South American land mammal age
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The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]
The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Background[]
South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.
Paleogeographic timeline[]
A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]
- 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
- 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
- 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
- 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
- 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
- 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
- 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
- Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
- Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
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Definitions[]
Epoch | SALMA | Top age (Ma) | Base age (Ma) | Etymology | Country | Location | |
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Holocene | 0 |
0.011 |
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Late Pleistocene | Lujanian | 0.011 |
0.8 |
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Buenos Aires Province | ||
Mid Pleistocene | Ensenadan | 0.8 |
1.2 |
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Buenos Aires Province | ||
Early Pleistocene | Uquian | 1.2 |
3.0 |
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Jujuy Province | ||
Late Pliocene | Chapadmalalan | 3.0 |
4.0 |
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Buenos Aires Province | ||
Early Pliocene | Montehermosan | 4.0 |
6.8 |
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Buenos Aires Province | ||
Late Miocene | |||||||
Huayquerian | 6.8 |
9.0 |
Huayquerías Formation | ![]() |
Mendoza Province | ||
Chasicoan | 9.0 |
10.0 |
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Buenos Aires Province | |||
Mayoan | 10.0 |
11.8 |
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Chubut Province | |||
Mid Miocene | Laventan | 11.8 |
13.8 |
La Venta fauna | ![]() |
Huila Department | |
Colloncuran | 13.8 |
15.5 |
Collón Curá Formation | ![]() |
Neuquén Province | ||
Early Miocene | Friasian | 15.5 |
16.3 |
Río Frías Formation | ![]() |
Aysén Region | |
Santacrucian | 16.3 |
17.5 |
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Santa Cruz Province | |||
Colhuehuapian | 17.5 |
21.0 |
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Chubut Province | |||
Deseadan | 21.0 |
29.0 |
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Santa Cruz Province | |||
Late Oligocene | |||||||
Early Oligocene | Tinguirirican | 29.0 |
36.0 |
Tinguiririca fauna | ![]() |
O'Higgins Region | |
Late Eocene | |||||||
Mid Eocene | Divisaderan | 36.0 |
42.0 |
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Mendoza Province | ||
Early Eocene | Mustersan | 42.0 |
48.0 |
Lake Musters | ![]() |
Chubut Province | |
Early Eocene | Casamayoran | 48.0 |
54.0 |
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Santa Cruz Province | ||
Riochican | 54.0 |
57.0 |
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Chubut Province | |||
Late Paleocene | |||||||
Itaboraian | 57.0 |
59.0 |
Itaboraí Formation | ![]() |
Rio de Janeiro State | ||
Mid Paleocene | Peligran | 59.0 |
62.5 |
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Chubut Province | ||
Early Paleocene | Tiupampan | 62.5 |
64.5 |
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Cochabamba Department |
Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America[]
The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:
SALMA | Formations | Country | Location | Notes |
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Lujanian | ![]() |
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Chaco Basin | |||
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Norte Basin | |||
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Chaco Basin | |||
Los Hoyos beds | ![]() |
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Chaco Basin | |||
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Chuquisaca Department | |||
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Sabana Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Eastern Peruvian Andes | |||
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Buenos Aires Province | |||
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Pelotas Basin | |||
Soatá Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Norte Basin | |||
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Ensenadan | ![]() |
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Buenos Aires Province | |||
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Pelotas Basin | |||
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Eastern Venezuela Basin | |||
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Sabana Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Eastern Argentinian Andes | |||
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Paraná Basin | |||
Uquian | ![]() |
Eastern Argentinian Andes | ||
Bahía Inglesa Formation | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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San Gregorio Formation | ![]() |
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Ware Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
Chapadmalalan | ![]() |
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Paraná Basin | |||
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Bahía Inglesa Formation | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
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Sierras de Córdoba | |||
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Coquimbo Formation | ![]() |
Tongoy Bay | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
La Portada Formation | ![]() |
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Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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San Gregorio Formation | ![]() |
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Ware Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
Montehermosan | ![]() |
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Bahía Inglesa Formation | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
Caleta Herradura Formation | ![]() |
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Potosí mountain range | |||
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Coquimbo Formation | ![]() |
Tongoy Bay | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Letrero Formation | ![]() |
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Navidad Formation | ![]() |
Chilean Coast Range | ||
Onzole Formation | ![]() |
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Salta Basin | |||
