Honda Group, Colombia

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This article is about the Laventan-age geologic group of Colombia. For the also Laventan-age geologic group of Bolivia, see . For the Japanese company, see Honda Group.
Not to be confused with Hondita Formation.
Honda Group
Stratigraphic range: Late Oligocene-Late Miocene
typically Middle Miocene
(Laventan)
~13.8–11.8 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Villa vieja2.jpg
Statue of a prehistoric ground sloth from the Honda Group in Villavieja, Huila
TypeGeological group
Sub-unitsVillavieja Fm.
 Cerro Colorado Mb.
 Baraya Mb.
La Victoria Fm.
 Cerbatana Mb.
Underlies
 
Overlies
 Barzalosa Fm., , Santa Teresa Fm.
Thicknessup to 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerate, sandstone
OtherClaystone, siltstone, volcanoclastic sediments
Location
Coordinates5°11′31″N 74°43′21″W / 5.19194°N 74.72250°W / 5.19194; -74.72250Coordinates: 5°11′31″N 74°43′21″W / 5.19194°N 74.72250°W / 5.19194; -74.72250
RegionHuila, Tolima, Cundinamarca
Middle Magdalena Valley,
Central & Eastern Ranges
Andes
Country Colombia
Extent~250 km (160 mi)
Type section
Named forHonda
Named byHettner
LocationHonda (original)
Tatacoa Desert (redefined)
Year defined1892
Coordinates3°14′04″N 75°12′15″W / 3.23444°N 75.20417°W / 3.23444; -75.20417
Approximate paleocoordinates3°06′N 72°24′W / 3.1°N 72.4°W / 3.1; -72.4
RegionTolima (original)
Huila (redefined)
Country Colombia
Thickness at type section3,255 m (10,679 ft)
Blakey 020Ma - COL.jpg
Paleogeography of Northern South America
20 Ma, by Ron Blakey
Honda Group, Colombia is located in Tolima Department
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Topographical map of Tolima Department
Blue pog.svg original type locality of the Honda Group
Orange pog.svg redefined type section in Huila

The Honda Group (Spanish: Grupo Honda, Tsh, Ngh) is a geological group of the and Middle Magdalena Basins and the adjacent Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, in older literature also defined as formation, is in its present-day type section in the Tatacoa Desert in the department of Huila subdivided into two main formations; La Victoria and Villavieja.

The group was originally defined in and named after Honda, Tolima, but has been redefined based on the many fossil finds in the Tatacoa Desert, 250 kilometres (160 mi) to the south. In the original type section of its occurrence, the 3,255 metres (10,679 ft) thick group is subdivided into three formations, from old to young; Cambrás, San Antonio and Los Limones.

The group dates to the Neogene period; in its broadest definition from the Late Oligocene to Late Miocene, and in the redefined type section restricted to the Laventan age of the South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMA), equivalent to the Middle Miocene Serravallian epoch.

The Honda Group is a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte at the fossiliferous La Venta site in the department of Huila and eastern Tolima and hosts one of the richest formations containing Miocene fauna worldwide.

Etymology and definitions[]

View of Honda, Tolima, namesake of the Honda Group

The group was first defined by Hettner in 1892 in the area of the town after which it is named; Honda, Tolima.[1] In 1942 and 1946, the group was defined as a formation by Royo and Gómez. The first author who used the name Honda for a group, was American zoologist who studied the La Venta fauna in detail, Ruben Arthur Stirton. Subdivisions of the group have been proposed by many different authors with high detail in the different beds.[2] Names as "Monkey Beds", "Fish Beds" and "Unit above Fish Beds" have been colloquially used to designate certain stratigraphic units based on their fossil content.[3][4] The most accepted definition of the group, formations and members was proposed by Villarroel et al. in 1996 to simplify the stratigraphy in a regional sense solving the excessive subdivision into 19 units by Guerrero et al. (1994).[5]

Regional setting[]

