Loma Gorda Formation
Loma Gorda Formation Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian ~ | |
---|---|
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | |
Underlies | Oliní Group |
Overlies | Hondita Formation |
Thickness | up to 167 m (548 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Siltstone, shale |
Other | Calcareous concretions |
Location | |
Coordinates | 4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°WCoordinates: 4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W |
Region | Cundinamarca, Huila & Tolima |
Country | ![]() |
Extent | , Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes |
Type section | |
Named for | Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") |
Named by | |
Location | Ricaurte, Cundinamarca |
Year defined | 1966 |
Coordinates | 4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W |
Region | Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima |
Country | ![]() |
![]() Paleogeography of Northern South America 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey |
The Loma Gorda Formation (Spanish: Formación Loma Gorda, Kl, Kslg) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the (VSM) and surrounding Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, extending from Cundinamarca in the north to Huila and easternmost Tolima in the south. The uppermost unit of the , a sequence of laminated siltstones and shales, dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian to Coniacian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 167 metres (548 ft).
Etymology[]
The formation was named in 1966 by , named Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[1]
Description[]
Lithologies[]
The Loma Gorda Formation is characterised by laminated siltstones and shales with calcareous concretions.[2] The formation has provided fossils of Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, , Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, , , , , Neoptychites cf. andinus, , , Peroniceras subtricarinatum, , , , Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., , , Forresteria sp., , Morrowites sp., , and Quitmaniceras sp..[3]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]
The Loma Gorda Formation is the uppermost unit of the .[1] It overlies the Hondita Formation and is overlain by the Oliní Group. The age has been estimated on the basis of ammonites to be ranging from Turonian to Coniacian.[2] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the upper parts of the Chipaque, and La Frontera Formations.[4] The formation was deposited in a relative highstand sequence with an oceanic oxygen depletion event, sharply marked in Colombia and characterised by the appearance of calcareous concretions with a thick pyrite rim.[5]
Outcrops[]
![Loma Gorda Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/250px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png)
![Loma Gorda Formation Loma Gorda Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
The type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation is located close to Loma Gorda in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[6] Other outcrops of the Loma Gorda Formation have been noted east of the Magdalena River northeast of Honda,[7] west of Nariño,[8] west across the Magdalena River in San Luis, Tolima,[9] between the and Saldaña Rivers west of Coyaima and east and west of Ataco,[10] to the east of the ,[11] north and west of Aipe,[12] surrounding Alpujarra, Tolima,[13] south of Palermo, Huila, displaced by the ,[14] east of Iquira,[15] north of Yaguará,[16] south of La Plata where the formation is cut by the ,[17] a small patch east of Gigante, Huila,[18] northwest and northeast of San Agustín,[19] and north of Timaná surrounding the Magdalena River.[20]
Regional correlations[]
Age | Paleomap | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco |
Tunja- Duitama |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maastrichtian | ![]() |
eroded | Guaduas | ||||||||||
Guadalupe | |||||||||||||
Campanian | |||||||||||||
Oliní | |||||||||||||
Santonian | - | ||||||||||||
Coniacian | Oliní | Conejo | Chipaque | ||||||||||
Loma Gorda | undefined | La Frontera | |||||||||||
Turonian | ![]() |
Hondita | La Frontera | ||||||||||
Cenomanian | hiatus | Simijaca | |||||||||||
Pacho Fm. | Hiló - Pacho | Une | |||||||||||
Albian | ![]() |
Hiló | Une | ||||||||||
Capotes - - | |||||||||||||
Aptian | Capotes | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Fómeque | |||||||||
Paja | Paja | El Peñón | Trincheras | ||||||||||
La Naveta | |||||||||||||
Barremian | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Las Juntas | ||||||||||||
Rosablanca | Ritoque | ||||||||||||
Valanginian | Ritoque | - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Macanal | ||||||||
Rosablanca | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | ![]() |
Guavio | |||||||||||
Arcabuco | |||||||||||||
Sources |
Ma | Age | Paleomap | Regional events | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | Holocene | ![]() |
Holocene volcanism Seismic activity |
alluvium | Overburden | ||||||||
1 | Pleistocene | ![]() |
Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations |
Soatá Sabana |
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) |
[21][22][23][24] | ||||||
2.6 | Pliocene | ![]() |
Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI |
Subachoque | |||||||||
5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland |
Marichuela | Honda | [23][25] | ||||||||
13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | hiatus | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) |
Seal | [24][26] | ||||||
16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 |
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) |
Reservoir | [25][24] | |||||||
17.3 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal | |||||||||||
19 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||||
21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal | ||||||||
23 | Late Oligocene | ![]() |
Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep |
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | [22][25] | |||||||
25 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal | |||||||||||
28 | Early Oligocene | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | [22][25][27] | |||||||||
32 | Oligo-Eocene | Usme | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source |
[27] | |||||||
35 | Late Eocene | ![]() |
Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) |
Reservoir | [24][28] | |||||||
