List of African dinosaurs

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This is a list of dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Africa. Africa has a rich fossil record, but it is patchy and incomplete. It is rich in Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. African dinosaurs from these time periods include Coelophysis, Dracovenator, Melanorosaurus, Massospondylus, Euskelosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lesothosaurus. In the Middle Jurassic, the sauropods Atlasaurus, Chebsaurus, Jobaria, and Spinophorosaurus, flourished, as well as the theropod Afrovenator. The Late Jurassic is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation. Veterupristisaurus, Ostafrikasaurus, Elaphrosaurus, Giraffatitan, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Kentrosaurus, and Dysalotosaurus are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru. This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal. For example, similar theropods, ornithopods and sauropods have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison. This has important biogeographical implications.

The Early Cretaceous in Africa is known primarily from the northern part of the continent, particularly Niger. Suchomimus, Elrhazosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Nigersaurus, Kryptops, Nqwebasaurus, and Paranthodon are some of the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa. The Early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean. This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation. The Late Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa. During the early part of the Late Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna. It includes Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Rugops, Bahariasaurus, Deltadromeus, Paralititan, Aegyptosaurus, and Ouranosaurus.

Criteria for inclusion[]

  • The creature must appear on the List of dinosaur genera.
  • Fossils of the creature must have been found in Africa.
  • This list is a complement to Category:Dinosaurs of Africa.

List of African dinosaurs[]

Valid genera[]