Today, the sediments of the Honda Group are exposed in the Middle (Valle Medio del Magdalena, VMM) and (Valle Superior del Magdalena, VSM) in an intermontane valley between the Central Ranges in the west and the Eastern Ranges in the east. The valley in between the two major orogenic chains is filled by the Magdalena River, the longest river of Colombia. The Upper Magdalena Valley geologically is subdivided into the Neiva Sub-basin with the Girardot Sub-basin of the southernmost Middle Magdalena Valley to the north, divided by the Natagaima Arch.[6] The Neiva Sub-basin is bound by the in the west and to the east by the west-verging .[7] The Mulato-Getudo Fault possibly underlies the Honda Group south of the La Miel River.[8] The Tatacoa Desert, where the type section of the Honda Group has been redefined is an unusually dry region in Colombia, caused by a mountain induced rain-shadow effect. In Middle Miocene times, the geography was more comparable to the present eastern foothills of the Andes.[9]

The tectonic history of the three mountain chains of Colombia, from west to east, the Western, Central and Eastern Ranges has been studied in detail. The Western and Central Ranges were the first to be exhumed in the Paleogene, with minor uplifts in the Eastern Ranges at this age. The onset of the regional uplift of the Eastern Ranges is dated around the Middle Miocene, with an increased rate of exhumation between 12 and 3 Ma.[10] This caused a segmentation of the current Magdalena Basins and the Llanos Basin to the east, previously part of a larger foreland basin to the east of the Central Ranges.[11] The in the Llanos Basin provides the first indication of the tectonic uplift of the Eastern Ranges, isolating the Llanos Basin from the Magdalena Valley.[12]

Description[]

Stratigraphy[]

The Honda Group unconformably overlies in parts the volcanic deposits of the ,[4] Barzalosa Formation of the , and in other parts the ,[13] and Santa Teresa Formations.[14] The unit is overlain by the of the .[3][15] The presence of a hiatus between the Honda Group and the Barzalosa Formation has been suggested.[16] The group is characterised by two main formations; the lower La Victoria Formation and upper Villavieja Formation. Previously, the La Dorada Formation has been named as a subdivision of the Honda Group, while other authors define that unit as a member. Other names for members and formations are Cerbatana Member, also published as Cervetana Member, named after Quebrada La Cerbatana, Las Mesitas Formation, El Líbano Formation, Baraya Volcanic Member, named after Baraya, and Cerro Colorado Red Bed Member.[17] The Perico Member of the La Dorada Formation has been made equivalent to the La Victoria Formation, as well as the El Líbano Formation.[4]

La Victoria Formation[]

This formation was first defined by Guerrero in his Master's thesis (1991) and further refined in his doctoral thesis in 1993. The type locality of the La Victoria Formation has been set in the La Venta area and the formation is named after the town of La Victoria, at 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-northeast of the urban centre of Villavieja. The formation, restricted to the Neiva Sub-basin,[18] consists mainly of sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerates (75%) with intercalated claystones and siltstones (25%).[5]

The upper part of the La Victoria Formation, underlying the Villavieja Formation, is characterised by a 45 metres (148 ft) section of conglomerates, designated the Cerbatana Member or Cerbatana Conglomerates. The conglomerate shows trough-cross lamination and imbrication of clasts in a predominantly sequence, with minor clast-supported sections. The base of the conglomerate marks an erosional surface into the underlying silt and clay beds. The clasts of the conglomerate are mostly milky quartz, chert and volcanic in origin, with diameters averaging around 7 centimetres (2.8 in) with a maximum of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). Conglomeratic and medium to coarse-grained sandstone banks, with a similar grain composition as the conglomerates, up to 2 metres (79 in) thick are intercalated between the conglomeratic sections. The sandstones are cemented by calcium carbonate in hardgrounds that sometimes form rounded concretions. The claystones and siltstones that are less commonly found in the La Victoria Formations range in thickness from 1 to 11 metres (3.3 to 36.1 ft) and show reddish-brown, greenish-grey and greyish colourations.[19]

Villavieja Formation[]

Wind erosion of the Villavieja Formation in the Tatacoa Desert

The name Villavieja Formation was first proposed by Wellman in 1968 as a member of the Honda Formation. Two years later, the author elevated the rank to a formation, as part of the Honda Group. The formation takes its name from the municipality Villavieja, Huila, 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north-northeast of the departmental capital Neiva. The type locality is situated on the right bank of the Magdalena River in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.[20]

