Chamikuro
- Mamoré-Paraguai
- Mamoré-Guaporé
- Mojo-Paunaka
- Mojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario
- Paunaka
- Baure-Paikoneka
- Baure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone †
- Paikoneka †
- Mojo-Paunaka
- Terena: Chane †; Guana †; Kinikinau; Terena
- Mamoré-Guaporé
- Negro-Putumayo
- Jumana-Pase: Jumana †; Pase †
- Kaishana †
- Nawiki
- Kabiyari
- Karu-Tariana
- Karu: Baniwa; Kuripako
- Tariana
- Mepuri †
- Piapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko
- Wainambu †
- Warekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka †
- Yukuna-Wainuma: Mariate †; Wainuma †; Yukuna
- Resigaro
- Wirina †
- Orinoco
- Pre-Andine
- Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Kakinte: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Asheninka
- Ashaninka
- Asheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka
- Kakinte
- Ashaninka-Asheninka
- Machiguenga-Nanti: Machiguenga; Nanti
- Nomatsigenga
- Ashaninka-Kakinte: Ashaninka
- Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga: Ashaninka
- Purus
- Arawak, Eastern
- Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
- Payagua †
- Guachi †
- Guaykuru
- Kadiweu
- Qom-Abipon
- Abipon †
- Qom
- Qom, Southern: Mokovi
- Qom, Northern: Pilaga; Toba
- Mataguayo
- Mataguayo, Western
- Chorote: Chorote Iyojwa'ja; Chorote Iyo'wujwa
- Wichi: Wichi Guisnay; Wichi Nokten; Wichi Vejoz
- Mataguayo, Eastern
- Maka
- Nivakle
- Mataguayo, Western
- Macro-Jê
- Borum
- Ofaye
- Rikbaktsa
- Yate
- Bororo
- Bororo
- Otuke †
- Umutina †
- Maxakali
- Malali †
- Maxakali-Pataxo
- Maxakali
- Pataxo †
- Kamakã †
- Masakara †
- Kamakã-Menien †
- Kamakã †
- Menien †
- Kariri †
- Dzubukua †
- Kipea †
- Xoko †
- Macro-Jê, Nuclear
- Besiro
- Jeoromitxi-Arikapu: Arikapu; Jeoromitxi
- Karaja: Javae; Karaja; Xambioa
- Jê
- Jê, Central
- Akroa †
- Xakriaba †
- Xavante
- Xerente
- Jeiko †
- Jê, Southern
- Jê, Northern
- Apinaje
- Kayapo: Mẽbengokre; Xikrin
- Panara
- Suya-Tapayuna: Suya; Tapayuna
- Timbira: Apãniekra; Kraho; Krẽje †; Krĩkati; Parkateje; Pykobje; Ramkokamekra
- Jê, Central
- Mapudungun
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
- Mapudungun
- Pewenche
- Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
- Mapudungun, Northern
- †
- †
- Moseten-Tsimane
- Moseten
- Tsimane
- Mura-Matanawi
- Matanawi †
- Mura-Pirahã
- Mura: Bohura †; Mura †
- Pirahã
- Nambikwara
- Sabane
- Nambikwara, Northern
- Guaporé: Mamainde; Negarote; Tawende
- Roosevelt: Lakonde; Latunde; Tawande
- Nambikwara, Southern
- Alantesu: Alantesu; Hahãintesu; Waikisu; Wasusu
- Halotesu: Halotesu; Kithãulhu; Wakalitesu; Sawentesu
- Manduka: Hukuntesu; Niyahlosu; Siwaisu
- Sarare
- Otomako-Taparita †
- Otomako †
- Taparita †
- Pano-Takana
- Takana
- Ese Ejja
- Kavineña-Takana
- Kavineña
- Takana
- Araona
- Maropa
- Takana
- Pano
- Pano, Northern
- Kulina (Pano)
- Korubo
- Matis
- Matses
- Pisabo
- Pano, Nuclear
- Kasharari
- Pano, Western
- Kashibo-Kakataibo: Kashibo; Kakataibo
- Nokaman †
- Pano, Central
- Purus
- Amawaka
- Kashinawa
- Yaminawa-Iskonawa-Marinawa: Iskonawa; Marinawa; Yaminawa; Yawanawa
- Jurua
- Kanamari (Pano)
- Katukina (Pano)
- Marubo
- Nukini-Remo
- Atsawaka †
- Arazaeri †
- Atsawaka †
- Yamiaka †
- Chakobo
- Chakobo
- Karipuna (Pano)
- Pakawara
- Shipibo-Kapanawa
- Kapanawa
- Shipibo-Wariapano: Sensi †; Wariapano; Shipibo
- Purus
- Pano, Northern
- Peba-Yagua
- Puinave-Nadahup
- Nadahup
- Nadëb: Nadëb do Rio Negro; Nadëb do Roçado
- Hup-Dâw
- Dâw
- Hup
- Hupda
- Yuhup
- Puinave-Kak
- Puinave
- Kak
- Kakwa
- Nukak
- Puri †
- Coroado †
- Puri †
- Tallan †
- Katakaos †
- Kolan †
- Timote-Kuika
- Kuika †
- Mukuchi †
- Timote †
- Tinigua-Pamigua
- Tukano
- Tukano, Western
- Kueretu †
- Tukano, Western, Nuclear
- Mai Huna
- Koreguaje-Pioje
- Koreguaje-Tama
- Koreguaje
- Tama †
