List of fossil primates of South America

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List of fossil primates of South America is located in South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
class=notpageimage|
Locations of primate fossil finds in South America and the Caribbean
Brown pog.svg Divisaderan
Red pog.svg Deseadan
Orange pog.svg Hemingfordian & Colhuehuapian
Gold pog.svg Santacrucian-Friasian
Yellow pog.svg Laventan
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg Huayquerian
White pog.svg Pleistocene
Steel pog.svg Holocene

Various fossil primates have been found in South America and adjacent regions such as Panama and the Caribbean.[1] Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America.[2] Around the middle of the Cenozoic, approximately 34 million years ago,[3] two types of mammals appeared for the first time in South America: rodents and primates. Both of these groups had already been inhabiting other continents for millions of years and they simply arrived in South America rather than originated there. Analyses of evolutionary relationships have shown that their closest relatives were living in Africa at the time. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that they somehow crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was less wide than today, landed in South America, and founded new populations of rodents and primates.[4]

The first South American primates gave rise to an impressive evolutionary radiation: more than 120 species in five families. These primates are known as platyrrhine (flat-nosed) primates and are closely related to Old World apes and monkeys (catarrhine primates). Platyrrhines include some of the most popular and acrobatic monkeys such as spider monkeys (Ateles) and capuchins (Cebus), both of which have grasping (prehensile) tails that can be used as a fifth limb. Platyrrhines also include a wide variety of colorful tamarins and marmosets (family Callitrichidae). The platyrrhine primate fossil record is relatively sparse, quite unlike that of caviomorph rodents.[4]

The presently oldest New World monkey is from Amazonian Peru, described in 2015.[5] A 2017 study of the fossils estimated the body mass for the various fossil primate species.[6] However, the who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia.[7]

List of fossil primates of South America[]

Note: some authors, among others Fossilworks, consider Killikaike synonymous with Homunculus and with Branisella, while other researchers consider the genera as different.
The Panamanian and Caribbean fossil primates have been included for completeness.