The contact between the Villavieja Formation and the underlying La Victoria Formation is concordant.[18] The basal part of the Villavieja Formation comprises siltstones and claystones that also form the bulk of the formation with 75 percent. The remaining quarter is composed of conglomeratic sandstones. The thickness of the siltstones and claystones can exceed 8 metres (26 ft) and have interspersed fine- to medium-grained 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thin sandstone beds. The fine sediments of the Villavieja Formation are coloured greenish, reddish-brown or bluish-grey and display weathering patterns in so-called "cauliflower erosion" structures. The light grey coarser beds, up to conglomeratic sandstone size, do not exceed 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in thickness and commonly show a lateral transition with the silt- and claystones. The Baraya Member of the Villavieja Formation shows thin yellowish and reddish brown sandstone and siltstone levels with volcaniclastic grains.[20]

Honda area[]

The Honda Group extends for approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) from the to the Middle Magdalena Basin and is exposed in various locations along the right and left banks of the Magdalena River. Outcrops along the road between Girardot and Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca show a lower sequence of thick beds of greenish-yellow feldspar- and mica-rich conglomeratic sandstones, intercalated with reddish claystones and an upper level of alternating medium-to-coarse grained quartz arenites with low-angle cross stratification. These sandstones are intercalated with thick layers of fissile claystones with common calcareous sandstone concretions.[21] Sediments of the Honda Group restrict the course of the Sumapaz River to a narrow valley, close to its confluence with the Magdalena River.[22]

The majority of the municipality Prado, Tolima rests upon sediments of the Honda Group.[23] In the Middle Magdalena Basin and the eastern flank of the Central and the western flank of the Eastern Ranges, the group is subdivided into the , and . The total thickness of these formations in the northern original type section of the Honda Group reaches 3,255 metres (10,679 ft),[1] while a total thickness of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) has been registered.[15]

Age[]

Thanks to the fossil abundance of the Honda Group at La Venta, the geological period of the sediments has received a separate name in the South American Mammal Ages (SALMA); Laventan, ranging from 13.8 to 11.8 Ma, as the only SALMA age defined north of the equator and in Colombia.[24] The age of the Villavieja Formation has been estimated to be between 17.0 and 12.1 Ma,[20] while the stratigraphically lower La Victoria Formation is dated at 13.82 to 12.38 Ma (Serravallian), based on fission track and volcanic analysis and paleomagnetic research.[18]

The Honda Group is laterally time equivalent with the lower part of the in the central and northern Middle Magdalena Basin,[25] the lower part of the of the Llanos Basin,[26] the upper range of the of the ,[27] and the and of the Llanos foothills.[28]

Depositional environment[]

The paleogeography of the meandering and braided river sediments of the Honda Group was characterised by a more African or Asian ecosystem than that of the Neotropics

The Honda Group has been deposited in a fluvial environment, with the lower part of the La Victoria Formation in a meandering setting, while the upper part was formed in a braided river system. The paleocurrent was from the west to the east and east-southeast.[19] The overlying predominantly finer grained Villavieja Formation was deposited in a meandering setting of a smaller size than those of the older La Victoria Formation. Paleocurrent analysis of the sediments in the Baraya and Cerro Colorado Members has revealed a similar flow direction as the La Victoria paleorivers, while the upper part of the Cerro Colorado Member shows an opposite trend to the west.[20] The volcanic clasts of the formations have as provenance the Central Range volcanism, of which the volcaniclastics in the Honda Group mark its onset.[29][30]

The depositional boundary for the Honda Group in the east is formed by the reverse Prado-Suárez and Cambrás-Salinas-Cambao Faults.[31]

Paleoclimate and vegetation[]

Analysis of the "Monkey Beds" of the Honda Group, provided estimates of annual precipitation levels between 1,500 and 2,000 millimetres (59 and 79 in). Today, these levels of rainfall are associated with the transition between savanna and forest environments in lowland South America. The vegetation of the La Venta fossil assemblage was diverse due to the different biomes of the depositional environment; meandering and braided river systems in a setting at lower altitudes than the present-day elevation of more than 400 metres (1,300 ft) above mean sea level. It has been suggested that the vegetational cover of the Honda Group sedimentary sequence was not a continuous canopy forest, yet a complex pattern of different flora ecosystems. The evergreen Amazonian foothill forests of today would therefore postdate the uplift of the Eastern Ranges of the Andes.[32] Based on vegetational and grazer diversity analysis of the La Venta fauna, it has been suggested the ecosystem resembled more that of Africa and Asia than of the modern Neotropics.[33] Research of the paleosols found in various levels within the Honda Group suggests the presence of arid areas in close proximity to pluvial parts.[34]