- Pioje
- Makaguaje †
- Sekoya
- Siona
- Tetete †
- Koreguaje-Tama
- Tukano, Eastern
- Tupi
- Arikem
- Arikem †
- Karitiana
- Monde
- Ramarama-Purubora
- Tupari
- Tupi, Nuclear
- Juruna
- Juruna
- Manitsawa †
- Shipaya
- Munduruku
- Kuruaya
- Munduruku
- Mawe-Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
- Satere-Mawe
- Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
- Aweti
- Tupi-Guarani
- Kamayura
- Kaapor-Ava
- Ava-Canoeiro
- Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
- Akwawa-Arawete
- Tupi-Guarani, Nuclear
- Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
- Kawahib-Kayabi
- Apiaka
- Juma
- Kayabi
- Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
- Tupi-Guarani, Diasporic
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
- Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
- Guarani
- Ache
- Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
- Central: Guarani Paraguaio
- Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
- Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
- Tupinamba-Kokama
- Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
- Juruna
- Uru-Chipaya
- Warpe †
- Allentiak †
- Millkayak †
- Witoto-Okaina
- Okaina: Okaina
- Witoto
- Witoto Nüpode
- Minika-Murui
- Witoto-Minika
- Witoto-Murui
- Nonuya
- Yanomami
- Zamuko
- Zaparo
- Zaparo, Western
- Arabela
- Zaparo
- Zaparo, Eastern
- Kawarano
- Ikito
- Isolates
- Aikanã
- Andaki †
- Arara do Rio Branco
- Arutani
- Atakame †
- Atikum †
- Aushiri †
- Chono †
- Guamo †
- Guato
- Gününa Këna
- Iranche/Myky
- Itonama
- Kakan †
- Kamsa
- Kañari †
- Kanichana
- Kanoe
- Kawesqar
- Kayuvava
- Kerandi †
- Kimbaya †
- Kingnam †
- Kofan
- Komechingon †
- Koraveka †
- Kueva †
- Kulle †
- Kunza †
- Kuruminaka †
- Kwaza
- Leko
- Lule †
- Máku †
- Malibu †
- Mochika †
- Mokana †
- Morike †
- Movima
- Muzo-Kolima †
- Omurano
- Oti †
- Paez
- Panche †
- Pijao †
- Puruha †
- Sanaviron †
- Sape
- Sechura †
- Tarairiu †
- Taruma
- Taushiro
- Tekiraka
- Trumai
- Tuxa †
- Umbra
- Urarina
- Vilela
- Waorani
- Warao
- Xukuru †
- Yagan
- Yaruro
- Yurakare
- Yurumangui †
- Zenu †
Campbell (2012)[]
Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.[3]
- Aikaná (Aikanã, Huarí, Warí, Masaká, Tubarão, Kasupá, Mundé, Corumbiara)
- (dialect: Masaká [Massaca, Massaka, Masáca])
- Andaquí †
- Andoque (Andoke, Cho’oje, Patsiaehé)
- Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipurean, Maipuran)
- Northern Arawakan (Upper Amazon, Maritime, and Eastern branches)
- Upper Amazon branch
- Western Nawiki sub-branch
- Wainumá group
- Wainumá † (Waima, Wainumi, Waiwana, Waipa, Yanuma)
- Mariaté †
- Anauyá †
- Piapoco group
- Achagua (Ajagua, Xagua)
- Piapoco
- Amarizana †
- Cabiyarí (Caviyarí, Kaviyarí, Cabiuarí, Cauyarí, Cuyare)
- Warekena group
- Guarequena (Warekena, Guarenquena, Arequena)
- Mandahuaca (Mandawaka, Mandauaca, Maldavaca, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua)
- Río Negro group †
- Jumana †
- Pasé †
- Kawishana † (Cawishana, Kaiwishana, Kayuwishana)
- Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialects or languages)
- Yucuna (Chucuna, Matapí) [Jukuna]
- Garú † (Guarú)
- Wainumá group
- Eastern Nawiki sub-branch
- Tariana (Tariano, Tarîna, Taliáseri)
- Karu (dialects or languages)
- Ipeka-Kurripako (dialects or language)
- Karútana-Baniwa (Baniva) dialect group
- Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialects or language)
- Resígaro
- Central Upper Amazon sub-branch
- Baré group
- Marawá †
- Baré (Bare, Ihini, Barawana, Barauna, Barauana, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua), Guinao † (Guinaú) (Aikhenvald [1999a: 71] mentions Guinau with Bare.)
- Yavitero group
- Yavitero † (Yavitano)
- Baniva †
- Maipure † Aikhenvald [1999a: 71] gives Yavitero and Baniwa of Yavita as alternative names for a single language.)