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Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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Norte Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Solimões Formation | ![]() |
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Huayquerian | Huayquerías Formation | ![]() |
Cuyo Basin | |
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Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
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Norte & | |||
Cerro Azul Formation | ![]() |
Colorado Basin | ||
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Coquimbo Formation | ![]() |
Tongoy Bay | ||
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Sierra del Tontal | |||
Entrerriana Formation | ![]() |
Chaco Basin | ||
Epecuén Formation | ![]() |
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Madre de Deus Basin | |||
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Sierras Pampeanas | |||
Ituzaingó Formation | ![]() |
Paraná Basin | ||
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Eastern Argentinian Andes | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Navidad Formation | ![]() |
Chilean Coast Range | ||
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Salta Basin | |||
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Chaco Basin | |||
Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
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Salta Basin | |||
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Norte Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Buenos Aires Province | |||
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Sierra de Velasco | |||
Solimões Formation | ![]() |
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Urumaco Formation | ![]() |
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Chasicoan | ![]() |
Colorado Basin | ||
Bahía Inglesa Formation | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
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Cerro Azul Formation | ![]() |
Colorado Basin | ||
Coquimbo Formation | ![]() |
Tongoy Bay | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Navidad Formation | ![]() |
Chilean Coast Range | ||
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Chaco Basin | |||
Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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Urumaco Formation - Urumaco fauna | ![]() |
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Mayoan | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Coquimbo Formation | ![]() |
Tongoy Bay | ||
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Parinacota Province | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Navidad Formation | ![]() |
Chilean Coast Range | ||
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Chaco Basin | |||
Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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Urumaco Formation | ![]() |
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Yecua Formation | ![]() |
Paraná Basin | ||
Laventan | Honda Group - La Venta fauna | ![]() |
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- | ![]() |
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San Rafael Block | |||
Bahía Inglesa Formation | ![]() |
Caldera Basin | ||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
Cura-Mallín Group | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | ||
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Cuyo Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Chaco Basin | |||
Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
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Eastern Venezuela Basin | |||
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Urumaco Formation | ![]() |
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Colloncuran | Collón Curá Formation | ![]() |
Cañadón Asfalto Basin Neuquén Basin |
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Castilletes Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
Cerdas beds | ![]() |
Altiplano Basin | ||
Cura-Mallín Group | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | ||
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Cuyo Basin | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | ||
Friasian | Río Frías Formation | ![]() |
Aysén Basin | |
Castilletes Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
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Pisco Basin | |||
Cura-Mallín Group | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | ||
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | ||
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Santacrucian | ![]() |
Austral Basin | ||
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San Rafael Block | |||
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Castillo Formation | ![]() |
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Austral Basin | |||
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Eastern Venezuela Basin | |||
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Pisco Basin | |||
- | ![]() |
Altiplano Basin | ||
Cura-Mallín Group | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | ||
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Colorado Basin | |||
Jimol Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
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Cuyo Basin | |||
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Austral Basin | |||
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Colhuehuapian | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Abanico Formation | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | ||
Biblián Formation | ![]() |
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Castillo Formation | ![]() |
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Neuquén Basin | |||
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Neuquén Basin | |||
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Pisco Basin | |||
Cura-Mallín Group | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | ||
Gaiman Formation | ![]() |
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Colorado Basin | |||
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Austral Basin | |||
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Amazon Basin | |||
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Austral Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Uitpa Formation | ![]() |
Cocinetas Basin | ||
Deseadan | ![]() |
Deseado Massif | ||
Abanico Formation | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | ||
Agua de la Piedra Formation | ![]() |
Precordillera | ||
Barzalosa Formation | ![]() |
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Pisco Basin | |||
Dos Bocas Formation | ![]() |
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Paraná Basin | |||
Gaiman Formation | ![]() |
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Cuyo Basin | |||