Petroleum geology[]

In the oil-producing Upper Magdalena Basin, the Honda Group is one of the reservoir formations, next to the more important Caballos and .[35][36] Shales of the Honda Group function as seal rock for certain oilfields in the Upper Magdalena Basin.[37] In the in the basin, the Honda Group forms the overburden rock for the producing Monserrate reservoirs.[38]

Fossil content[]

A fossil species in the genus Arapaima has been described among the many fishes from the Honda Group
Main article: La Venta (Colombia)

The Honda Group is the richest fossiliferous stratigraphic unit of Colombia, and one of the most important for the Miocene worldwide. At the La Venta site, numerous fossils of various orders have been recovered and are found still. The site marks a unique ecosystem showing a broad range of biodiversity. La Venta is also an important site as it represents the youngest uniquely South American faunal assemblage before the Great American Biotic Interchange; the result of the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, of which the initial phase has been dated at around 12 Ma.[39] This led to a drastic alteration of the South American former island continental fauna. The Sparassodonta formed the dominant carnivorous mammal group in South America during most of the Cenozoic.

In South America, the carnivorous adaptive zone in terrestrial ecosystems was shared with other mammals; terror birds (Phorusrhacoidea), large crocodiles (Sebecidae), large snakes ( and Boidae), and even occasionally frogs.[40] The diversity of fossil freshwater fishes and crocodilians at La Venta is the richest assemblage of South America.[33][41] Fossilised trunks of have been identified in the Honda Group.[42]

The genus names Hondadelphys and , and the species epithets of and refer to the Honda Group. The giant sloth , the primate Stirtonia tatacoensis (originally described as Kondous laventicus), and the marsupial Micoureus laventicus were named after La Venta, while the primates Miocallicebus villaviejai and Stirtonia victoriae received their species epithets from the formations comprising the Honda Group.

Mammals[]

Group Fossils Image Notes
Primates Aotus dindensis, Cebupithecia sarmientoi, Lagonimico conclucatus, Micodon kiotensis, Miocallicebus villaviejai, Mohanamico hershkovitzi, Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens), Neosaimiri fieldsi, Nuciruptor rubricae, Patasola magdalenae, Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus), Stirtonia victoriae
Cebupithecia skull.jpg
[43][44][45]
[46][47][48]
[49][50][51]
[52][53][54]
[55][56][57]
Astrapotheria Hilarcotherium castanedaii
Hilarcotherium skull.jpg
[58]
Granastrapotherium snorki
Granastrapotherium reconstruction.jpg
[59][60][61]
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi.jpg
[59]
Anteaters and sloths Hapalops sp.
Hapalops skeleton.jpg
[62]
, , , , Neotamandua borealis, , Megalonychidae sp., , Nothrotheriinae sp.
[63][62][64]
[65][66]
[67][68][69]
Armadillos , Boreostemma acostae, B. gigantea, , , , , Dasypodidae sp.
Boreostemma reconstruction - Colombia.jpg
[43][62][70]
[71][72][73]
[74][75]
Litopterna Theosodon sp.
Theosodon.jpg
[59]
, , , , , Proterotheriidae indet.
[59][76]
[77][78][79]
Notoungulata Huilatherium pluriplicatum
Huilatherium pluriplicatum.jpg
[80][59]
Miocochilius anomopodus
Miocochilius anomopodus - skeleton - Honda Group - Colombia.jpg
[81]
, Leontiniidae sp., Toxodontidae sp.
[59][82][83]
Sparassodonta Anachlysictis gracilis
Anachlysictis.svg
[43]
Dukecynus magnus
Dukecynus magnus fossil.svg
[43]
Lycopsis longirostrus
Lycopsis longirostris.JPG
[43][84]
Hondadelphys fieldsi
[43][85][86]
Microbiotheria marsupials ,
[43][87]
Opossums ,
Marsupial phylogeny (eng).png
[43][88][89]
Shrew opossums ,
[43][90][91]
Rodents , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Dolichotinae sp., ?Echimyidae sp.
[44][62][92]
[93][94][95]
[96][97][98]
[99][100]
Bats Diclidurus sp., Eumops sp., , , , , , , Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp.
[101][102]
[103][104]
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris), LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali), Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor),
[101][105]
Sea cows Potamosiren magdalenensis
[106]

