Guaduas Formation

Guaduas Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Paleocene
~68–60 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N
Guaduas Formation; Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Paleocene; ~68–60 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Cacho Formation
Overlies	Guadalupe Gp.;
Thickness	up to 1,090 metres (3,580 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale
Other	Sandstone, coal
Location
Coordinates	5°05′N 74°36′W / 5.083°N 74.600°WCoordinates: 5°05′N 74°36′W / 5.083°N 74.600°W
Region	Middle Magdalena Basin; Magdalena River Valley; Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Guaduas
Named by	Hubach
Location	Guaduas
Year defined	1931
Coordinates	5°05′N 74°36′W / 5.083°N 74.600°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	0°36′N 52°30′W / 0.6°N 52.5°W
Region	Cundinamarca, Boyacá
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 65 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Guaduas Formation (Spanish: Formación Guaduas, K₂P₁G, K₂E₁G, KPgg, KTg, TKg, Ktg) is a geological formation of the Middle Magdalena Basin and the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale with coalbed formation dates to the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene periods; Maastrichtian-Paleocene epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 1,090 metres (3,580 ft). Fossils of Coussapoa camargoi, , and have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.

Etymology[]

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1894 and named in 1931 by Hubach after Guaduas, Cundinamarca, former northern territory of the Panche.^[1]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

The Guaduas Formation consists mainly of shales with intercalated sandstone beds. The formation contains coalbeds that are widely explored in the area.^[2] Fossil remains of Coussapoa camargoi, , and have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Guaduas Formation unconformably^[6] overlies the of the Guadalupe Group and is overlain by the Cacho Formation. The age has been estimated to be Upper Maastrichtian-Lower Paleocene, spanning the K-T boundary.^[7] The Guaduas Formation is thicker in Cundinamarca than in Boyacá. This has been explained by a decrease in subsidence and a higher amount of erosion in the northern area of original deposition.^[8] The lateral thickness variations are thought to be the result of the movement of the .^[9] The formation has been deposited in a coastal plain setting.^[4]

Outcrops[]

Type locality of the Guaduas Formation to the west of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Guaduas Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges, such as Granada,^[10] the Dintel Synclinal north of Facatativá,^[11] the Suesca Synclinal,^[12] east of Junín,^[13] and surrounding Lake Tota.^[14] The northeast-southwest Canocas Fault crosscuts the Guaduas Formation near San Cayetano.^[15] The synclinals of the Río Frío, , Zipaquirá, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, , Subachoque, Teusacá and Usme and Soacha are composed of the Guaduas Formation.^[2] The are entirely composed of the Guaduas Formation.^[16] The formation also has outcrops in the Sumapaz Páramo.^[17]

Regional correlations[]

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Maastrichtian						eroded		Guaduas
Maastrichtian								Guadalupe
Campanian
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian		-
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian			Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian			Hondita	La Frontera			La Frontera
Cenomanian		hiatus					Simijaca
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho		Une
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho			Une
Albian							Capotes - -			Une
Aptian				Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian											Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca							Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque		- Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca				Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian											Guavio
Berriasian				Arcabuco							Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[20]^[22]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[21]^[23]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[22]^[21]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[19]^[22]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[19]^[22]^[24]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[24]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[21]^[25]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[21]^[25]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[18]^[19]^[22]^[21]^[26]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[18]^[21]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[21]^[27]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[18]^[21]^[28]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[22]^[28]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[19]^[21]^[29]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[18]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[18]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[19]^[30]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[22]^[31]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[32]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[22]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[33]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[30]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[38]^[39]^[40]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[41]^[42]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[40]^[43]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[44]^[45]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[41]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[46]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[51]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[52]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[53]
1800						(1800)						^[51]^[53]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[51]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[51]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Gallery[]

Coal of the Guaduas Formation
Ocetá Páramo
Coal mining in the Guaduas Formation
Ocetá Páramo

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[54], García González et al. (2009),^[55] and geological report of Villavicencio^[56]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[54] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[57]

References[]

^ Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.51
^ ^a ^b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.52
^ Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
^ 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
^ Villamil, 2012, p.208
^ Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
^ Mariño & Amaya, 2016, p.B9
^ Amaya et al., 2010
^ Plancha 246, 1998
^ Plancha 227, 1998
^ Plancha 190, 2009
^ Plancha 191, 1998
^ Plancha 192, 1998
^ Planchas 171 & 191
^ Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
^ (in Spanish) Geología y geomorfología - Salida de Campo: Región Llanos Orientales
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Amaya, Erika; Jorge Mariño, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2010. Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 32. _. Accessed 2017-03-16.
García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1-219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
Mariño M., Jorge E, and Erika Amaya. 2016. Lithofacies cyclicity determination in the Guaduas Formation using Markov chains. Earth Sciences Research Journal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 20. B1-9.
Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps[]

Vargas, Rodrigo; Alfonso Arias; Luis Jaramillo, and Noel Tellez. 1984. Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Fuquen M., Jaime A, and José F. Osorno M. 2009. Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Jorge Acosta. 1998. Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009. Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Jorge E. Acosta. 1998. Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Nuñez, Alberto; Dario Mosquera, and Carlos J. Vesga. 2009. Plancha 263 - Ortega - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999. Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Pablo Caro; Jaime Fuquen, and José Osorno. 2002. Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS.
Velandia, Francisco, and Héctor Cepeda. 2005. Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000. INGEOMINAS.
Various, Authors. 1997. Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-16.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[57] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[54], García González et al. (2009),^[55] and geological report of Villavicencio^[56]

[59] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[54] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[57]

[Ingeominas_p51-1] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.51

[Ingeominas_p52-2] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.52

[FWZipaquira-3] Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org

[FWTasco-4] Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org

[PDBTasco-5] 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database

[Villamil_p208-6] Villamil, 2012, p.208

[Ingeominas_p54-7] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54

[Marino_pB9-8] Mariño & Amaya, 2016, p.B9

[Amaya-9] Amaya et al., 2010

[Plancha246-10] Plancha 246, 1998

[Plancha227-11] Plancha 227, 1998

[Plancha190-12] Plancha 190, 2009

[Plancha191-13] Plancha 191, 1998

[Plancha192-14] Plancha 192, 1998

[Plancha171-191-15] Planchas 171 & 191

[GeoMapBogota-16] Geological Map Bogotá, 1997

[GeologiaSumapaz-17] (in Spanish) Geología y geomorfología - Salida de Campo: Región Llanos Orientales

[UISANH2009_p27-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-20] García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-23] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-24] Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-25] Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-26] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-27] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-28] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-29] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-30] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-31] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-32] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-33] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-34] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-35] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-36] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-37] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-38] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-39] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-40] Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-41] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-42] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-43] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-44] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-45] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-46] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-47] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-48] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-49] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-50] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-51] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-52] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-53] Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-54] Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-55] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-56] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-58] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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[note 1]

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