Bogotá Formation

Bogotá Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene (Peligran-Casamayoran)
61.66–52.5 Ma

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Bogotá Formation; Stratigraphic range: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene (Peligran-Casamayoran); 61.66–52.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Regadera Formation
Overlies	Cacho Formation
Thickness	169–1,415 m (554–4,642 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone, shale, siltstone
Other	Sandstone
Location
Coordinates	4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W / 4.488444°N 74.135694°WCoordinates: 4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W / 4.488444°N 74.135694°W
Region	Bogotá savanna & Eastern Hills,; Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Bogotá
Named by	Hettner
Location	Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá
Year defined	1892
Coordinates	4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W / 4.488444°N 74.135694°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	2°06′N 62°24′W / 2.1°N 62.4°W
Region	Cundinamarca
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 50 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Bogotá Formation (Spanish: Formación Bogotá, E_1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogot�� savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale and siltstone formation, with sandstone beds intercalated, dates to the Paleogene period; Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from 169 metres (554 ft) near Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá. Fossils of the ungulate Etayoa bacatensis have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017.

Etymology[]

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1892,^[1] then by in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by after the Colombian capital Bogotá and its savanna.^[2]

Description[]

The Bogotá Formation was deposited during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, here indicated as LPTM

Lithologies[]

The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified mudstone and silty claystone. Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally friable and variegated, are local constituents. Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous coal, north of Bogotá.^[3]^[4] Fossil remains of Etaoya bacatensis, named after Colombian geologist Fernando Etayo and the indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna, Bacatá,^[5] have been found in Ciudad Bolívar, close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.^[6] Additionally, macroflora of , named after Dutch botanist Thomas van der Hammen,^[7] and pollen of , and have been found, used for dating the formation.^[1] Other pollen and flora, as , , , and have been found in the Bogotá Formation.^[8] The abundant paleosols of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.^[9]

Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleurodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,^[10] dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.^[11] The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.^[12] The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the (EECO).^[13] The faunal distribution has been correlated to the Carodnia-, -, and -bearing of the Golfo San Jorge Basin in Patagonia, Argentina.^[14]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of 169 metres (554 ft) close to Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá,^[15]^[16] overlies the Cacho Formation and is overlain by the Regadera Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Paleocene to Early Eocene.^[17] The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital zircons at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.^[3]^[18] The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.^[19] The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the , the , the ,^[17] ,^[20] and the fossil-rich Cerrejón Formation of La Guajira.^[11]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Bogotá Formation in the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Bogotá Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the synclinals of the Río Frío, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, , Subachoque,^[21] around Lake Suesca, in the Tenza Valley, and in the synclinals of Teusacá and Usme.^[2]^[22]^[23] In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of 436.5 metres (1,432 ft).^[24] The campus of the Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.^[25]

The Bogotá Formation forms the footwall of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault,^[21] and the footwall of the westward thrusting Bogotá Fault.^[22]

Regional correlations[]

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[28]^[30]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[29]^[31]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[30]^[29]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[27]^[30]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[27]^[30]^[32]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[32]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[29]^[33]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[29]^[33]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[26]^[27]^[30]^[29]^[34]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[26]^[29]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[29]^[35]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[26]^[29]^[36]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[30]^[36]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[27]^[29]^[37]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[26]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[26]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[27]^[38]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[30]^[39]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[40]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[30]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[41]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[38]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[46]^[47]^[48]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[49]^[50]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[48]^[51]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[52]^[53]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[49]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[54]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[59]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[60]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[61]
1800						(1800)						^[59]^[61]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[59]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[59]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Itaboraian correlations[]

Itaboraian correlations in South America
Formation	Itaboraí						Bogotá	Cerrejón	Ypresian (IUCS) • Wasatchian (NALMA) Bumbanian (ALMA) • Mangaorapan (NZ)
Basin		Golfo San Jorge		Salta	Altiplano Basin	&	Altiplano Cundiboyacense	Cesar-Ranchería	Bogotá Formation (South America)
Country	Brazil	Argentina			Peru		Colombia
Carodnia


Victorlemoinea
Polydolopimorphia
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Flora
Environments	Alluvial-lacustrine	Alluvial-fluvial		Fluvio-lacustrine	Lacustrine	Fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic		Itaboraian volcanoclastics Itaboraian fauna Itaboraian flora
Volcanic			Yes

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[62], García González et al. (2009),^[63] and geological report of Villavicencio^[64]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[62] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[65]

References[]