Age
(SALMA/NALMA) 		Formation Country Family Subfamily Genus Species
bold is type 		Estimated
body mass 		Notes
Divisaderan  Peru incertae sedis incertae sedis P. ucayaliensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][8]
Deseadan Canaanimico C. amazonensis 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][9]
[10]
 Bolivia Branisella B. boliviana 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][11]
S. attricuspis 550 g (1.21 lb)
[6][11]
Hemingfordian Lagunitas Fm.  Cuba Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. marianae 4,708 g (10.38 lb)
[12]
[13][14]
 Panama Cebidae Cebinae Panamacebus P. transitus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][15]
[16]
Colhuehuapian  Argentina Dolichocebus D. gaimanensis 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][17]
Pitheciidae Aotinae Tremacebus T. harringtoni 1,800 g (4.0 lb)
[6][18]
Pitheciinae M. almendrae 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][19]
Abanico Fm.  Chile incertae sedis incertae sedis Chilecebus C. carrascoensis 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][20]
Santacrucian  Argentina Cebidae Cebinae Killikaike K. blakei 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][21]
Pitheciidae Homunculus H. patagonicus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][21]
C. carmenensis 3,500 g (7.7 lb)
[6][22]
C. intermedius
[23]
Pitheciinae S. adrianae
[24]
S. ameghinorum 1,483 g (3.269 lb)
[6][25]
Friasian Collón Cura Fm. P. neuquenensis 1,600 g (3.5 lb)
[6]
Laventan Honda Gp.  Colombia Atelidae Alouattinae Stirtonia S. tatacoensis 5,513 g (12.154 lb)
[6][26]
S. victoriae 10,000 g (22 lb)
[6][27]
Cebidae Cebinae Saimiri S. annectens 605 g (1.334 lb)
[6][28]
S. fieldsi 768 g (1.693 lb)
[6][29]
Patasola P. magdalenae 480 g (1.06 lb)
[6][30]
Callitrichinae Lagonimico L. conclucatus 595 g (1.312 lb)
[6][31]
Micodon M. kyotensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][32]
Pitheciidae Aotinae Aotus A. dindensis 1,054 g (2.324 lb)
[6][33]
Miocallicebus M. villaviejai 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6][34]
Pitheciinae Cebupithecia C. sarmientoi 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][35]
Nuciruptor N. rubricae 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][36]
incertae sedis incertae sedis Mohanamico M. hershkovitzi 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][37]
Huayquerian Solimões Fm.  Brazil Atelidae Alouattinae Solimoea S. acrensis 8,000 g (18 lb)
[6][38]
 Brazil
 Bolivia		 Cebidae Cebinae Acrecebus A. fraileyi 12,000 g (26 lb)
[6][39]
Pleistocene  Cuba Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. varonai 8,444 g (18.616 lb)
[6][40]
 Brazil Atelidae Alouattinae Cartelles C. coimbrafilhoi 23,500 g (51.8 lb)
[6]
Caipora C. bambuiorum 24,000 g (53 lb)
[6][41]
[42]
Protopithecus P. bonaeriensis 22,600 g (49.8 lb)
[43]
P. brasiliensis
[41][44]
[45]
Alouatta
[46][47]
Holocene  Dominican Republic Pitheciidae Callicebinae Antillothrix A. bernensis 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6]
Long Mile Cave  Jamaica Xenothrix X. mcgregori 5,720 g (12.61 lb)
[6][48]
Trouing Jérémie  Haiti Aotidae (tribe) Insulacebus I. toussentiana 4,805 g (10.593 lb)
[6][49]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Tejedor et al., 2013, p.22
  2. ^ Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.2
  3. ^ Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015, p.519
  4. ^ a b South American Fossil Mammals
  5. ^ Bond et al., 2015, p.538
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14
  7. ^ Seiffert et al., 2020, pp.194–197
  8. ^ Perupithecus at Fossilworks.org
  9. ^ Marivaux et al., 2016
  10. ^ Canaanimico at Fossilworks.org
  11. ^ a b Branisella boliviana at Fossilworks.org
  12. ^ Püschel et al., 2017
  13. ^ MacPhee et al., 2003, p.6
  14. ^ Paralouatta marianae at Fossilworks.org
  15. ^ Bloch et al., 2016a, p.243
  16. ^ Panamacebus at Fossilworks.org
  17. ^ Dolichocebus at Fossilworks.org
  18. ^ Tremacebus at Fossilworks.org
  19. ^ Mazzonicebus at Fossilworks.org
  20. ^ Chilecebus at Fossilworks.org
  21. ^ a b Homunculus at Fossilworks.org
  22. ^ Carlocebus carmenensis at Fossilworks.org
  23. ^ Carlocebus intermedius at Fossilworks.org
  24. ^ Soriacebus adrianae at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Soriacebus ameghinorum at Fossilworks.org
  26. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  27. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  28. ^ Saimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  29. ^ Saimiri fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  30. ^ Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
  31. ^ Lagonimico conclucatus at Fossilworks.org
  32. ^ Micodon kiotensis at Fossilworks.org
  33. ^ Aotus dindensis at Fossilworks.org
  34. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  35. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  36. ^ Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database
  37. ^ Luchterhand et al., 1986, p.1753
  38. ^ Solimoea at Fossilworks.org
  39. ^ Acrecebus at Fossilworks.org
  40. ^ Horovitz & MacPhee, 1999, p.37
  41. ^ a b Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
  42. ^ Caipora bambuiorum at Fossilworks.org
  43. ^ Protopithecus bonaeriensis at Fossilworks.org
  44. ^ Halenar & Rosenberger, 2013
  45. ^ Protopithecus brasiliensis at Fossilworks.org
  46. ^ Tejedor et al., 2008
  47. ^ Alouatta mauroi at Fossilworks.org
  48. ^ Xenothrix at Fossilworks.org
  49. ^ Insulacebus at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography[]

General[]

Specific[]

Further reading[]

  • , Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
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