- Manao group
- Manao †
- Kariaí †
- Baré group
- Arawakan Upper-Amazon branch languages of uncertain grouping
- Waraikú †
- Yabaána † (Jabaana, Yabarana)
- Wiriná †
- Xiriâna † (Shiriana)
- Western Nawiki sub-branch
- Maritime branch (Caribbean)
- Aruán † (Aruá, Aroã)
- Mawayana (Mahuayana, Madipian)
- Wapixana (Wapishana, Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana) (dialects or languages) (dialects: Amariba, Atorai)
- Ta-Maipurean sub-branch
- Taíno † Caribbean
- Guajiro group
- Guajiro (Goahiro, Goajiro, Guajira, Wayuunaiki, Wayuu)
- Paraujano (Añún) (dialects: Alile, Toa)
- Arawak (Locono, Lokono, Aruak, Arowak)
- Iñeri (Igneri, Island Carib) (dialects or languages)
- Kalhíphona † (Island Carib)
- Garífuna (Black Carib)
- Eastern branch
- Palikur (Palikour, Palicur, Palijur) (dialects or languages)
- Palikur
- Marawán-Karipurá †
- Upper Amazon branch
- Southern division
- Western branch
- Amuesha (Amuese, Amoesha, Amueixa, Amoishe, Amagues, Amage, Omage, Amajo, Lorenzo, Amuetamo, Amaje, Yanesha)
- Chamicuro (Chamicura, Chamicolo)
- Central branch
- Paresí group
- Paresí (Parecís, Paretí, Haliti)
- Saraveca † (Sarave)
- Waurá group
- Waurá-Meinaku (Uara, Aura, Mahinacu)
- Yawalapití (Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti)
- Custenau † (Kustenau)
- Paresí group
- Southern Outlier branch
- Terena (Tereno, Terêna, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao) (dialects: Kinikanao, Etelena [Terena], Guaná)
- Mojo group
- Mojo (Morocosi, Mojeño, Moxeño, Moxo) (dialects or languages)
- Ignaciano
- Trinitario (dialects: Loreto [Loretano], Javierano])
- Bauré (Chiquimiti, Joaquiniano may be a dialect of Bauré)
- Paunaca (Pauna-Paicone [Paiconeca])
- Piro group
- Piro (dialects: Chontaquiro, Maniteneri, Maxineri)
- Iñapari (Inamarí) (dialects: Inapari/Inamarí, Cuchitineri [Kushitineri], Cuniba)
- Kanamaré † (Canamaré)
- Apuriná (Apurinã, Ipuriná, Kangite [Cangaiti], Popengare)
- Campa branch – (Campa dialects or languages)
- Ashéninka (Ashéninga)
- Asháninka (Asháninga)
- Caquinte (Kakinte)
- Pajonal Ashéninka (Pajonal Campa)
- Machiguenga (Matsiguenga, Matsigenka) (dialects: Caquinte [Poyenisate], Nomatsiguenga [Atiri], Machiguenga)
- Nomatsigenga
- Nanti
- Western branch
- Other Arawakan languages too scantily known to determine to which branch of the family they belong:
- Cumeral (Ethnologue)
- Shebaya † (Shebayo, Shebaye) Trinidad (David Payne 1991: 366–367)
- Lapachu (Apolista, Aguachile)
- Morique † (Morike)
- Ponares (Ethnologue)
- Omejes (Ethnologue)
- Salumã (Rodrigues 1986: 72)
- Tomedes (Tamudes)
- Arawan (Arauán, Arahuan, Arawa)
- Paumarí (Purupurú, Pamarí, Palmarí, Curucuru) (dialects: Kurukuru, Uaiai, Paumarí [Pammari])
- Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí])
- Zuruahá (Suruahá, Sorowahá)
- Dení-Kulina
- Dení (dialect: Inauini)
- Culina (Kulína; Madihá, Madija, Corina)
- Arawá † (Arua, Arauan)
- Atacameño † (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe Lican Antai)
- (local varieties: Apatama, Casabindo, Churumata, Cochinoca)
- Awaké (Ahuaqué, Oewacu, Arutani, Uruák)
- Aymaran (Jaqi, Aru)
- Southern Aymara
- Central Aymara (Tupe branch) (dialects: Jaqaru and Cauqui [Kawki])
- Baenan † (Baena, Baenño)
- Barbacoan
- Northern group
- Awan (Awa)
- Awa Pit (Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awa)
- Pasto-Muellama
- Muellama † (Muellamués)
- Pasto †
- Coconucan (Guambiano-Totoró)
- Guambiano (Mogües, Moguez, Moguex, Wam, Misak, Guambiano-Moguez, Namdrik)
- Totoró (Totoro, Polindara)
- Coconuco † (Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka)
- Awan (Awa)
- Southern group
- Cha’palaachi (Cayapa, Chachi, Nigua)
- Tsafiki (Colorado, Colima, Campaz, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Tsafiqui)
- Extinct
- Barbacoa; Cara (Kara, Caranqui, Karanki, Imbaya); Pasto (Muellamués [Muellama]), Sindagua (Malla), and Coconuco
- Betoi † (Betoy, Jirarra, Jirarru)
- (dialects: Airico, Betoi, Ele, Jirara, Lolaca, Situfa)