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Austral Basin | |||
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Moquegua Basin | |||
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Middle Magdalena Valley | |||
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"Puca Group" - | ![]() |
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Aysén Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
/ | ![]() |
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Tinguirirican | Abanico Formation - Tinguiririca fauna | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | |
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Central Colombian Ranges | |||
Laguna Brava Formation | ![]() |
Precordillera | ||
Loreto Formation | ![]() |
Magallanes Basin | ||
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Pisco Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Seca Formation | ![]() |
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Soncco Formation | ![]() |
Eastern Peruvian Andes | ||
Divisaderan | ![]() |
Cuyo Basin | ||
Abanico Formation | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | ||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Austral Basin | |||
Loreto Formation | ![]() |
Magallanes Basin | ||
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Pisco Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Soncco Formation | ![]() |
Eastern Peruvian Andes | ||
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Pisco Basin | |||
Mustersan | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Abanico Formation | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | ||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Geste Formation | ![]() |
Puna Plateau | ||
Laguna del Hunco Formation | ![]() |
Cañadón Asfalto Basin | ||
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Pisco Basin | |||
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Soncco Formation | ![]() |
Eastern Peruvian Andes | ||
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Neuquén Basin | |||
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Neuquén Basin | |||
- Santa Rosa fauna | ![]() |
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Casamayoran | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Abanico Formation | ![]() |
Abanico Basin | ||
Bogotá Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Cochabamba Department | |||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Guabirotuba Formation | ![]() |
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Huitrera Formation | ![]() |
Neuquén Basin | ||
Laguna del Hunco Formation | ![]() |
Cañadón Asfalto Basin | ||
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Cesar-Ranchería Basin | |||
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Salta Basin | |||
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Salta Basin | |||
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Salta Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Riochican | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Bogotá Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
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Salta Basin | |||
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& | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Río Loro Formation | ![]() |
Sierras Pampeanas | ||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Itaboraian | Itaboraí Formation | ![]() |
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Bogotá Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
Cerrejón Formation | ![]() |
Cesar-Ranchería Basin | ||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
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Salta Basin | |||
Mealla Formation | ![]() |
Salta Basin | ||
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& | |||
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Altiplano Basin | |||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Río Loro Formation | ![]() |
Sierras Pampeanas | ||
Peligran | ![]() |
Golfo San Jorge Basin | ||
Bogotá Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
Cerrejón Formation | ![]() |
Cesar-Ranchería Basin | ||
Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Guaduas Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
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Golfo San Jorge Basin | |||
Santa Lucía Formation | ![]() |
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Tiupampan | Santa Lucía Formation | ![]() |
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Chota Formation | ![]() |
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Guaduas Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | ||
Lefipán Formation | ![]() |
Cañadón Asfalto Basin | ||
Maria Farinha Formation | ![]() |
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Golfo San Jorge Basin |
Fossil content[]
SALMA | Group | Fossils | Formation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lujanian | Mammals | Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, , C. magellanicus, , Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, , L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, , Neochoerus aesopi, , , , , Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, , , Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp. | ||
Holmesina rondoniensis | ||||
Birds | , , Nannopterum brasilianum, | |||
Insects | , , , , | |||
Ensenadan | Mammals | , Tonnicinctus mirus | ||
Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet. | ||||
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp. | ||||
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp. | ||||
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, , , C. villosus, , Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, , , Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, , Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, , , , Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, , L. glama, , , , , Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, , Nectomys cf. squamipes, , , Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, , Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, , Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp. | ||||
Hippidion devillei, , , Glyptodon sp., , cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet. | ||||
Glyptodon munizi | ||||
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., , Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp. | ||||
Birds | Neochen debilis | |||
Anas bahamensis, , , , Zonotrichia robusta | ||||
Vultur gryphus | ||||
Reptiles & amphibians |
||||
Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet. | ||||
Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp. | ||||
Fishes | Pogonias cromis | |||