Name Year Formation Location Notes Images
Aardonyx 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa Primarily bipedal but also capable of quadrupedal locomotion Aardonyx NT.jpg
Abrictosaurus 1975 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Known from two skulls, one of which possesses tusks Abrictosaurus dinosaur.png
Adratiklit 2019 El Mers II Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian  Morocco The oldest known stegosaur; related to Late Jurassic European forms despite its early age[1] Adratiklit LM.png
Aegyptosaurus 1932 Bahariya Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt Its holotype specimen was lost during World War II Aegyptosaurus LM.png
Afromimus 2017 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Originally described as an ornithomimosaur[2] but later redescribed as a noasaurid[3] Afromimus LM.png
Afrovenator 1994 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Niger Originally thought to hail from the Early Cretaceous Afrovenator reconstruction.png
Ajnabia 2020 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco The only hadrosaur known from Africa; part of a clade of lambeosaurines otherwise endemic to Europe[4]
Algoasaurus 1904 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Today known from only a few bones; several more may have been made into bricks before they could be studied[5]
Angolatitan 2011 Itombe Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian)  Angola First non-avian dinosaur described from Angola Angolatitan LM.png
Antetonitrus 2003 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had grasping forelimbs and feet adapted for weight-bearing Antetonitrus reconstruction.jpg
Arcusaurus 2011 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian)  South Africa Possessed traits of both basal and derived sauropodomorphs Arcusaurus LM.png
Atlasaurus 1999 Guettioua Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco A sauropod with characteristically elongated legs Atlasaurus.jpg
Australodocus 2007 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania Potentially the oldest known euhelopodid[6] Australodocus LM.png
Bahariasaurus 1934 Bahariya Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt Large but known from very few remains Bahariasaurus ingens, like megaraptora.jpg
Berberosaurus 2007 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco A medium-sized, early ceratosaur Berberosaurus life restoration 2019.jpg
Blikanasaurus 1985 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A "hyper-robust" form that niche partitioned with other Late Triassic Elliot sauropodomorphs[7]
Carcharodontosaurus 1931 Bahariya Formation, Continental intercalaire, Echkar Formation, Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Algeria
 Egypt
 Morocco
 Niger 		One of the longest carnivorous dinosaurs, comparable to Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus. Two species are known Carcharodontosaurus.png
Chebsaurus 2005 (Middle Jurassic, Callovian)  Algeria Known from two juvenile specimens Chebsaurus.jpg
Chenanisaurus 2017 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco A large, late-surviving abelisaurid Chenanisaurus barbaricus.jpg
Cristatusaurus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Potentially a synonym of Suchomimus but could also be a valid genus[8]
Deltadromeus 1996 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Variously suggested to be a basal coelurosaur,[9] a carnosaur,[10] a megaraptoran,[11] and more recently a giant noasaurid[12] Deltadromeus31DB.jpg
Dicraeosaurus 1914 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania A short-necked sauropod that may have been a low browser Dicraeosaurus hansemanni22.jpg
Dracovenator 2005 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Only known from fragments of a skull, but those are enough to tell that it was related to Dilophosaurus Dracovenator.jpg
Dysalotosaurus 1919 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania Known from multiple remains that revealed much about its life history,[13] diet,[14] and even disease[15] Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki reconstruction.png
Elaphrosaurus 1920 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania A large basal ceratosaur,[3] potentially a noasaurid,[16] with a gracile build Elaphrosaurus.jpg
Elrhazosaurus 2009 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Niger Closely related to Valdosaurus Elrhazosaurus NT.png
Eocarcharia 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Niger Its frontal bone was swollen into a thick band, which gave it a menacing glare Eocarcharia, improved.png
Eocursor 2007 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa One of the most completely-known early ornithischians Eocursor BW.jpg
Eucnemesaurus 1920 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian to Norian)  South Africa Some fossils of this sauropodomorph were originally interpreted as those of a giant herrerasaurid
Euskelosaurus 1866 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Large and robustly built
Geranosaurus 1911 Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to Toarcian)  South Africa Poorly known but potentially a heterodontosaurid
Giraffatitan 1988 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Known from several specimens. Popularly associated with Brachiosaurus but several differences between the two exist[17] Giraffatitan DB.jpg
Gryponyx 1911 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Potentially a synonym of Massospondylus but could also be distantly related[18]
Heterodontosaurus 1962 Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  South Africa Possessed three types of teeth, including analogues to incisors and tusks, as well as a keratinous beak Heterodontosaurus restoration.jpg
Ignavusaurus 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  Lesotho Sometimes thought to be a juvenile specimen of Massospondylus[19] but could potentially be more closely related to Sarahsaurus[20] Ignavusaurus Restoration.jpg
Inosaurus 1960 Irhazer Group? (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Barremian)?  Niger Very poorly known
Janenschia 1991 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Occasionally thought to be a titanosaur[21] but some analyses recover it as a more basal eusauropod in a clade with Bellusaurus and Haestasaurus[6][22] with possible turiasaurian affinities
Jobaria 1999 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Niger Known from an almost complete skeleton Jobaria tiguidensis steveoc.jpg
Kangnasaurus 1915 Kalahari Deposits Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  South Africa Comparisons have been made with dryosaurids[23] but one study suggests a position within Elasmaria[24]
Karongasaurus 2005 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Malawi Described from only a mandible and teeth
Kentrosaurus 1915 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Possessed two rows of plates that gradually merged into spikes towards the tail, as well as a long spike on each shoulder Kentrosaurus NT.jpg
Kholumolumo 2020 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  Lesotho Before its formal description, it had been informally referred to as "Kholumolumosaurus" and "Thotobolosaurus"
Kryptops 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Postcranial remains referred to this abelisaurid may have instead come from a carcharodontosaurid[25] Kryptops life restoration.jpg
Ledumahadi 2018 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa One of the largest Triassic dinosaurs, estimated as weighing 12 tonnes (26,000 lb)[26] Ledumahadi NT.jpg