Birds[]

Group Fossils Notes
Gruiformes Aramus paludigrus
[107]
Piciformes Galbula hylochoreutes
[107]
Opisthocomiformes Hoazinoides magdalenae
[107][108]

Reptiles and amphibians[]

Group Fossils Image Notes
Crocodiles Gryposuchus colombianus
Gryposuchus colombianus skull.jpg
[109]
Langstonia huilensis
Langstonia life reconstruction.jpg
[110]
Purussaurus neivensis
Purussaurus BW.jpg
[111]
Balanerodus logimus, Charactosuchus fieldsi, Eocaiman sp., Gavialis sp., Mourasuchus atopus, Sebecus sp., Alligatoridae indet.
[61][112][113]
[114][115]
[116]
Turtles Tortue à tête de crapaud.jpg
[117]
[118]
[119]
[120]
Snakes Colombophis portai, ?Eunectes stirtoni
[121][122]
Lizards Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana)
[123]
Frogs cane toad (Bufo marinus)
[124]

Fish and crustaceans[]

Group Fossils Notes
Fish Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, , cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae
[41][125]
[126][127]
Crabs
[41]

Panorama[]

Panorama of the Tatacoa Desert, reassigned type section of the Honda Group

Regional correlations[]

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events proximal Llanos distal Llanos Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Blakey 000Ma - COL.jpg
 Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Blakey Pleist - COL.jpg
 Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Soatá
Sabana
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [128][129][130][131]
2.6 Pliocene
Blakey 020Ma - COL.jpg
 Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Honda [130][132]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding hiatus Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [131][133]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [132][131]
17.3 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Blakey 035Ma - COL.jpg
 Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [129][132]
25 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [129][132][134]
32 Oligo-Eocene Usme onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [134]
35 Late Eocene
Blakey 050Ma - COL.jpg
 Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [131][135]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Blakey 065Ma - COL.jpg
 Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [131][135]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Bogotá
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [128][129][132][131][136]
65 Maastrichtian
Blakey 090Ma - COL.jpg
 KT extinction Guadalupe Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [128][131]
72 Campanian End of rifting [131][137]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [128][131][138]
93 Cenomanian
Blakey 105Ma - COL.jpg
 Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [132][138]
113 Aptian
Blakey 120Ma - COL.jpg
 Fómeque Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [129][131][139]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [128]
129 Hauterivian
Blakey 150Ma - COL.jpg
 Rift 1 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [128]
133 Valanginian
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [129][140]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Arcabuco
Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [132][141]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Blakey 170Ma - COL.jpg
 Passive margin 2 La Quinta

Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [142]
201 Late Triassic
Blakey 200Ma - COL.jpg
 [132]
235 Early Triassic
237 Ma orogenies reconstruction.jpg
 Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
280 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png
300 Late Carboniferous
Laurasia 330Ma.jpg
 Famatinian orogeny
()		 [143]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
380 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png
 Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [140][144][145][146][147]
390 Early Devonian
Gondwana 420 Ma.png
 High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Middle Ordovician South Polar paleogeography - 460 Ma.png
 Rich fauna in Bolivia
(450-490)
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils
(>470±22)
()
()

()

Venado
(470-475)
 [148][149][150]
488 Late Cambrian
ক্যাম্ব্রিয়ান৫০.png
 Regional intrusions
(490-515)
()
()
(490-590)
()		 [151][152]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [150][153]
542 Ediacaran
Positions of ancient continents, 550 million years ago.jpg
 Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [154][155]
600 Neoproterozoic
Rodinia reconstruction.jpg
 Cariri Velhos orogeny
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [151]
800
Pannotia - 2.png
 Snowball Earth [156]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Paleoglobe NO 1260 mya.gif
 Sunsás orogeny
(1000)
(1030-1100)		 [157][158][159][160]
1300 pre-Ariarí
(1300-1400)
(1180-1550)		 [161]
1400
Paleoglobe NO 1590 mya-vector-colors.svg
 pre-Bucaramanga [162]
1600 Paleoproterozoic
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [163]
1800
2050ma.png
(1800)		 [161][163]
1950 pre-Mitú [161]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Kenorland.jpg
 [161]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


