Chipaque Formation

Chipaque Formation Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Turonian ~97–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Villeta Group
Underlies	Guadalupe Gp
Overlies	Une Formation
Thickness	up to 1,700 metres (5,580 ft)
Lithology
Primary
Other	Sandstone, limestone, siltstone
Location
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W / 4.45194; -74.05556Coordinates: 4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W / 4.45194; -74.05556
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Chipaque
Named by
Location	Chipaque
Year defined	1957
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W / 4.45194; -74.05556
Region	Cundinamarca, Boyacá
Country	Colombia
Thickness at type section	1,027 metres (3,370 ft)
Paleogeography of Northern South America 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Chipaque Formation (Spanish: Formación Chipaque, K₂cp, Kc) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation is also described as Gachetá Formation, named after Gachetá, in the area of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The predominantly formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Turonian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields and of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.

Etymology[]

The formation was named in 1931 as group and as formation in 1957 by after Chipaque, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Chipaque Formation with a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), is characterised by a sequence of pyritic , limestones and siltstones, with sandstone banks intercalated in the formation.^[2] The Chipaque Formation contains a high density of fauna.^[1] The formation is rich in TOC and one of the principal source rocks for oil and gas generation in the foothills of the Eastern Ranges,^[3] sourcing fields as , and many others.^[4] Chipaque also sourced the oilfields of the Llanos Orientales.^[5] In the Chitasugá-1 well, drilled between 1980 and 1981, from the sandstones of the Chipaque Formation half a million m³ of water were produced.^[6] The sandstone beds are reservoir rocks for oil in the Eastern Ranges.^[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Chipaque Formation overlies the Une Formation and is overlain by the Guadalupe Group. The core of the Zipaquirá Anticline consists of the Chipaque Formation.^[7] The age has been estimated to be Cenomanian-Turonian.^[1] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Simijaca Formation.^[8] The formation has been deposited in an to shallow marine platform setting.^[9] The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface and anoxic conditions.^[10]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Chipaque Formation to the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Chipaque Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges. The anticlinals of the Río Blanco-Machetá, San José and Sopó-Sesquilé are composed of the Chipaque Formation.^[1]

Regional correlations[]

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges

Age	Paleomap	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian							eroded		Guaduas
									Guadalupe
Campanian
					Oliní
Santonian			-
Coniacian			Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
				Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian				Hondita	La Frontera
Cenomanian			hiatus					Simijaca
					Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho		Une
Albian					Hiló						Une
								Capotes - -
Aptian					Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
		Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras
							La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian												Las Juntas
		Rosablanca							Ritoque
Valanginian					Ritoque		- Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
					Rosablanca
Berriasian												Guavio
					Arcabuco
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces

Ma	Age	Paleomap	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene		Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene		Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		[11][12][13][14]
2.6	Pliocene		Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian		Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				[13][15]
13.5	Langhian		Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	[14][16]
16.2	Burdigalian		Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	[15][14]
17.3										Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19										Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene		Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene		Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	[12][15]
25										Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene									Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	[12][15][17]
32	Oligo-Eocene				Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	[17]
35	Late Eocene									Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	[14][18]
40	Middle Eocene				Regadera				hiatus
45
50	Early Eocene									Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	[14][18]
55	Late Paleocene		PETM 2000 ppm CO2		Bogotá
60	Early Paleocene		SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	[11][12][15][14][19]
65	Maastrichtian		KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	[11][14]
72	Campanian		End of rifting										[14][20]
83	Santonian							Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian		Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	[11][14][21]
93	Cenomanian		Rift 2
100	Albian				Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	[15][21]
113	Aptian				Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	[12][14][22]
125	Barremian		High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	[11]
129	Hauterivian		Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	[11]
133	Valanginian				Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	[12][23]
140	Berriasian			Girón
145	Tithonian		Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	[15][24]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic		Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		[25]
201	Late Triassic												[15]
235	Early Triassic		Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian
300	Late Carboniferous		Famatinian orogeny						()				[26]
340	Early Carboniferous		Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()				Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian		Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)					()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		[23][27][28][29][30]
390	Early Devonian		High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)						Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian
425	Early Silurian			hiatus
440	Late Ordovician		Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician		First fossils		(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				[31][32][33]
488	Late Cambrian		Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				[34][35]
515	Early Cambrian		Cambrian explosion										[33][36]
542	Ediacaran		Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	[37][38]
600	Neoproterozoic		Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					[34]
800			Snowball Earth										[39]
1000	Mesoproterozoic		Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				[40][41][42][43]
1300						pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				[44]
1400				pre-Bucaramanga									[45]
1600	Paleoproterozoic						(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				[46]
1800							(1800)						[44][46]
1950							pre-Mitú						[44]
2200			Columbia
2530	Archean												[44]
3100			Kenorland
Sources

Legend

• group
• important formation
• fossiliferous formation
• minor formation
• (age in Ma)
• proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
• distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Gallery[]

• 

  Oyster fossils from a sandstone bank of the Chipaque Formation

• 

  Organic shale of the Chipaque Formation

• 

  Chipaque Formation
  Ocetá Páramo

• 

  Chipaque Formation
  Ocetá Páramo

• 

  Banded shale of the Chipaque Formation
  Ocetá Páramo

See also[]

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

• García, Helbert, and Giovanny Jiménez. 2016. Structural analysis of the Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia). , Universidad Nacional de Colombia 39. 21–32.
• Schütz, Christian. 2012. Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1–161. Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & .
• Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).
• Cortés, Martín; Diego García; Germán Bayona, and Yolima Blanco. 2009. Timing of oil generation in the Eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia based on kinematic models; implications in the Llanos Foothills and Foreland charge, 1–8. (ACGGP).
• García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
• Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
• Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1993. Informe sobre la Cuenca Petrolífera de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, 1–29.
• Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.

Reports[]

• Reyes, Germán; Diana Montoya; Roberto Terraza; Jaime Fuquen; Marcela Mayorga; Tatiana Gaona, and Fernando Etayo. 2008. Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229, 1−126. INGEOMINAS.
• Acosta Garay, Jorge, and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2001. Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1–80. INGEOMINAS.
• Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germán Reyes; Giovanni Moreno; Jaime Fúquen; Eliana Torres Jaimes; Myriam López Cardona; Álvaro Nivia Guevara, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2013. Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000, 1–296. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2018-06-01.
• Patiño, Alejandro; Jaime Fuquen; Julián Ramos; Andrea Pedraza; Leonardo Ceballos; Lyda Pinzón; Yadira Jerónimo; Leidy Álvarez, and Andrea Torres. 2011. Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000, 1–100. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-08-04.

Maps[]

• Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009. Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Ulloa, Carlos E; Ricardo Escovar, and Adolfo H. Pacheco. 2009. Plancha 230 - Monterrey - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999. Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Pulido, Orlando; Luz Stella Gómez, and Pedro Marín. 1998. Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Acosta, Jorge; Pablo Caro; Jaime Fuquen, and José Osorno. 2002. Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS.
• Velandia, Francisco, and Héctor Cepeda. 2005. Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000. INGEOMINAS.
• Various, Authors. 1997. Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-16.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chipaque Formation.

• Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.