Floresta Formation

Floresta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Emsian-Early Givetian
~400–387 Ma

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Floresta Formation; Stratigraphic range: Late Emsian-Early Givetian; ~400–387 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Platyceras nodosum from the Floresta Formation
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Cuche Formation
Overlies
Thickness	up to 600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone
Other	Shale, coquina, sandstone
Location
Coordinates	5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W / 5.860333°N 72.949333°WCoordinates: 5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W / 5.860333°N 72.949333°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Floresta
Named by	Olsson & Carter
Location	Floresta
Year defined	1939
Coordinates	5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W / 5.860333°N 72.949333°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	51°42′S 48°06′W / 51.7°S 48.1°W
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia
Thickness at type section	600 m (2,000 ft)
	; Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian; 380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

The Floresta Formation (Spanish: Formación Floresta, Df) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sequence of siltstones, shales, coquinas and sandstone beds dates to the Devonian period; Late Emsian, Eifelian and Early Givetian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The unit is highly fossiliferous; brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, trilobites, corals and bivalves have been found in the Floresta Formation. Some fragments of Placoderm fish fossils were found in the Floresta Formation, while the overlying Cuche Formation is much richer in fish biodiversity.

Etymology[]

The formation was first described as Floresta Series by Olsson and Carter in 1939. The current definition was given by Botero in 1950. The formation is named after Floresta, Boyacá, where the formation outcrops.^[1]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Floresta Formation is characterized by a lower sequence of shales and ochre to beige siltstones with alternating coquinas, while the upper part consists of siltstones with sandy beds.^[2]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Floresta Formation overlies the and is overlain by the Cuche Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Emsian to Early Givetian.^[3] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the around Quetame.^[4] The Onondaga Formation of New York is considered time equivalent too.^[5] The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of fossils. The formation was deposited in a transgressional and regressional epicontinental marine environment at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.^[6] The uppermost part of the formation has been deposited in a deltaic setting,^[7] with the lower sequence formed in a coral reef environment.^[8]

Fossil content[]

Remains of ,^[9] ,^[10] Dipleura cf. dekayi, ,^[11] , Cordania gasepiou, Viaphacops cristata,^[12] Anchiopsis armata,^[13] , Coronura cf. lessepsensis,^[14] Greenops cf. grabaui,^[15] , ,^[16] Placoderm fishes,^[17] Platyceras nodosum,^[18] , , Atrypa harrisi, , Aviculopecten wellsi, , Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, , , , , , , , , , Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, , Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, , , , Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, , , , , , , , , Heliophyllum halli,^[18] , , , Leptaena boyaca, , , , Meristella wheeleri, , Odontopleura callicera, , Phacops cf. salteri, , , Pleurodictyum americanum, , , , , , , , , Spirifer kingi, , , , , , , , , , , Anthozoa sp., Camarotoechia sp., , Cyphaspis sp., , Dalmanites sp., , Gastropoda sp., , Homalonotus sp., , , Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., , , , and have been described from the Floresta Formation.^[19] , and Tarijactinoides sp. nov.,^[16] were newly described in 2015.^[3]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Floresta Formation in the north of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Floresta Formation is found at the Floresta Massif around its type locality in Floresta, Boyacá,^[20] stretching to the south until between Busbanzá and Nobsa and to the west close to Belén, Cerinza and Tutazá.^[21] The formation is also found in the upper course of the Chicamocha River in the eponymous canyon.

Many of the fossils are on display in the paleontological museum of Floresta.

Regional correlations[]

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[24]^[26]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[25]^[27]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[26]^[25]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[23]^[26]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[23]^[26]^[28]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[28]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[25]^[29]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[25]^[29]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[22]^[23]^[26]^[25]^[30]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[22]^[25]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[25]^[31]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[22]^[25]^[32]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[26]^[32]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[23]^[25]^[33]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[22]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[22]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[23]^[34]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[26]^[35]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[36]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[26]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[37]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[34]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[42]^[43]^[44]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[45]^[46]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[44]^[47]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[48]^[49]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[45]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[50]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[55]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[56]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[57]
1800						(1800)						^[55]^[57]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[55]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[55]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58], García González et al. (2009),^[59] and geological report of Villavicencio^[60]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[61]

References[]

^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332
^ ^a ^b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.168
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.169
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.170
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348
^ ^a ^b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
^ ^a ^b Giroud López, 2014, p.39
^ Floresta at Fossilworks.org
^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70
^ Plancha 172, 1998
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Giroud López, Marie Joëlle. 2014. El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, 1-174. Universidad de La Habana. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Janvier, Philippe, and Carlos . 1998. Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. 23. 3-18. Accessed 2017-03-31.
, Jairo, and Carlos . 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. 13. 55-80. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Morzadec, Pierre; Michal Mergl; Carlos ; Philippe Janvier, and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. 2015. Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331-358. Accessed 2017-04-04.

Maps[]

Royero, José María; J. Zambrano; Rommel Daconte; H. Mendoza, and Rodrigo Vargas. 1999. Plancha 111 - Toledo - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Angarita, Leonidas; Víctor Carrillo; Alfonso Castro; Rommel Daconte; Mario Niño; Orlando G. Pulido; J. Antonio Rodríguez; José María Royero, and Rosalba Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas. 2009. Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Vargas, Rodrigo; Alfonso Arias; Luis Jaramillo, and Noel Tellez. 1984. Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido González, Orlando. 2009. Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links[]

(in Spanish) Peces devónicos de Colombia, diversidad en los mares y ríos de hace 410-355 millones de años

[61] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58], García González et al. (2009),^[59] and geological report of Villavicencio^[60]

[63] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[61]

[Mojica_p64-1] Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64

[Morzadec_p332-2] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332

[Morzadec_p355-3] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355

[Morzadec_p331-4] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331

[Giroud_p168-5] Giroud López, 2014, p.168

[Janvier_p6-6] Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6

[Giroud_p169-7] Giroud López, 2014, p.169

[Giroud_p170-8] Giroud López, 2014, p.170

[Morzadec_p335-9] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335

[Morzadec_p336-10] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336

[Morzadec_p340-11] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340

[Morzadec_p342-12] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342

[Morzadec_p344-13] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344

[Morzadec_p346-14] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346

[Morzadec_p348-15] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348

[Morzadec_p352-16] Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352

[Janvier_p9-17] Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9

[Giroud_p39-18] Giroud López, 2014, p.39

[FWFloresta-19] Floresta at Fossilworks.org

[Mojica_p70-20] Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70

[Plancha_172-21] Plancha 172, 1998

[UISANH2009_p27-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-24] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-26] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-27] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-28] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-29] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-30] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-31] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-32] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-33] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-34] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-35] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-36] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-37] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-38] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-39] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-40] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-41] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-42] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-43] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-44] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-45] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-46] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-47] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-48] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-49] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-50] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-51] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-52] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-53] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-54] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-55] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-56] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-57] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-58] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-59] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-60] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-62] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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