- Boran (Bora-Muinane)
- Bora (Boro, Meamuyna; Miriña/Miranha)
- Muinane (Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename)
- Bororoan
- Eastern Bororo (Bororo proper, Boe)
- Western Bororo
- Umutina † (Umotina, Barbado)
- Otuque † (Otuké, Otuqui, Louxiru) (dialects: Coraveca [Corave, Curave, Ecorabe], Curuminaca, Curumina, Curucaneca, Curucane, Tapii)
- Cahuapanan (Jebero, Kawapanan, Kahuapanan; earlier called Maina, Mainan)
- Cahuapana † (Cuncho, Chuncho, Concho, Chonzo)
- Chayahuita (Chawi, Chayabita, Chayhuita, Balsopuertino, Paranapura, Cahuapa
- Chayawita, Tshaahui, Tsaawí, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino
- Paranapura)
- Jebero (Xebero, Chebero, Xihuila, Shiwilu)
- Camsá (Sibundoy, Sebondoy, Coche, Kamsá, Kamemtxa, Kamse, Camëntsëá, Mocoa, Quillacinga)
- Cañar-Puruhá †
- Cañar † (Cañari)
- Puruhá † (Puruguay)
- Candoshi (Candoxi, Maina, Kandoshi, Shapra, Murato, Roamaina)
- (dialects: Shapra [Chapara], Kandoshi)
- Canichana † (Canesi, Kanichana, Canisiana)
- Cariban
- Venezuelan branch (Gildea 2003)
- Pemóng-Panare macro-group
- Pemóng group (Kapóng [Akawaio, Patamuna, Ingarikó], Makushi, Pemón [Taurepang, Kamarakóto, Arekuna])
- Panare
- Mapoyo-Tamanaku macro-group
- Mapoyo/Yawarana (Mapoyo, Wanai, Yawarana, Pémono)
- Tamanaku †
- Pekodian branch
- Bakairí
- Arara group: Arara (Parirí), Ikpéng (Txikão)
- Pemóng-Panare macro-group
- Subgroups not yet classified in possible larger subgroups in the family:
- Kumaná † (Chaima †, Cumanagota †)
- Makiritare (De’kwana, Ye’kwana, Maiongong)
- Nahukwa group: Kuikúru, Kalapalo
- Parukotoan group
- Katxúyana (Kaxuiâna, Shikuyana, Warikyana)
- Waiwai subgroup: Waiwai (Wabui, Tunayana), Hixkaryana
- Taranoan group
- Tiriyo subgroup: Akuriyo, Tiriyo, Trio
- Karihona (Carijona)
- Yukpa group: Yukpa, Japréria
- Languages not yet classified within possible subgroups:
- Apalaí
- Kari’nja (Carib, Kalinya, Cariña, Galibi)
- Waimirí Atroarí
- Wayana
- Cayuvava † (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba, Kayuvava)
- Chapacuran (Chapakuran, Txapakuran)
- Itene group (Central Chapacuran)
- Wanham (Wañam, Wanyam, Huanyam)
- Kumaná (Torá, Toraz, Cumana, Cautario) [Abitana-Kumaná]
- Kabixí (Cabishi, Cabichí, Habishi, Parecís, Pawumwa)
- Itene (Iteneo, Iténez, Moré)
- Wari group (Southern Chapacuran)
- Quitemo † (Quitemoca) [Kitemo-Nape]
- Chapacura † (Huachi, Wachi, Tapacura, Chapakura)
- Urupá-Jarú (Txapakura; Yaru, Jaru, Ituarupa)
- Orowari (Pakaás-novos, Pacasnovas, Pacaha-novo, Uariwayo, Uomo, Jaru, *Oro Wari)
- Oro Win
- Charrúan †
- Charrúa †
- Güenoa † (Minuane)
- Chaná †
- Chibchan
- Paya (Pech)
- Core Chibchan
- Votic
- Rama (Melchora, Voto, Boto, Arama, Arrama)
- Guatuso (Malecu)
- Isthmic
- Western Isthmic
- Viceitic
- Cabécar (Chirripó, Tucurrique, Estrella)
- Bribri (Viceíta)
- Teribe (Térraba, Tiribí, Tirub)
- Boruca † (Brunca)
- Viceitic
- Doracic
- Dorasque † (Chumulu, Gualaca)
- Chánguena † (Chánguina, Chánguene)
- Eastern Isthmic
- Guaymíic
- Movere (Move, Guaymí, Penonomeño, Ngawbere/Ngäbere) (dialects: Inland Bocas del Toro, Coastal Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí)
- Bocotá (Murire, Muoi, Guaymí Sabanero, Movere Sabanero)
- Cuna (Cueva, Paya-Pocuro, Kuna)
- Guaymíic
- Western Isthmic
- Magdalenic
- Southern Magdalenic
- Chibcha
- Muisca † (Mosca, Chibcha)
- Duit †
- Tunebo (Uwa, Uw Cuwa; Tame, Sínsiga, Tegría, Pedraza) (dialects: Cobaría, Tegría, Agua Blanca, Barro Negro)
- Barí (Motilón, Dobocubí, Cunaguasaya)
- Chibcha
- Northern Magdalenic
- Arhuacic
- Cogui (Cágaba, Kogi, Kogui, Coghui, Kagaba)
- Eastern-Southern Arhuacic
- Eastern Arhuacic
- Damana (Guamaca, Sanká, Sanhá, Arsario, Malayo, Marocasero, Wiwa)
- Kankuama (Atanques)
- Ica (Bíntucua, Ika, Arhuaco, Bintuk)
- Chimila (Chamila, Caca Weranos, San Jorge, Shimizya)
- Arhuacic
- Southern Magdalenic
- Votic
- Unclassified:
- Huetar †
- Antioqueño † (two varieties: Nutabe and Catío [not to be confused with the Emberá (Chocoan) variety called Catío]).