40 | Middle Eocene | Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
45 | |||||||||||||
50 | Early Eocene | ![]() |
Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) |
Seal Source |
[24][28] | |||||||
55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm CO2 |
Bogotá | ||||||||||
60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) |
Reservoir | [21][22][25][24][29] | |||||
65 | Maastrichtian | ![]() |
KT extinction | Guadalupe | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) |
Reservoir | [21][24] | |||||
72 | Campanian | End of rifting | [24][30] | ||||||||||
83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) |
Source | [21][24][31] | ||||
93 | Cenomanian | ![]() |
Rift 2 | ||||||||||
100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) |
Reservoir | [25][31] | |||||
113 | Aptian | ![]() |
Fómeque | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) |
Source (Fóm) | [22][24][32] | ||||||
125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) |
Reservoir | [21] | ||||||
129 | Hauterivian | ![]() |
Rift 1 | Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) |
Reservoir (LJun) | [21] | ||||
133 | Valanginian | Macanal Rosablanca |
Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) |
Source (Mac) | [22][33] | |||||||
140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Arcabuco | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) |
"Jurassic" | [25][34] | ||||||
150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | ![]() |
Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Noreán |
hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) |
[35] | ||||
201 | Late Triassic | ![]() |
[25] | ||||||||||
235 | Early Triassic | ![]() |
Pangea | hiatus | "Paleozoic" | ||||||||
250 | Permian | ![]() |
|||||||||||
300 | Late Carboniferous | ![]() |
Famatinian orogeny | () |
[36] | ||||||||
340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap |
Cuche (355-385) |
() |
Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) |
|||||||
360 | Late Devonian | ![]() |
Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) |
() |
Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) |
[33][37][38][39][40] | |||||
390 | Early Devonian | ![]() |
High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) |
Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) |
|||||||
410 | Late Silurian | ||||||||||||
425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
440 | Late Ordovician | ![]() |
Rich fauna in Bolivia | (450-490) |
() |
||||||||
470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | (>470±22) |
() |
() |
() |
[41][42][43] | ||||||
488 | Late Cambrian | ![]() |
Regional intrusions | (490-515) |
() |
() |
(490-590) |
() |
[44][45] | ||||
515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | [43][46] | ||||||||||
542 | Ediacaran | ![]() |
Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | () |
Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) |
Basement | [47][48] | ||||
600 | Neoproterozoic | ![]() |
Cariri Velhos orogeny | (600-1400) |
pre-Guaviare | [44] | |||||||
800 | ![]() |
Snowball Earth | [49] | ||||||||||
1000 | Mesoproterozoic | ![]() |
Sunsás orogeny | (1000) |
(1030-1100) |
[50][51][52][53] | |||||||
1300 | pre-Ariarí | (1300-1400) |
(1180-1550) |
[54] | |||||||||
1400 | ![]() |
pre-Bucaramanga | [55] | ||||||||||
1600 | Paleoproterozoic | (1500-1700) |
pre-Garzón | [56] | |||||||||
1800 | ![]() |
(1800) |
[54][56] | ||||||||||
1950 | pre-Mitú | [54] | |||||||||||
2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
2530 | Archean | ![]() |
[54] | ||||||||||
3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
Sources |
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
See also[]
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Geology of the Middle Magdalena Valley
Notes[]
References[]
- ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23
- ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24
- ^ Patarroyo, 2011
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.173
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43
- ^ Plancha 207, 2010
- ^ Plancha 245, 1999
- ^ Plancha 264, 2002
- ^ Plancha 282, 1993
- ^ Plancha 283, 2009
- ^ Plancha 302, 1993
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002
- ^ Plancha 323, 1998
- ^ Plancha 344, 1999
- ^ Plancha 345, 1999
- ^ Plancha 366, 1998
- ^ Plancha 367, 2003
- ^ Plancha 388, 2002
- ^ Plancha 389, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
- ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
- ^ García González et al., 2009
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography[]
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2002. Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–108.
- Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia). Boletín de Geología 33. 69–92. Accessed 2019-03-13. . 2011.
- Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). . 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216.
Maps[]
- Plancha 188 - La Dorada - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2009.
- Plancha 207 - Honda - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2010.
- Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 1999.
- Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2000.
- Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1993.
- Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1995.
- Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 1993.
- INGEOMINAS. ; ; , and . 2002. Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1.
- Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1998.
- Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1999.
- Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 1999.
- Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 2003.
- Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 1998.
- Plancha 367 - Gigante - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 2003.
- Plancha 388 - Pitalito - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 2002.
- Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 2003.
External links[]
- Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Geologic formations of Colombia
- Cretaceous Colombia
- Upper Cretaceous Series of South America
- Turonian Stage
- Coniacian Stage
- Shale formations
- Siltstone formations
- Open marine deposits
- Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
- Paleontology in Colombia
- Geography of Cundinamarca Department
- Geography of Huila Department
- Geography of Tolima Department
- Magdalena River