Laventan correlations[]

Laventan correlations in South America
Formation Honda Cura-Mallín Pisco Pebas Urumaco Map
Basin San Rafael Caldera Pisco Amazon Venezuela Paraná
Honda Group, Colombia is located in South America
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia (South America)
Country  Colombia  Bolivia  Argentina  Chile  Peru  Venezuela  Argentina
Boreostemma Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Hapalops Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Miocochilius Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Theosodon Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Xenastrapotherium Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Mylodontidae Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Sparassodonta Yellow pog.svg Yellow pog.svg
Primates Brown pog.svg
Rodents Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg Steel pog.svg
Birds White pog.svg White pog.svg White pog.svg
Terror birds Red pog.svg
Reptiles SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg SpringGreen pog.svg
megalodon Cyan pog.svg Cyan pog.svg Cyan pog.svg
Flora Green pog.svg
Insects Blue pog.svg
Environments Fluvial Fluvio-deltaic Fluvio-lacustrine Fluvio-deltaic Fluvial
Pink ff0080 pog.svg Laventan volcanoclastics

Yellow pog.svg Laventan fauna

Dark Green 004040 pog.svg Laventan flora
Volcanic Yes

See also[]

  • Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
  • Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Iberia

Sources[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019),[164] García González et al. (2009),[165] and geological report of Villavicencio[166]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[164] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009[167]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.34
  2. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.47
  3. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.48
  4. ^ a b c Villarroel et al., 1996, p.50
  5. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.51
  6. ^ López Quintero, 2007, p.1
  7. ^ Jiménez et al., 2012, p.186
  8. ^ Plancha 188, 2009
  9. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.163
  10. ^ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.1
  11. ^ Parra, 2008, p.41
  12. ^ Villegas et al., 1994, p.1849
  13. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.24
  14. ^ Álvarez et al., 2017, p.142
  15. ^ a b García et al., 2009. p.85
  16. ^ López Quintero, 2007, p.16
  17. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.49
  18. ^ a b c Villarroel, 1996, p.53
  19. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.52
  20. ^ a b c d Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  21. ^ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.33
  22. ^ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.45
  23. ^ N.N., s.a., p.182
  24. ^ Laventan at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.3
  26. ^ García et al., 2009. p.60
  27. ^ Torres et al., 2012, p.2
  28. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
  29. ^ Gónzalez, 2001, p.81
  30. ^ Kroonenberg et al., 1982, p.21
  31. ^ Triviño, 1993, p.29
  32. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.186
  33. ^ a b Kay & Madden, 1997, p.183
  34. ^ Flórez et al., 2013, p.243
  35. ^ Barrero et al., 2007, p.85
  36. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.25
  37. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.26
  38. ^ Ramón et al., 2001, p.63
  39. ^ De Porta, 2003, p.191
  40. ^ Súarez, 2015, p.03
  41. ^ a b c (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
  42. ^ The Villavieja Formation, Colombia - University of California, Berkeley
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i Croft, 2007, p.299
  44. ^ a b Croft, 2007, p.301
  45. ^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
  46. ^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
  47. ^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
  48. ^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
  49. ^ Setoguchi, 1985
  50. ^ Takai et al., 2001
  51. ^ Tejedor, 2013, p.22
  52. ^ Defler, 2004, p.32
  53. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  54. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  55. ^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  56. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  57. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  58. ^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
  59. ^ a b c d e f Croft, 2007, p.302
  60. ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
  61. ^ a b Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
  62. ^ a b c d Croft, 2007, p.300
  63. ^ Villarroel, 2000, p.118
  64. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.171
  65. ^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
  66. ^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
  67. ^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
  68. ^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
  69. ^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
  70. ^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
  71. ^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
  72. ^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
  73. ^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
  74. ^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
  75. ^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
  76. ^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
  77. ^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  78. ^ Duke Locality 33 at Fossilworks.org
  79. ^ Villarroelia totoyoi at Fossilworks.org
  80. ^ Villarroel, 1997
  81. ^ Stirton, 1953, p.265
  82. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
  83. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
  84. ^ Suárez et al., 2015
  85. ^ Marshall, 1976
  86. ^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  87. ^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
  88. ^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  89. ^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
  90. ^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
  91. ^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
  92. ^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
  93. ^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
  94. ^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  95. ^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
  96. ^ Prodolichotis guerreroi at Fossilworks.org
  97. ^ UCMP V4936 at Fossilworks.org
  98. ^ Eodolichotis elachys at Fossilworks.org
  99. ^ Eodolichotis maddeni at Fossilworks.org
  100. ^ Rhodanodolichotis vucetichae at Fossilworks.org
  101. ^ a b Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
  102. ^ Takai et al., 1991
  103. ^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
  104. ^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
  105. ^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
  106. ^ Croft, 2007, p.303
  107. ^ a b c Rasmussen, 1997
  108. ^ Miller, 1953
  109. ^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  110. ^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
  111. ^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
  112. ^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  113. ^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
  114. ^ UCMP Locality V4524 at Fossilworks.org
  115. ^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
  116. ^ Eocaiman at Fossilworks.org
  117. ^ Cadena et al., 2020
  118. ^ Cadena et al., 2008, p.1206
  119. ^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
  120. ^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
  121. ^ Hsiou et al., 2010
  122. ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - serpientes
  123. ^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
  124. ^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
  125. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
  126. ^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
  127. ^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
  128. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  129. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  130. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  131. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  132. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  133. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  134. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  135. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  136. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  137. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  138. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  139. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  140. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  141. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  142. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  143. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  144. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  145. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  146. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  147. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  148. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  149. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  150. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  151. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  152. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  153. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  154. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  155. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  156. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  157. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  158. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  159. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  160. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  161. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  162. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  163. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  164. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  165. ^ García González et al., 2009
  166. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  167. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

