Loma Gorda Formation

Loma Gorda Formation
Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian
~90–86.3 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N

↓
Loma Gorda Formation; Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian; ~90–86.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of
Underlies	Oliní Group
Overlies	Hondita Formation
Thickness	up to 167 m (548 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone, shale
Other	Calcareous concretions
Location
Coordinates	4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°WCoordinates: 4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W
Region	Cundinamarca, Huila & Tolima
Country	Colombia
Extent	, Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes
Type section
Named for	Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill")
Named by
Location	Ricaurte, Cundinamarca
Year defined	1966
Coordinates	4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W
Region	Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Loma Gorda Formation (Spanish: Formación Loma Gorda, Kl, Kslg) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the (VSM) and surrounding Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, extending from Cundinamarca in the north to Huila and easternmost Tolima in the south. The uppermost unit of the , a sequence of laminated siltstones and shales, dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian to Coniacian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 167 metres (548 ft).

Etymology[]

The formation was named in 1966 by , named Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Loma Gorda Formation is characterised by laminated siltstones and shales with calcareous concretions.^[2] The formation has provided fossils of Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, , Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, , , , , Neoptychites cf. andinus, , , Peroniceras subtricarinatum, , , , Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., , , Forresteria sp., , Morrowites sp., , and Quitmaniceras sp..^[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Loma Gorda Formation is the uppermost unit of the .^[1] It overlies the Hondita Formation and is overlain by the Oliní Group. The age has been estimated on the basis of ammonites to be ranging from Turonian to Coniacian.^[2] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the upper parts of the Chipaque, and La Frontera Formations.^[4] The formation was deposited in a relative highstand sequence with an oceanic oxygen depletion event, sharply marked in Colombia and characterised by the appearance of calcareous concretions with a thick pyrite rim.^[5]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation to the southwest of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation is located close to Loma Gorda in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.^[6] Other outcrops of the Loma Gorda Formation have been noted east of the Magdalena River northeast of Honda,^[7] west of Nariño,^[8] west across the Magdalena River in San Luis, Tolima,^[9] between the and Saldaña Rivers west of Coyaima and east and west of Ataco,^[10] to the east of the ,^[11] north and west of Aipe,^[12] surrounding Alpujarra, Tolima,^[13] south of Palermo, Huila, displaced by the ,^[14] east of Iquira,^[15] north of Yaguará,^[16] south of La Plata where the formation is cut by the ,^[17] a small patch east of Gigante, Huila,^[18] northwest and northeast of San Agustín,^[19] and north of Timaná surrounding the Magdalena River.^[20]

Regional correlations[]

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Maastrichtian						eroded		Guaduas
Maastrichtian								Guadalupe
Campanian
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian		-
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian			Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian			Hondita	La Frontera			La Frontera
Cenomanian		hiatus					Simijaca
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho		Une
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho			Une
Albian							Capotes - -			Une
Aptian				Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian											Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca							Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque		- Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca				Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian											Guavio
Berriasian				Arcabuco							Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[23]^[25]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[24]^[26]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[25]^[24]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[22]^[25]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[22]^[25]^[27]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[27]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[24]^[28]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[24]^[28]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[21]^[22]^[25]^[24]^[29]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[21]^[24]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[24]^[30]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[21]^[24]^[31]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[25]^[31]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[22]^[24]^[32]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[21]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[21]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[22]^[33]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[25]^[34]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[35]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[25]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[36]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[33]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[41]^[42]^[43]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[44]^[45]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[43]^[46]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[47]^[48]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[44]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[49]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[54]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[55]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[56]
1800						(1800)						^[54]^[56]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[54]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[54]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57], García González et al. (2009),^[58] and geological report of Villavicencio^[59]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[60]

References[]

^ ^a ^b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23
^ ^a ^b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24
^ Patarroyo, 2011
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
^ Villamil, 2012, p.173
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43
^ Plancha 207, 2010
^ Plancha 245, 1999
^ Plancha 264, 2002
^ Plancha 282, 1993
^ Plancha 283, 2009
^ Plancha 302, 1993
^ Plancha 303, 2002
^ Plancha 323, 1998
^ Plancha 344, 1999
^ Plancha 345, 1999
^ Plancha 366, 1998
^ Plancha 367, 2003
^ Plancha 388, 2002
^ Plancha 389, 2003
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 2002. Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS.
Patarroyo, Pedro. 2011. Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia). Boletín de Geología 33. 69–92. Accessed 2019-03-13.
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps[]

Barrero L., Darío, and Carlos J. Vesga O. 2009. Plancha 188 - La Dorada - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Barrero, Darío, and Carlos J. Vesga. 2010. Plancha 207 - Honda - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Oscar Torres, and Frank Solano. 1999. Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Calcedo, Juan Carlos, and Roberto Terraza. 2000. Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Carvajal, Cesar; Jaime Fuquen, and Luis Gómez. 1993. Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Cossio, Ubaldo; Gabriel Rodríguez, and Miguel Rodríguez. 1995. Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Fuquen, Jaime; Gabriel Rodríguez; Ubaldo Cossio, and Alberto Núñez. 1993. Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Pablo Caro; Jaime Fuquen, and José Osorno. 2002. Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS.
Ferreira, Paulina; Alberto Núñez, and Miguel Rodríguez. 1998. Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Marquínez, Germán; C. Morales, and Alberto Núñez. 1999. Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Velandia, F.; C.J. Morales; J.C. Caicedo, and Alberto Núñez. 1999. Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Marquínez, Germán; Yohana Rodríguez; Roberto Terraza, and Mario Martínez. 2003. Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Paulina Ferreira; Francisco Velandia, and Alberto Núñez. 1998. Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Gilberto Zapata, and M. Velázquez. 2003. Plancha 367 - Gigante - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Cárdenas, Jorge; Jaime Fuquen, and Alberto Núñez. 2002. Plancha 388 - Pitalito - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Gilberto Zapata, and M. Velázquez. 2003. Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[60] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57], García González et al. (2009),^[58] and geological report of Villavicencio^[59]

[62] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[60]

[Acosta2002_p23-1] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23

[Acosta2002_p24-2] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24

[Patarroyo2011-3] Patarroyo, 2011

[Acosta2002_p22-4] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22

[Villamil_p173-5] Villamil, 2012, p.173

[Acosta2001_p43-6] Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43

[Plancha207-7] Plancha 207, 2010

[Plancha245-8] Plancha 245, 1999

[Plancha264-9] Plancha 264, 2002

[Plancha282-10] Plancha 282, 1993

[Plancha283-11] Plancha 283, 2009

[Plancha302-12] Plancha 302, 1993

[Plancha303-13] Plancha 303, 2002

[Plancha323-14] Plancha 323, 1998

[Plancha344-15] Plancha 344, 1999

[Plancha345-16] Plancha 345, 1999

[Plancha366-17] Plancha 366, 1998

[Plancha367-18] Plancha 367, 2003

[Plancha388-19] Plancha 388, 2002

[Plancha389-20] Plancha 389, 2003

[UISANH2009_p27-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-23] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-24] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-26] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-27] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-28] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-29] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-30] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-31] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-32] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-33] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-34] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-35] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-36] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-37] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-38] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-39] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-40] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-41] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-42] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-43] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-44] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-45] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-46] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-47] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-48] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-49] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-50] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-51] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-52] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-53] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-54] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-55] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-56] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-57] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-58] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-59] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-61] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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[note 1]

[note 2]

[57]

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[59]

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