List of Ash'aris and Maturidis

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The list of Ash'aris and Maturidis includes prominent adherents of the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of thought. The Ash'aris are a doctrinal school of thought named after Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, and the Maturidi school is named for Abu Mansur al-Maturidi. These two schools are essentially one. However, they differ in terms of about forty matters. These differences, however, consist only matters of detail.[1]

Both Imam al-Ash'ari and Imam al-Maturidi were Sunni Muslims who lived during the time of the first three centuries after the time of the Prophetic revelation. In Sunni Islam it is understood that the earliest scholars held the most weight with terms to encapsulating the religion as was intended by Prophet Muhammad. Both of them defended and upheld the transmitted beliefs of the Qur'an and Sunnah, as understood by mainstream Sunni Islam in each generation before them, from the extremes of excessive literalism.

Their teachings and methodology were accepted as the standard of mainstream Sunni Islam by clear general consensus of the scholarly community in their own times and in every generation since. The Malikis and Shafi'is, on the whole, became Ash'aris in theology, while majority of the Hanafis became Maturidis (who in many respects are similar to Ash'aris).[2]

Ash'aris[]

Main article: Ash'ari

Ash'aris are those who adhere to Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in his school of theology.

Ibn 'Abd al-Salam said: "Agreement has formed in subscribing to al-Ash'ari's doctrine among the Shafi'is, the Malikis, the Hanafis, and the nobility of the Hanbalis." His statement was endorsed in his time by the Maliki authority and by the Shaykh of the Hanafis Jamal al-Din al-Hasiri. The Maliki imam Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Mayurqi said: "The Ahl al-Sunna among the Malikis, the Shafi'is, and the majority of the Hanafis speak with the tongue of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and argue by his arguments." Taj al-Din al-Subki quoted it and went on to say: "We do not know any Malikis except they are Ash'aris."

There are some rare exceptions, such as Ibn 'Abd al-Barr and Abu 'Umar al-Talamnaki. As for Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (310-386), he belonged to the Ash'ari school which he took, among others, from Abu Bakr ibn 'Abd al-Mu'min the student of Ibn Mujahid the student of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari. Al-Qadi 'Iyad mentioned that in the year 368 Ibn Abi Zayd sent two of his students to deliver some of his books by hand to Ibn Mujahid who had requested them, with a full license to narrate them from him (ijaza). Ibn Abi Zayd notably defended the Ash'ari school in his epistle entitled "Al-Radd 'ala al-Qadariyya wa Munaqadat Risalet al-Baghdadi al-Mu'tazili," a refutation of the attacks of the Mu'tazili 'Ali ibn Isma'il al-Baghdadi. Al-Mayurqi further narrated that Ibn Abi Zayd said: "Al-Ash'ari is a man famous for refuting the people of Innovation, the Qadariyya and the Jahmiyya, and he held fast to the Sunan."

Ibn 'Asakir in his "Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari fima Nusiba ila al-Imam Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari" (Arabic: تبيين كذب المفتري فيما نسب إلى الإمام أبي الحسن الأشعري‎, lit. 'The Exposition of the Fabricator's Lies in What He Attributed to al-Ash'ari'), and Taj al-Din al-Subki in his "Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyya al-Kubra" (Arabic: طبقات الشافعية الكبرى‎, lit. 'Comprehensive Biographical dictionary of Shafi'ites') listed the most illustrious figures of the Ash'ari scholars, starting with the biographical layer of al-Ash'ari himself.[3]

Malikis[]

Shafi'is[]

Hanbalis[]

Zahiris[]

  • Ibn Tumart (d. 524 AH)
  • Ibn Mada' (d. 592 AH)
  • Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH)

Hanafi[]

Some of the Hanafis follow the Ash'ari school of thought, such as:

  • Al-Taftazani (d. 792 AH)
  • Shah Waliullah Dehlawi[12] (d. 1176 AH)

Ash'ari leaders[]

  • Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485 AH)
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin (d. 500 AH)
  • 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali (d. 558 AH)
  • Saladin (d. 589 AH)
  • Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub (d. 615 AH)
  • Al-Kamil (d. 635 AH)
  • Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH)
  • Qutuz (d. 658 AH)
  • Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH)
  • Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH)
  • Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH)
  • Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi (d. 1382 AH)
  • Al-Muwahhidun
  • Ayyubid dynasty

Maturidis[]

Main article: Maturidi

Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, who was a leading theologian and jurist of his time in Transoxiana (Ma Wara' al-Nahr) in Central Asia, was the founder of the Maturidiyya theological school. This was one of the two principal Sunni schools of kalam, or Islamic theology.[13] Unlike Ash'arism, Maturidite theology has generally remained associated exclusively with only one Sunni madhhab, that of Abu Hanifa.[14]

Hanafi

Shafi'is

Maturidi leaders[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Harun Yahya (2007). The Importance of the Ahl Al-sunnah. Global Publishing. p. 57.
  2. ^ Abdullah Saeed (2006). Islamic Thought: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9781134225651.
  3. ^ Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781930409033.
  4. ^ Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781930409033.
  5. ^ Aaron Spevack, The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri, p 55. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. ISBN 143845371X
  6. ^ Bulliet, Richard (1970). "A quantitative approach to medieval Muslim biographical dictionaries". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 13 (1): 195–211. doi:10.1163/156852070X00123. The great Ash'ari theological school was flourishing under Abu at-Tayyib as-Su'laki (d. 398), Ibn Furak (d. 406), al-Hakim an-Naisaburi (d. 405) and Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
  7. ^ Namira Nahouza (2018). Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781838609832.
  8. ^ Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki. "The Ash'ari School". As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 12 Jan 2021. Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449; Rahimahullah), the mentor of Hadith scholars and author of the book "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari", which not a single Islamic scholar can dispense with, was Ash'ari. The shaykh of the scholars of Sunni Islam, Imam al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277; Rahimahullah), author of "Sharh Sahih Muslim" and many other famous works, was Ash'ari. The master of Qur'anic exegetes, Imam al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1273; Rahimahullah), author of "al-Jami' li-Ahkam al-Qur'an", was Ash'ari. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567; Rahimahullah), who wrote "al-Zawajir 'an Iqtiraf al-Kaba'ir", was Ash'ari. The Shaykh of Sacred Law and Hadith, the conclusive definitive Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520; Rahimahullah), was Ash'ari. Imam Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013; Rahimahullah), Imam al-'Asqalani; Imam al-Nasafi (d. 710/1310; Rahimahullah); Imam al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570; Rahimahullah); Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, author of the Qur'anic commentary "al-Bahr al-Muhit"; Imam Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340; Rahimahullah); author of "al-Tashil fi 'Ulum al-Tanzil"; and others – all of these were Imams of the Ash'aris.
  9. ^ "Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars". almostaneer.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2021.
  10. ^ Louis Massignon (2019). The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj. Translated by Herbert Mason. Princeton University Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780691657219.
  11. ^ Boyle, J.A. (January 1, 1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods (Volume 5). Cambridge University Press. p. 299. Talbis Iblis, by the Ash'ari theologian Ibn al-Jauzi, contains strong attacks on the Sufis, though the author makes a distinction between an older purer Sufism and the "modern" one,
  12. ^ Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem (1994). Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. Ashish Publishing House - APH Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9788170246237.
  13. ^ Cenap Çakmak (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1013. ISBN 9781610692175.
  14. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid. Brill Publishers. pp. 847–848. ISBN 9789004092396.

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