- Chipaya-Uru (Uru-Chipaya, Uruquilla)
- Chipaya (erroneously earlier also called “Puquina”)
- Uru (Uru of Iru-Itu, Uchumataqu, Iru-Wit’u, Uro)
- Chholo † (Murato)
- Chiquitano (Besïro, Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
- (dialects: Besïro [or Lomerío], Concepción, San Javier [Javierano], San Miguel, Santiago, Churapa, Sansimoniano, Tao)
- Chocoan
- Waunana (Noanamá, Huaunana, Woun Meu, Waun Meo, Waumeo, Wounmeu, Wounaan, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Chocama, Chanco)
- Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú)
- Southern Emberá
- Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco])
- Cholonan † (Hibito-Cholon)
- Cholón † (Seeptsá, Tinganeses, Cholona)
- Híbito † (Hibito, Xibito, Xibita, Jibito, Chibito, Zibito, Ibito, Xibitoana)
- Chonan (Tehuelchean, Chon family)
- Chonan proper
- Island Chonan
- Ona † (Selknam, Selk’nam, Shelknam, Aona)
- Haush † (Manekenken)
- Continental Chonan
- Tehuelche (Aoniken, Aonek’enk, Inaquen, Patagón)
- Teushen † (Tehues, Patagón)
- Patagón Costero †
- Island Chonan
- Gününa-Küne † (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich)
- Chono †
- Cofán (Kofan, A’ingaé)
- Culle † (Culli, Ilinga, Linga)
- Esmeralda † (Esmeraldeño, Tacame)
- Gamela † (Barbados, Curinsi, Acobu)
- Guach’ †
- Guaicuruan (Waikuruan, Waykuruan)
- Kadiwéu (Caduveo, Mbayá, Ediu-Adig)
- Southern Guaicuruan
- Pilagá (Pilaca)
- Toba (Qom, Namqom)
- Mocoví (Mocobí)
- Abipón †
- Guajiboan (Guahiboan)
- Guajibo (Guahibo, Guaybo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Guajibo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Wahibo, Goahiva, Hiwi) (dialects: Guahibo [Sikuani], Amorua [Rio Tomo Guahibo], Tigrero)
- Cuiva (Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae) (dialects: Chiricoa, Masiware [Masiguare], Chiripo [Wupiwi, Siripu], Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mayayero, Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba, Tampiwi [Mariposas], Amaruwa [Amorua], Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane [Sicuari])
- Churuya †
- Guayabero (Cunimía, Jiw, Mítus, Mítua)
- Guamo †
- Guató
- Harákmbut-Katukinan
- Harákmbut (Harakmbet, Hate, Tuyoneri, “Mashco”)
- (several dialects in two clusters: (1) Huachipaeri, Toyoeri (Tuyoneri, Tuyuneri); (2) Amaracaeri [Amarakaeri], Sapiteri, Arasaeri)
- Katukinan (Catuquinan)
- Katukina (Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí) (dialect: Cutiadapa [Kutia-Dyapa])
- Dyapá (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)])
- Katawixí (Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catauichi)
- Huarpean † (Warpean)
- Huarpe † (Allentiac)
- Millcayac †
- Irantxe (Iranxe, Iranche, Iranshe, Mynky, Münkü, Menki, Manoki, Myky) (dialects
- Münkü [Mynky, Menku, Menkü, Myy], Irántxe)
- Itonama (Saramo, Machoto)
- Jabutían (Yabutían)
- Jabutí (Yabutí, Jabotí, Djeoromitxí, Kipiu, Quipiu)
- Arikapú (Maxubí, Aricapú)
- Jêan (Gêan, Jê family)
- Northeastern Jê (Northern Jê)
- Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê)
- Kreen-Akarore (Ipewí, Kren-Akarore, Creen-Acarore, Panará)
- Apinajé (Apinayé)
- Kayapó (Cayapó, Kokairmoro) (dialects: Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú)
- Suyá (dialects: Beiço de Pau (Tapayuna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku))
- Central Jê (Akwe branch)
- Xavánte (Shavante, Chavante, A’uwe, A’we, Uptabi, Akuên, Akwen, Crisca, Pusciti, Tapacua)
- Akroá † (Akroá-Mirim, Acroá, Koroá, Coroá)
- Xerénte (Sherenté, Xerenti)
- Xakriabá † (Chicriaba, Chakriaba, Shacriaba, Chikriaba)
- Southern Jê
- Kaingang (Coroado, Coroados, Caingang, Bugre) (dialects: Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang)
- Xokléng (Shocleng, Aweikoma, Bugre, Botocudos)
- Ingáin † (Tains, Tain)
- Wayaná † (Guayaná, Guayana, Gualachí, Guanhanan)
- Jirajaran †
- Jirajara †
- Ayomán † (Ayamán)
- Gayón † (Coyón)
- Jivaroan
- Shuar (Jívaro, Maina, Jíbaro)
- Aguaruna (Aguajun, Ahuajun)
- Achuar (Achual, Achuar-Shiwiar)
- Huambisa
- Jotí (Yoana, Yuana, Yuwana, Waruwaru [Waruwádu], Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Jodi, Hotí, Hodï)
- Kaliana (Sapé, Calianá, Cariana, Chirichano)
- Kamakanan †
- Kamakán † (Camacán)
- Kamakán † (Kamakã, Camacán, Ezeshio)
- Mongoyó † (Mangaló, Monshoko)
- Kotoxó † (Kutaxó, Catashó, Cotoxó, Catathóy)
- Menién † (Manyã)
- Masakará † (Masacará)
- Kapixaná (Kanoê, Capixana)
- Karajá (Caraja, Xambioá, Chamboa, Ynã, Karayá)
