La Frontera Formation
La Frontera Formation Stratigraphic range: Turonian ~ | |
---|---|
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Villeta Group |
Underlies | Conejo Formation |
Overlies | Simijaca Fm., |
Thickness | up to 206 metres (680 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Lydite |
Other | Limestone |
Location | |
Coordinates | 4°54′40″N 74°27′50″W / 4.91111°N 74.46389°WCoordinates: 4°54′40″N 74°27′50″W / 4.91111°N 74.46389°W |
Region | Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Ranges, Andes |
Country | Colombia |
Type section | |
Named for | La Frontera quarry |
Named by | Cáceres & Etayo |
Location | Albán |
Year defined | 1969 |
Coordinates | 4°54′40″N 74°27′50″W / 4.91111°N 74.46389°W |
Region | Cundinamarca, Boyacá |
Country | Colombia |
Paleogeography of Northern South America 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey |
The La Frontera Formation (Spanish: Formación La Frontera, K2F, Ksf) is a geological formation, part of the Villeta Group, of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and neighbouring areas of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sequence of limestones and lydites dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian epoch and has a maximum thickness of 206 metres (676 ft).
Fossils of Yaguarasaurus columbianus were said to be found in this formation (listed as "La Frontera Member"), although the geological mapping of the area state the time-equivalent Hondita Formation as the stratigraphic unit present in the Quebradas El Ocal and Itaibe in Huila. The La Frontera Formation does not outcrop south of Cundinamarca. A high diversity of ammonites has been found in the La Frontera Formation.
Etymology[]
The formation was first described by in 1931 and elevated to formation in 1969 by Cáceres and Etayo.[1] The formation is named after the quarry La Frontera near Albán, Cundinamarca.[2]
Description[]
Lithologies[]
The La Frontera Formation is characterised by a lower part consisting of limestones and an upper part comprising lydites.[1]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]
The La Frontera Formation overlies the Simijaca Formation and is overlain by the Conejo Formation, all units belong to the Villeta Group. The age has been estimated to be Turonian.[1] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Chipaque, Hondita and .[3] The formation has been deposited in an platform to submarine fan setting.[4] The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface.[5] The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of ammonites;[6] Wrightoceras munieri, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, Vascoceras cf. venezolanum, Kamerunoceras sp., Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Hoplitoides cf. lagiraldae, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli,[7] Hoplitoides wohltmanni, Neoptychites crassus, Hoplitoides ingens, Mammites sp., ?Fagesia sp., and .[8] Also the bivalves Anomia colombiana and Inoceramus sp. have been found in the La Frontera Formation.[2]
Yaguarasaurus[]
Fossils of Yaguarasaurus columbianus were described as coming from the "La Frontera Member", part of the "Villeta Formation", in the Quebrada El Ocal, 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Neiva, Huila,[9][10] and in the Quebrada Itaibe 78 kilometres (48 mi) southwest of Neiva,[11] although in these areas the time-equivalent Hondita Formation is mapped.[12][13]
Outcrops[]
The La Frontera Formation is apart from its type locality, found at surface in the north of the Bogotá savanna, in the Tabio anticlinal, along the road Ubaté-Carmen de Carupa,[1] north and east of Chiquinquirá,[14] south of Cachipay,[15] to a thin band east of Viotá.[16]
Regional correlations[]
Age | Paleomap | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco |
Tunja- Duitama |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maastrichtian | eroded | Guaduas | |||||||||||
Guadalupe | |||||||||||||
Campanian | |||||||||||||
Oliní | |||||||||||||
Santonian | - | ||||||||||||
Coniacian | Oliní | Conejo | Chipaque | ||||||||||
Loma Gorda | undefined | La Frontera | |||||||||||
Turonian | Hondita | La Frontera | |||||||||||
Cenomanian | hiatus | Simijaca | |||||||||||
Pacho Fm. | Hiló - Pacho | Une | |||||||||||
Albian | Hiló | Une | |||||||||||
Capotes - - | |||||||||||||
Aptian | Capotes | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Fómeque | |||||||||
Paja | Paja | El Peñón | Trincheras | ||||||||||
La Naveta | |||||||||||||
Barremian | |||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Las Juntas | ||||||||||||
Rosablanca | Ritoque | ||||||||||||
Valanginian | Ritoque | - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Macanal | ||||||||
Rosablanca | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | Guavio | ||||||||||||
Arcabuco | |||||||||||||
Sources |
See also[]
- Geology of the Eastern Hills
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
References[]
- ^ a b c d Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.24
- ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.41
- ^ Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.26
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.218
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.164
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.181
- ^ Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
- ^ Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
- ^ 'Yaguarasaurus columbianus' in the Paleobiology Database
- ^ Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Páramo Fonseca, 2000, p.124
- ^ Plancha 344, 1999
- ^ Plancha 345, 1999
- ^ Plancha 190, 2009
- ^ Plancha 227, 1998
- ^ Plancha 246, 1998
Bibliography[]
- Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000, 1-84. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-04. , and . 2001.
- La Formación La Frontera, Sección Vereda Tóriba: Una propuesta para la designación del Lectoestratotipo. 29. 23-40. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; , and . 2004.
- Universidad Industrial de Santander. ; ; , and . 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1-219.
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104.
- Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Colombia. Historical Biology 14. 121-131. Accessed 2018-05-30. . 2000.
- Amonoideos y otros macrofósiles del lectoestratotipo de la Formación la Frontera, Turoniano inferior - medio (Cretácico Superior) en San Francisco, Cundinamarca (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 41-54. Accessed 2017-04-04. . 2016.
- Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). . 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216.
Maps La Frontera Fm. proper[]
- Plancha 170 - Vélez - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2009.
- Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2009.
- Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 1998.
- Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2009.
- Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1998.
- Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 1998.
Maps Yaguarasaurus locations[]
- Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1999.
- Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; , and . 1999.
External links[]
- Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Geologic formations of Colombia
- Cretaceous Colombia
- Upper Cretaceous Series of South America
- Turonian Stage
- Limestone formations
- Deep marine deposits
- Open marine deposits
- Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
- Paleontology in Colombia
- Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Geography of Cundinamarca Department
- Geography of Boyacá Department