Lesothosaurus 1978 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  Lesotho
 South Africa 		Remains from multiple individuals have been discovered, suggesting a gregarious lifestyle Lesothosaurus diagnosticus.png
Lurdusaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Niger The proportions of its body and limbs suggest it was a semiaquatic herbivore similar to a hippopotamus[27] Lurdusaurus1 flipped.jpg
Lycorhinus 1924 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Originally misidentified as a cynodont Lycorhinus portrait.png
Malawisaurus 1993 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Aptian)  Malawi Skull and osteoderm material are known Malawisaurus-head.jpg
Mansourasaurus 2018 Quseir Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian)  Egypt Closely related to Eurasian forms;[28] its discovery shows Africa was not as isolated during the Late Cretaceous as previously thought Mansourasaurus NT.jpg
Massospondylus 1854 Bushveld Sandstone, Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation, Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Abundant remains have been discovered. Several specimens were once assigned to their own genera and species Massospondylus reconstruction.png
Melanorosaurus 1924 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A robust, quadrupedal herbivore. Some specimens assigned to this genus may not represent the same taxon[7] Melanorosaurus readi steveoc.jpg
Meroktenos 2016 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho Its femur was unusually robust
Mnyamawamtuka 2019 Galula Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Tanzania The specific name moyowamkia is Swahili for "heart tail", which references the heart-shaped cross-section of its caudal vertebrae
Ngwevu 2019 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Known from a skull originally assigned to Massospondylus, assigned to its own genus based on its unique proportions
Nigersaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger All of its teeth were at the front of its jaws, which were wider than the rest of its skull, an adaptation to low browsing Nigersaurus model aus.jpg
Nqwebasaurus 2000 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa The first coelurosaur named from mainland Africa Nqwebasaurus.jpg
Orosaurus 1867 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian to Norian)  South Africa Probably a synonym of Euskelosaurus
Ostafrikasaurus 2012 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania Described from a single tooth as an early spinosaurid[29] but it could also be a ceratosaurid[30] Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus by PaleoGeek.png
Ouranosaurus 1976 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Long neural spines projected from its vertebrae, which may have supported a sail or a hump Ouranosaurus nigeriensis restoration.png
Paralititan 2001 Bahariya Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt Would have lived in a mangrove swamp Paralititan stromeri.jpg
Paranthodon 1929 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Though only known from fragmentary specimens, they are enough to tell that it was a stegosaur Paranthodon.jpg
Pegomastax 2012 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Had a robust jaw with a short beak Pegomastax africana reconstruction.jpg
Plateosauravus 1932 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa Known from multiple specimens, including those of juveniles
Pulanesaura 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa A quadrupedal, short-necked low browser
Rebbachisaurus 1950 Aoufous Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Carried a row of elongated neural spines, which would have supported a ridge or low sail on its back Rebbachisaurus BW.jpg
Rugops 2004 Echkar Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Niger Preserves two rows of seven holes on the top of its skull, which may have anchored a display structure[31] Rugops primus scale diagram.jpg
Rukwatitan 2014 Galula Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Tanzania One of the few titanosaurs known from mid-Cretaceous Africa, filling in a gap in their evolutionary history
Sefapanosaurus 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had a distinctive cross-shaped astragalus
Shingopana 2017 Galula Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Tanzania Most closely related to South American titanosaurs
Spicomellus 2021 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco The oldest ankylosaur known and the first one from Africa. Uniquely, its osteoderms were fused directly to its ribs
Spinophorosaurus 2009 Irhazer Shale (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Niger Originally described as possessing a thagomizer like stegosaurs;[32] these turned out to be clavicles.[33] A high browser with tall shoulders and an elevated neck[34] Spinophorosaurus restoration.jpg
Spinosaurus 1915 Bahariya Formation, Chenini Formation, Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian)  Egypt
 Morocco
 Tunisia 		Possess a myriad of features that suggest a semiaquatic lifestyle, including webbed feet[35] and a paddle-like tail[36] Spinosaurus by Joschua Knüppe 2020.jpg
Spinostropheus 2004 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian)  Niger Possibly closely related to Elaphrosaurus[37] Spinostropheus NT.png
Suchomimus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Similar to Baryonyx but with a low sail on its back Suchomimus2.jpg
Tataouinea 2013 Aïn el Guettar Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Tunisia Its bones were extensively pneumatized, supporting the theory that sauropods had bird-like respiratory systems
Tazoudasaurus 2004 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco One of the few Early Jurassic sauropods known from reasonably complete remains
Tendaguria 2000 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania A large sauropod with possible turiasaur affinities[6] Tendaguria.png
Tornieria 1911 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania Has been assigned to different genera throughout its history
Veterupristisaurus 2011 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania A large, early relative of Acrocanthosaurus Veterupristisaurus milneri life restoration.jpg
Vulcanodon 1972 Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Pliensbachian)  Zimbabwe Theropod teeth were found associated with the holotype Vulcanodon NT.jpg
Wamweracaudia 2019 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania The first definitive mamenchisaurid known from outside Asia

Dubious, uncertain, and invalid genera[]

Timeline[]

This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above. Time is measured in mya along the x-axis.

MesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceousRugopsChenanisaurusDeltadromeusBahariasaurusAegyptosaurusSigilmassasaurusParalititanCarcharodontosaurusRebbachisaurusSpinosaurusNigersaurusOuranosaurusEocarchariaKryptopsSuchomimusCristatusaurusLurdusaurusJobariaNqwebasaurusValdosaurusParanthodonTendaguriaMalawisaurusGiraffatitanElaphrosaurusTornieriaAustralodocusCeratosaurusKentrosaurusDysalotosaurusJanenschiaDicraeosaurusSpinostropheusAfrovenatorChebsaurusAtlasaurusSpicomellusAdratiklitBerberosaurusGyposaurusDracovenatorMegapnosaurusLesothosaurusLanasaurusLycorhinusHeterodontosaurusAbrictosaurusMassospondylusStormbergiaTazoudasaurusEocursorVulcanodonPlateosauravusMelanorosaurusEuskelosaurusEucnemesaurusBlikanasaurusAntetonitrusMesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceous

See also[]

  • List of African birds

References[]

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