General[]

  • Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).
  • García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
  • Barrero, Dario; Andrés Pardo; Carlos A. Vargas, and Juan F. Martínez. 2007. Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal, 1–92. .
  • Cooper, M.A.; F.T. Addison; R. Álvarez; M. Coral; R.H. Graham; A.B. Hayward; S. Howe; J. Martínez, and J. Naar, R. Penas, A.J. Pulham, A. Taborda. 1995. Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin 79. 1421–1443.

Llanos Basin[]

Basement[]

'Paleozoic'[]
'Jurassic'[]

Maps[]

National
Regional

Llanos Basin[]

Catatumbo Basin[]

Eastern Cordillera[]

  • Acosta Garay, Jorge, and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2001. Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000, 1–84. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-04.
  • Reyes, Germán; Diana Montoya; Roberto Terraza; Jaime Fuquen; Marcela Mayorga; Tatiana Gaona, and Fernando Etayo. 2008. Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229, 1−126. INGEOMINAS.
  • Acosta Garay, Jorge, and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2001. Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1–80. INGEOMINAS.
  • Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germán Reyes; Giovanni Moreno; Jaime Fúquen; Eliana Torres Jaimes; Myriam López Cardona; Álvaro Nivia Guevara, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2013. Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000, 1–296. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2018-06-01.
  • Patiño, Alejandro; Jaime Fuquen; Julián Ramos; Andrea Pedraza; Leonardo Ceballos; Lyda Pinzón; Yadira Jerónimo; Leidy Álvarez, and Andrea Torres. 2011. Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000, 1–100. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-08-04.

Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM)[]

  • Fuquen M., Jaime Alberto, and José Fernando Osorno M. 2002. Geología de la Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1–88. INGEOMINAS.
  • Rodríguez, Gabriel et al. 2002. Geología de las Planchas 367 Gigante, 368 San Vicente del Caguán, 389 Timaná, 390 Puerto Rico, 391 Lusitania (parte noroccidental) y 414 El Doncello, 1–164. INGEOMINAS.

Caguán-Putumayo Basin[]

  • Núñez Tello, Alberto. 2003. Cartografía geológica de las zonas Andina Sur y Garzón-Quetame (Colombia) - Memoria explicativa de las planchas 411 La Cruz, 412 San Juan de Villalobos, 430 Mocoa, 431 Piamonte, 448 Monopamba, 449 Orito y 465 Churuyaco, 1–298. INGEOMINAS.


See also[]

Notes[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

Regional geology[]

Local geology[]

Paleontology[]

Maps[]

External links[]

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