Arcabuco Formation

Arcabuco Formation
Stratigraphic range: Tithonian-Berriasian
~145–142 Ma

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Arcabuco Formation; Stratigraphic range: Tithonian-Berriasian; ~145–142 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Arcabuco Formation at the
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Rosablanca Fm.,
Overlies	Girón Formation
Thickness	500–800 m (1,600–2,600 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Shale
Location
Coordinates	5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°WCoordinates: 5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Arcabuco
Named by	Scheibe
Location	Arcabuco (original); Villa de Leyva (redefined)
Year defined	1938, 1985
Coordinates	5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 150 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Arcabuco Formation (Spanish: Formación Arcabuco, Jar, JKa) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.

Etymology[]

The formation was first defined by Scheibe in 1938 and named after Arcabuco, Boyacá.^[1] The type section of the Arcabuco Formation was redefined in 1985 by Galvis and Rubiano around Villa de Leyva.^[2]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Arcabuco Formation is characterised by a sequence of light- to pink-coloured fine quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with red shales up to 50 metres (160 ft) in thickness intercalated.^[1]^[3] In the Arcabuco Formation, in the Iguaque Anticlinal, dinosaur tracks have been found.^[4] The overhanging rock shelter of in Sáchica, Boyacá, consists of the sandstones of the Arcabuco Formation.

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The 500 to 800 metres (1,600 to 2,600 ft) thick Arcabuco Formation unconformably overlies the Girón Formation and is overlain by the Rosablanca and .^[5] The age has been estimated to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Guavio and La Naveta Formations of the eastern and southern Altiplano respectively.^[1]^[6] The Arcabuco Formation has been deposited in a rift basin setting.^[7]

Outcrops[]

Redefined type locality of the Arcabuco Formation on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Arcabuco Formation is found apart from its original type locality near Arcabuco, in the anticlinal of Lake Iguaque between Villa de Leyva, Sáchica and Chíquiza, where the formation has been redefined in the Arcabuco Anticlinal.^[4]^[8]

Regional correlations[]

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Maastrichtian						eroded		Guaduas
Maastrichtian								Guadalupe
Campanian
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian		-
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian			Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian			Hondita	La Frontera			La Frontera
Cenomanian		hiatus					Simijaca
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho		Une
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho			Une
Albian							Capotes - -			Une
Aptian				Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian											Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca							Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque		- Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca				Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian											Guavio
Berriasian				Arcabuco							Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[11]^[13]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[12]^[14]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[13]^[12]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[10]^[13]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[10]^[13]^[15]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[15]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[12]^[16]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[12]^[16]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[9]^[10]^[13]^[12]^[17]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[9]^[12]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[12]^[18]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[9]^[12]^[19]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[13]^[19]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[10]^[12]^[20]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[9]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[9]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[10]^[21]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[13]^[22]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[23]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[13]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[24]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[21]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[29]^[30]^[31]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[32]^[33]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[31]^[34]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[35]^[36]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[32]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[37]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[42]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[43]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[44]
1800						(1800)						^[42]^[44]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[42]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[42]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[45], García González et al. (2009),^[46] and geological report of Villavicencio^[47]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[45] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[48]

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17
^ Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.15
^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.28
^ ^a ^b Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.29
^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
^ Villamil, 2012, p.163
^ Plancha 191, 1998
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Galvis Arenas, Beatriz Elena, and José Leonardo Valencia Escobar. 2009. Contribución en la determinación de los posibles paleoambientes de las rocas Cretáceas Tempranas sobre la vía Tunja-Villa de Leyva (entre Alto del Arrayán - Peaje Sáchica) y sectores aledaños, departamento de Boyacá, 1–127. Universidad de Caldas.
Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Jorge Gómez Tapias. 2012. Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-02.
Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120. INGEOMINAS.
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps[]

Beltrán, Alejandro; José Alfredo Lancheros; Carolina López; Claudia Chaquea; Alejandro Patiño; Angela Guerra; Julio C. Cabrera; Claudia I. Quintero, and Simón Emilio Molano. 2008. Plancha 134 - Puerto Parra - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Angarita, Leonidas; Víctor Carrillo; Alfonso Castro; Rommel Daconte; Mario Niño; Orlando G. Pulido; J. Antonio Rodríguez; José María Royero, and Rosalba Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas. 2009. Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Beltrán, Alejandro; José Alfredo Lancheros; Carolina López; Claudia Chaquea; Alejandro Patiño; Angela Guerra; Julio C. Cabrera; Claudia I. Quintero, and Simón Emilio Molano. 2008. Plancha 150 - Cimitarra - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido González, Orlando. 2009. Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 170 - Vélez - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[48] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[45], García González et al. (2009),^[46] and geological report of Villavicencio^[47]

[50] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[45] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[48]

[Galvis2009_p17-1] Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17

[Galvis2009_p15-2] Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.15

[Rodriguez_p28-3] Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.28

[Moreno2011-4] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011

[Rodriguez_p29-5] Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.29

[Villamil_p168-6] Villamil, 2012, p.168

[Villamil_p163-7] Villamil, 2012, p.163

[Plancha191-8] Plancha 191, 1998

[UISANH2009_p27-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-11] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-14] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-15] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-16] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-17] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-18] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-19] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-20] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-21] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-22] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-23] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-24] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-25] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-26] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-27] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-28] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-29] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-30] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-31] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-32] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-33] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-34] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-35] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-36] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-37] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-38] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-39] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-40] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-41] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-42] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-43] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-44] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-45] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-46] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-47] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-49] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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