- Karajá-Xambioá † (Chamboa, Ynã)
- Javaé (Javaje, Javae)
- Karirían † (Karirí family)
- Kipeá † (Karirí, Kirirí)
- Dzubukuá † (Kiriri, Dzubucua)
- Sabuyá † (Sapoyá)
- Kamurú † (Camurú, Pedra Branca)
- Krenakan (Botocudoan, Aimoré language complex)
- Krenak (Botocudo, Aimoré, Nakrehé, Nakpié, Naknyanúk, Etwet, Minyãyirún, Yiporók, Pojitxá, Potén, Krekmún, Bakuén, Aranã, Batachoa, Crenaque)
- Guêren † (Guerén, Gren, Borun, Borúm)
- Kwaza (Koayá, Koaiá, Quaiá, Arara)
- Leco † (Lapalapa, Leko, Rik’a, Ateniano)
- Lule-Vilelan †
- Lule †
- Vilela( †)
- Máko † (Maco, Makú, Macu)
- Makúan (Makú family, Makú-Puinavean, Puinavean, Vaupés-Japura, Nadahup family, Guaviaré-Japurá family)
- Eastern Makúan
- Nadëb branch
- Roçando Nadëb
- Rio Negro Nadëb
- Dâw-Hupda-Yuhup
- Dâw (Kamã, Kamã Makú, Kamarada, Makú-Kamarada)
- Hupda-Yuhup
- Hup (Hupda, Hupdë, Hupdá Makú, Macú de Tucano, Ubdé) (dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup)
- Yuhup (Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, “Maku”)
- Nadëb branch
- Western Makúan
- Kakua group
- Kakua (Cacua, Bará, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Guanano, Macu de Desano, Báda, Kákwa) (dialects: Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua)
- Nukak
- Puinave (Wonsüht, Wãnsöhöt)
- Kakua group
- Mapudungun (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo, Chiledugu, “Auca”)
- Mascoyan (Mascoian, Maskoyan, Lengua-Mascoy, Enlhet-Enenlhet)
- Matacoan (Mataco-Mataguayan, Mataguayan)
- Chorote (Chorotí, Manjuy) (dialects: Iyo’wujwa, Yohwaha, Manjuy)
- Nivaclé (Niwaklé, Chulupí, Ashlushlay) Paraguay
- Maká (Macá, Enimaca, Enimaga)
- Wichí (Mataco, Mataguayo, Weenhayek) (dialects: Nocten, Güisnay [Pilcomayo Wichí], Vejos [Vejoz, Aiyo, Hueshuo])
- Matanauí † (Matanawí, Mitandua, Moutoniway)
- Maxakalían
- Maxakalí (Mashakali, Maxacari)
- Kapoxó † (Capoxo, Caposho)
- Monoxó † (Monoshó, Monachobm, Menacho)
- Makoní † (Maconí)
- Malalí †
- Pataxó † (Pataxó-Hanhanhain, Patasho)
- Mochica † (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic)
- Mosetenan (Mosetén-Chiname)
- Chimane (Chiman, Tsimane, Chumano, Nawazi-Moñtji)
- Mosetén (Rache, Muchan, Tucupi, Aparono)
- Movima (Mobima, Moyma, Movime)
- Munichi † (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe)
- Muran
- Mura †
- Pirahã (Pirahá)
- Bohurá † (Buxwaray)
- Yahahí †
- Nambikwaran (Nambicuaran, Nambiquaran, Nambikuaran)
- Mamaindê (Northern Nambiquara, Mamande, Nakarothe) (dialects: Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte [Lacondê, Latundê])
- Southern Nambikuaran
- Nambiquara (Nambikwara) (dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera)
- Kithãulhú (Southern Nambiquara) (dialect complex: Kabishi, Nambiquara, etc.)
- Sararé
- Sabané (Sabanés)
- Natú † (Peagaxinan)
- Ofayé † (Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié)
- Omurano † (Humurana, Numurana)
- Otomacoan †
- Otomaco †
- Taparita †
- Paezan
- Paez (Nasa Yuwe, Paisa)
- Paniquitá
- (?) Panzaleo † (Latacunga, Quito)
- Pankarurú † (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararú, Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru)
- Pano-Takanan
- Panoan
- Mayoruna branch
- Mayo group
- Matses
- Korubo (Chankuëshbo as co-dialect)
- Dëmushbo
- Kulina
- Matis
- Mayo group
- Mainline branch
- Kasharari
- Core Mainline branch
- Kashibo (Kakataibo as co-dialect)
- Nawa group
- Chakobo; (Pakawara as co-dialect)
- Marubo subgroup
- Marubo
- Katukina
- Poyanawa subgroup
- Poyanawa
- Iskonawa
- Nukini
- Shipibo (with Konibo and Kapanawa as co-dialects)
- Headwaters subgroup
- Kashinawa
- Amawaka
- Yaminawa (dialects: Sharanawa, Yawanawa, Shanenawa [Katukina de Feijó], Shawanawa [Arara], Mastanawa, Marinawa)
- Mayoruna branch
- Takanan
- Takana group
- Tacana (Tupamasa)
- Reyesano (San Borjano, Maropa)
- Araona (Carina, Cavina)
- Cavineña
- Chama group
- Ese’ejja (Ese’eha, Ese Ejja, Ese Exa, Tiatinagua, Chama, Tambopata-Guarayo, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, “Chama”)
- Toromona † (Toromono)
- Takana group
- Payaguá †
- Puquina † (Pukina)
- Purían † (Puri-Coroado)
- Purí † (Coroado)
- Koropó † (Coropa)
- Qawasqaran (Alacalufan)
- Qawasqar (Northern Alacaluf, Alacaluf, Kaweskar, Kawésqar, Kawaskar, Aksánas) (dialects: Kawésqar, Tawókser)
- Alacaluf (Central Alacaluf, Hekaine)
- Southern Alacaluf (Halakwalup, Pecheré)
- Quechuan
- Central Quechua (Huaihuash [Waywash]/Quechua I)
- Pacaraos
- Central Quechua
