Subachoque Formation

Subachoque Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early to Mid Pleistocene
~2.5–1 Ma

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Subachoque Formation; Stratigraphic range: Early to Mid Pleistocene; ~2.5–1 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Sabana Formation
Overlies	Tilatá Formation; Guadalupe Gp.; Guaduas Fm., Cacho Fm., Bogotá Fm., Regadera Fm.
Thickness	up to 150 metres (490 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, lignite
Other	Sandstone
Location
Coordinates	4°57′17.3″N 74°13′07.5″W / 4.954806°N 74.218750°WCoordinates: 4°57′17.3″N 74°13′07.5″W / 4.954806°N 74.218750°W
Region	Bogotá savanna, Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Subachoque
Named by	Helmens & Hammen
Location	Subachoque Synclinal
Year defined	1995
Coordinates	4°57′17.3″N 74°13′07.5″W / 4.954806°N 74.218750°W
Region	Cundinamarca
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of the Pleistocene; by Ron Blakey

The Subachoque Formation (Spanish: Formación Subachoque, Q_1su) is a geological formation of the Bogotá savanna, Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists mainly of sandy shales and lignite with sandstone beds. The Subachoque Formation dates to the Quaternary period; Early to Middle Pleistocene epoch (from approximately 2.5 to 1 Ma), and has a maximum thickness of 150 metres (490 ft). It is the lowermost formation of the lacustrine and fluvio-glacial sediments of .

Etymology[]

The formation was first defined and named by Helmens and Van der Hammen in 1995 after Subachoque, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Subachoque Formation consists mainly of sandy shales, some , with lignite and sandstone beds.^[1]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Subachoque Formation is the lowermost of the lagunal and alluvial sequence of the Bogotá savanna. In parts, it conformably overlies the Tilatá Formation and other parts unconformably the Cretaceous Guadalupe Group and the Paleogene Guaduas, Cacho, Bogotá, and Regadera Formations. The Subachoque Formation is overlain by other Quaternary deposits of . The age has been estimated to be Early to Middle Pleistocene based on fission track analysis, with reported ages between 2.5 and 1 Ma.^[2] The depositional environment has been interpreted as lacustrine and fluvio-glacial with alluvial fans.^[1]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Subachoque Formation on the northwestern Bogotá savanna

The Subachoque Formation is found at its type locality in the western flank of the synclinal of Subachoque and in the western flank of the synclinal of Guasca.^[1] The deposition of the Subachoque Formation postdates the main reverse movement of the Bogotá Fault.^[3]

Regional correlations[]

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[6]^[8]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[7]^[9]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[8]^[7]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[5]^[8]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[5]^[8]^[10]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[10]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[7]^[11]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[7]^[11]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[4]^[5]^[8]^[7]^[12]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[4]^[7]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[7]^[13]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[4]^[7]^[14]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[8]^[14]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[5]^[7]^[15]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[4]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[4]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[5]^[16]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[8]^[17]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[18]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[8]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[19]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[16]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[24]^[25]^[26]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[27]^[28]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[26]^[29]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[30]^[31]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[27]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[32]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[37]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[38]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[39]
1800						(1800)						^[37]^[39]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[37]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[37]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[40], García González et al. (2009),^[41] and geological report of Villavicencio^[42]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[40] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[43]

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.69
^ Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.71
^ Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.

Maps[]

Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Various, Authors. 1997. Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-16.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[43] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[40], García González et al. (2009),^[41] and geological report of Villavicencio^[42]

[45] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[40] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[43]

[Ingeominas_p69-1] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.69

[Ingeominas_p71-2] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.71

[MapaGeoBogota-3] Geological Map Bogotá, 1997

[UISANH2009_p27-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-6] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-9] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-10] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-11] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-12] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-13] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-14] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-15] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-16] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-17] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-18] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-19] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-20] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-21] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-22] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-23] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-24] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-25] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-26] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-27] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-28] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-29] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-30] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-31] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-32] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-33] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-34] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-35] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-36] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-37] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-38] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-39] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-40] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-41] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-42] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-44] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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