^ ^a ^b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59
^ ^a ^b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57
^ ^a ^b Bayona et al., 2010, p.5
^ McLaughlin, 1970, p.15
^ Villarroel, 1987, p.242
^ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
^ Stull et al., 2012
^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
^ Morón et al., 2013
^ Cadena, 2014, p.334
^ ^a ^b Bloch et al., 2008
^ Head et al., 2011
^ Head et al., 2012
^ Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60
^ Bayona et al., 2013, p.8
^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
^ ^a ^b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60
^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.104
^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
^ Figures Bayona et al.
^ ^a ^b Plancha 227, 1998
^ ^a ^b Plancha 246, 1998
^ Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
^ Bayona et al., 2010, p.10
^ García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1-108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Bayona, Germán; Omar Montenegro; Agustín Cardona; Carlos ; Felipe Lamus; Sara Morón; Luiz Quiroz; María C. Ruíz, and Victor Valencia & Mauricio Parra. 2010. Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera. Geología Colombiana 35. 5-35. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Bayona, Germán; Agustín Cardona; Carlos ; Andrés Mora; Camilo Montes; Victor Caballero; Hernando Mahecha; Felipe Lamus, and Omar Montenegro, Giovanny Jiménez, Andrés Mesa & Victor Valencia. 2013. Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 377. 1-31. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Bayona, Germán; Agustín Cardona; Carlos ; Andrés Mora; Camilo Montes; Victor Valencia; Carolina Ayala; Omar Montenegro, and Mauricio Ibañez Mejía. 2012. Early Paleogene magmatism in the northern Andes: Insights on the effects of Oceanic Plateau–continent convergence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 331-332. 97-111. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Edwin Cadena; Alexander Hastings; Aldo F. Rincón, and Carlos . 2008. Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
, Edwin A. 2014. The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333-339. Accessed 2017-03-29.
García Borrero, D., and A. Alfaro Castillo. 2001. La prevención sísmica empieza por casa, estudios de microzonificación sísmica en el campus de la Universidad Javeriana - Bogotá - Colombia, 1-13. Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Física, Guadalajara, Mexico. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón, and Jorge W. Moreno Bernal. 2012. Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón; Jason R. Bourque, and Carlos . 2011. An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Herrera, Fabiany; Steven R. Manchester; Mónica R. Carvalho; Carlos , and Scott L. Wings. 2014. Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. 54. 197-229. Accessed 2017-03-29.
McLaughlin, Donald H. 1970. Economic geology of the Zipaquirá quadrangle and adjoining area, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, 1-126. USGS. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
Morón, Sara; David L. Fox; Joshua M. Feinberg; Carlos ; Germán Bayona; Camilo Montes, and Jonathan Ivan Bloch. 2013. Climate change during the Early Paleogene in the Bogotá Basin (Colombia) inferred from paleosol carbon isotope stratigraphy, major oxides, and environmental magnetism (Abstract). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 388. 115-127. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Stull, Gregory W.; Fabiany Herrera; Steven R. Manchester; Carlos , and Bruce H. Tiffney. 2012. Fruits of an “Old World” tribe (Phytocreneae; Icacinaceae) from the Paleogene of North and South America. Systematic Botany 37. 784–794. Accessed 2019-02-04.
, Carlos. 1987. Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241-254. Accessed 2017-03-29.
Woodburne, Michael O.; Francisco J. Goin; Mariano Bond; Alfredo A. Carlini; Javier N. Gelfo; Guillermo M. López; A. Iglesias, and Ana N. Zimicz. 2014. Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1-73. Accessed 2017-03-29.

Maps[]

Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Fuquen M., Jaime A, and José F. Osorno M. 2009. Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Jorge Acosta. 1998. Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009. Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Jorge E. Acosta. 1998. Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999. Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Various, Authors. 1997. Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-16.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[65] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[62], García González et al. (2009),^[63] and geological report of Villavicencio^[64]

[67] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[62] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[65]

[Ingeominas2002_p59-1] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59

[Ingeominas_p57-2] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57

[Bayona_p5-3] Bayona et al., 2010, p.5

[McLaughlin_p15-4] McLaughlin, 1970, p.15

[Villarroel_p242-5] Villarroel, 1987, p.242

[FWEtayoa-6] Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org

[Stull2012-7] Stull et al., 2012

[Herrera_pp204_209-8] Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209

[Moron-9] Morón et al., 2013

[Cadena_p334-10] Cadena, 2014, p.334

[Bloch-11] Bloch et al., 2008

[Head-12] Head et al., 2011

[Head2-13] Head et al., 2012

[Woodburne_p60-14] Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60

[Bayona2013_p8-15] Bayona et al., 2013, p.8

[Guerrero_p5-16] Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5

[Ingeominas_p60-17] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60

[Bayona2012_p104-18] Bayona et al., 2012, p.104

[Bayona2012_p103-19] Bayona et al., 2012, p.103

[FiguresBayona-20] Figures Bayona et al.

[Plancha227-21] Plancha 227, 1998

[Plancha246-22] Plancha 246, 1998

[GeoMapBogota-23] Geological Map Bogotá, 1997

[Bayona_p10-24] Bayona et al., 2010, p.10

[Borrero_p5-25] García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5

[UISANH2009_p27-26] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-28] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-29] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-31] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-32] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-33] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-34] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-35] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-36] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-37] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-38] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-39] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-40] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-41] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-42] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-43] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-44] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-45] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-46] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-47] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-48] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-49] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-50] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-51] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-52] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-53] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-54] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-55] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-56] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-57] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-58] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-59] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-60] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-61] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-62] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-63] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-64] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-66] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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