- “Waylay” (Huailay, North)
- Huaylas (Ancash)
- Conchucos
- “Waylay” (Huailay, North)
- Ap-am-ah
- Alto Pativilca
- Alto Marañón
- Alto Huallaga (Huánuco)
- “Wankay” (Huancay, South)
- Yaru (Tarma, Junín)
- Jauja-Huanca (Jauja, Huaycha Huanca, Huaylla Huanca [Huancayo])
- Huangascar-Topará
- Peripheral Quechua (Huampuy/Quechua II)
- “Yungay” (Quechua IIA)
- Central
- Laraos
- Lincha
- Apurí
- Chocos
- Madeán
- Northern
- Cañaris-Incahuasi
- Cajamarca
- Central
- “Chinchay” (Quechua IIB-C)
- Northern
- Chachapoyas (Amazonas)
- San Martín
- Loreto
- Ecuador
- Southern
- Southern Peruvian Quechua
- Ayacucho
- Cuzco
- Puno
- Northern Bolivian Quechua
- Southern Bolivian Quechua
- Santiago del Estero Quichua (“Cusco”)
- Catamarca-La Rioja Quichua †
- Northern
- “Yungay” (Quechua IIA)
- Rikbaktsá (Aripaktsá, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa, Canoeiro)
- Sabela (Huao, Wao, Auca, Huaorani, Huarani, Waorani, Auishiri)
- Sáliban (Sálivan, Sáliba-Piaroan)
- Sáliva (Sáliba)
- Piaroa (Piaroa-Maco, Wothüha, Guagua, Quaqua)
- Mako
- Sechura-Catacaoan † (Sec)
- Sechura †
- Tallán † (Atalán)
- (varieties: Colán and Catacaos)
- Taruma (Taruamá)
- Taushiro (Pinchi, Pinche)
- Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri, Avixiri, Abiquira, Abishira, Abigira, Agouisiri, Ixignor, Vacacocha)
- Tikuna-Yurí
- Tikuna (Ticuna, Tukuna, Tucuna)
- Yurí (Jurí, Yuri, Xurúpixuna)
- Timotean † (Timote-Cuica)
- Timote-Cuica † (Miguri, Cuica)
- Mucuchí-Maripú † (Mocochí; Mirripú)
- Tiniguan †
- Tinigua (Timigua)
- Pamigua † [Pamiwa]
- Trumai (Trumaí, Tramalhy)
- Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
- Western Tukanoan
- Coreguaje (Koreguaje, Caquetá, Correguaje, Ko’reuaju, Chaocha Pai)
- Siona-Secoya
- Macaguaje † (Makawahe, Piojé)
- Secoya (Piohé, Siona-Secoya)
- Siona
- Teteté † (Eteteguaje) (possibly a dialect of Siona)
- Orejón (Maijuna, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payagua, Mai Ja, Oregon, Orechon, Tutapi) (dialect: Nebaji)
- Retuarã (Letuama, Tanimuca-Retuarã)
- Yahuna (Jaúna, Yauna)
- Tama †
- Eastern Tukanoan
- Cubeo (Kubeo, Pamié, Cuveo, Cubeu, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubwa, Kobéwa, Hehenawa, Pamiwa)
- Miriti † (Miriti-Tapuyo, Neenoá)
- Macuna (Makuna, Buhagana, Baigana, Wuhána, Jepa-Matsi, Yepá-Mahsá, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yebamasã, Paneroa, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia)
- Yupuá-Duriña † (Yupua, Sokó, Uri, Duriña)
- Kueretú † (Cueretú, Coretú, Curetú)
- Desano-Siriano
- Bará-Tuyuka (Barasano, Tuyuca)
- Carapano (Karapaná, Karapano, Carapana-Tapuya, Tatuyo, Mochda, Moxdoa, Mextã)
- Tucano (Tukano, Dasea, Daxsea) (dialects: Yohoraa [Curaua], Wasona [Uasona])
- Wanano-Piratapuyo (Guanano, Wanâna, Uanana, Anana, Kótedia, Kótirya, Kotiria; Wanana, Waikena, Waikina, Uiquina, Waikino, Pira-Tapuya, Uaikena, Uaicana, Waikhara, Waina, Uaiana, Uainana, Urubu-Tapuya)
- Arapaso † (Arapaço, Arapasso, Koneá)
- Tupían
- Western Tupían
- Arikém subfamily
- Arikém (Ariquême)
- Kabixiána
- Karitiána (Caritiana)
- Mondéan subfamily
- Paitér (Suruí, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí de Rondônia, Surui Paiter)
- Cinta-larga
- Gavião (Digüt, Ikõrõ, Gavião do Jiparaná)
- Zoró
- Mondé (Sanamaikã [Sanamaicá], Salamãi)
- Aruá (Aruaxi, Aruashí)
- Puruborá (Boruborá, Puruba, Aurã, Pumbora, Puroborá, Burubora, Kuyubi, Cujubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho)
- Ramaráman subfamily
- Káro (Arara, Urukú)
- Ramaráma (Itogapúk, Ntogapíd)
- Urumí
- Tuparían subfamily
- Tuparí
- Kepkiriwát (Quepiquiriuate, Kepikiriwat, Kepkeriwát)
- Makuráp (Macurap, Macurape)
- Mekéns (Mekém, Sakurabiat, Sakyrabiat)
- Akuntsú (Akunsú)
- Waratégaya (Amiapé)
- Wayoró (Ayurú, Wayru, Wayurú, Ayurú, Ajurú, Uaiora, Wajaru)
- Mekens
- Arikém subfamily
- Eastern Tupían
- Awetí (Auetö, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti, Auiti, Arauite, Arauine)
- Jurúnan subfamily
- Jurúna (Yuruna, Yudjá, Djudjá, Jaruna)
- Manitsawá (Maritsauá, Manitzula) (dialect: Arupai [Urupaya])
- Xipáya (Shipaya, Shipaja, Xipaia)
- Mawé (Maué, Sataré, Sateré, Sateré-Mawé)
- Mundurukún subfamily
- Kuruáya (Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia)
- Mundurukú (Mundurucu, Monjoroku, Weidyenye, Paiquize, Pari, Caras-Pretas)
- Tupí-Guaranían subfamily
- Guaranían branch
- Guaraní Antigo (Guaraní, old Guaraní)
- Paraguayan Guaraní (Guaraní, Guarani paraguaio, Avañee)
- Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã)
- Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá)
- Xetá (Shetá, Aré, Notobotocudo)
- Chiriguano group (Ava, Simba, Chané, Izoceño [Isosó, Izozó], Tapiete)
- Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguay (Dietrich 2007)
- Guayakí (Guayaquí, Aché, Axe) Paraguay
- Guaráyoan branch
- Guarayo (Guarayú)
- Sirionó
- Yúki (Yuqui)
- Tupi branch of Tupí-Guaranían
- Língua Geral Amazônica (Língua Geral, Nheengatú, Tapïhïya, Tupi moderno)
- Língua Geral Paulista (Língua Geral, Tupí)
- Tupí (Tupi antigo)
- Tupinambá (Língua brasílica, Tupi antigo)
- Teneteháran branch
- Avá (Canoeiro, Avá-Canoeiro)
- Tapirapé
- Parakanã (Paracanã, Apiteréwa)
- Tocantins Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, Akwáwa)
- Suruí (Suruí do Tocantins, Aikewara, Mudjetíre)
- Tembé (Tenetehára)
- Guajajára (Tenetehára)
- Turiwára (Turiuara)
- Xingu branch
- Araweté
- Amanajé (Amanage, Amanayé, Amanyé, Manajo, Manaxo, Manaze, Manazo)
- Ararandewára
- Aurê (Aurá)
- Anambé of Cairarí
- Xingu Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Xingu, Asuriní do Coatinema, Awaeté)
- Kawahíb branch
- Amondáwa (Amundáwa)
- Uruewawáu (Uru-eu-wau-wau, Uru-eu-uau-uau)
- Karipúna
- Piripkúra
- Diahói (Diahui, Jahoi, Jahui, Diarrui)
- Parintintín (Parintintim, Kagwahív)
- Tenharín (Tenharim)
- Tupí-Kawahíb (Tupi do Machado, Paranawát, Pawaté, Wiraféd)
- Apiaká (Apiacá)
- Júma (Yuma)
- Kayabí (Caiabi)
- Kamayurá (Kamaiurá, Camaiurá)
- Northern Tupí-Guaranían branch
- Anambé of Ehrenreich
- Guajá (Awá, Avá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara)
- Ka’apór (Urubú, Urubú-Ka’apór, Kaapor)
- Takunyapé (Taconhapé)
- Wayampí (Oyampi, Wajãpi, Waiãpi)
- Wayampipukú
- Emérillon (Emerenhão, Emereñon, Emerilon, Melejo, Mereo, Mereyo, Teco)
- Zo’é (Zoé, Jo’é)
- Guaranían branch
- Tuxá † (Tushá, Todela)
- Urarina (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale, Urariña, Oruarina)
- Wamoé † (Uamué, Huamoi, Umán, Uame, Huamoé, Araticum, Atikum, Aticum)
- Warao (Guarao, Warau, Warrau, Guaruno, Waraw, Araote, Faraute)
- Witotoan (Huitotoan)
- Ocaina (dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo’tsa)
- Early Huitoto
- Nipode (Huitoto Muinane, Nïpode, Nüpode Huitoto)
- Minica-Murai
- Mɨnɨca (Huitoto Meneca)
- Murui (Huitoto Murui, Murai, Búe)
- Xukurú † (Xucuru, Ichikile, Shukurú)
- Yagan (Yahgan, Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana, Tequenica, Yapoo)
- Yaguan (Peban, Peba-Yaguan family)
- Yagua (Yihamwo, Nijyamïï, Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua, Mishara)
- Peba † (Nijamvo)
- Yameo † (Llameo, Camuchivo, Masamae, Mazan, Parara)
- Yanomaman (Yanomamian)
- Ninam (Yanam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari)
- Sanumá (San–imá, Sanma, Tsanuma, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari) (dialects: Ninam (Shirishana, Mukajai), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua), Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris; Yanoma, Cobari [Kobali, Cobariwa])
- Yanomam (Waiká [Waicá], Yanomami, Yanomamé, Surara, Xurima, Parahuri, Yanoam)
- (dialects: Yanamam [Patimitheri, Waika], Yanomam [Naomam, Guadema, Wadema, Warema], Yanomay [Toototobi], Nanomam [Karime], Jauari [Joari, Yoari, Aica])
- Yanomamö (Yanomamï, Yamomame, Guaicá, Guaharibo, Guajaribo, Yanomami, Shamatri, Shaathari, Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa)
- (dialects: Eastern Yanomami [Parima], Western Yanomami [Padamo-Orinoco])
- Yaruro (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín)
- Yaté (Fulnio, Furniô, Fórnio, Carnijó, Iaté, Yathé)
- Yuracaré (Yuracare, Yurucar, Yuracar, Yurujure, Cuchi, Enete)
- Yurumanguí † (Yurimanguí)
- Zamucoan
- Ayoreo (Ayoré, Moro, Zamuco, Pyeta, Yovai)
- (dialect: Tsiricua, Tsiracua)
- Chamacoco (Ishiro, Jeywo)
- (dialects: Chamacoco Bravo [Tomaraho, Tomaraxa, Tumarahá], Ebitoso *[Ebidoso, Ishiro])
- Zaparoan
- Andoa † (Shimigae)
- Arabela
- Cahuarano †
- Iquito
- Záparo (Kayapi)
- Gae †
- Coronado †
- Oa †
See also[]
- Lenguas indígenas de América (Spanish Wikipedia appendix)
- Languages of South America
- Indigenous languages of South America
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
- Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
References[]
- ^ Crevels, Mily (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
Categories:
- Lists of languages
- Languages of South America
- Indigenous languages of South America