Uquian | Mammals | Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, , Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, , Platygonus uquiensis, , , , Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., , , Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., | ||
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet. | ||||
Megatherium medinae | ||||
, | ||||
Thalassocnus yaucensis | Pisco | |||
Panochthus intermedius | ||||
, | ||||
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp. | ||||
Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet. | ||||
, , , Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., , Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., , , Toxodon sp., | ||||
Birds | Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii | Pisco | ||
Aratinga vorohuensis | ||||
Reptiles | Uquiasaurus heptanodonta | |||
Chapadmalalan | Mammals | , , Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, , Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet. | ||
Paedotherium typicum, , | ||||
Abrothrix magnus, | ||||
Caviodon multiplicatus, , , , , Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, , , , Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., | ||||
aff. Holmesina floridianus, , , Boreostemma sp., , cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., , Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. | San Gregorio |
|||
Artigasia magna, , | ||||
Chorobates villosissimus, , , , , , , , , , , , | ||||
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, , , Microcavia sp., , | ||||
, , Chapalmalania sp., , Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., , Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet. | Ware | |||
Birds | Llallawavis scagliai | |||
Reptiles & amphibians |
Rhinella loba | [284] | ||
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet. | ||||
Crocodylus falconensis | San Gregorio |
|||
Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet. | Ware | |||
Fishes | Carcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet. | Ware | ||
Montehermosan | Mammals | , , Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, , Eleutherocercus antiquus, , , , , , , , Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, , Marmosa contrerasi, , , , Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Toxodon chapalmalensis, , Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., , Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., , , , , , , , , , Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet. | ||
Xotodon caravela | ||||
, , , Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, , Cyonasua brevirostris, , , , , , , Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, , , , , , , , Scelidotherium pendolai, , , , , Typotheriopsis internum, , Thylacosmilus sp., , Xotodon sp. | ||||
Hemisyntrachelus sp. | Bahía Inglesa |
|||
Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet. | Caleta Herradura |
|||
, | ||||
, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, , , , , | ||||
, , , ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet. | Coquimbo | |||
, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., , | ||||
, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet. | Letrero | |||
Cetacea indet. | ||||
, , Mylodontidae indet. | ||||
Catonyx tarijensis | ||||
, Megatherium altiplanicum, , , , , , , Macroeuphractus sp., , , ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet. | ||||
Birds | Chunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, , Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, , , , , Dendrocygninae indet. | |||
, Spheniscus anglicus | Bahía Inglesa |
|||
, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp. | Caleta Herradura |
|||
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet. | Coquimbo | |||
Reptiles & amphibians |
, , , L. laevis, , Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet. | |||
Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet. | ||||
Fishes | Characidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet. | |||
Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca | Bahía Inglesa |
|||
Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet. | Caleta Herradura |
|||
Carcharodon carcharias | Coquimbo | |||
Megalodon, , , , Chilara taylori, , Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, , , , Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, , , , Paraconger californiensis, , , P. cf. notatus, , Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet. | Onzole | |||
Megalodon | ||||
Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp. |
See also[]
- Biochronology
- North American land mammal age (NALMA)
- Asian land mammal age (ALMA)
- European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
Notes and references[]
Notes[]
- ^ Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
- ^ Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
- ^ In later research considered part of the [96]
References[]
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- ^ Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
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- ^ Simpson, 1947, p.2
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- ^ Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
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- ^ Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
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- ^ a b c Narváez, 2009, p.24
- ^ Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
- ^ Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
- ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
- ^ Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
- ^ a b Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
- ^ a b Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
- ^ a b Gelfo & Goin, 2011
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- ^ a b Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
- ^ Oliveira & Goin, 2011
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- ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
- ^ a b Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
- ^ Goin et al., 2006
- ^ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
- ^ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Luján at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
- ^ Góis et al., 2012
- ^ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Góis et al., 2015
- ^ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
- ^ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Machado et al., 2014
- ^ a b c Tarija at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ortiz et al., 2013
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
- ^ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
- ^ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Charana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
- ^ East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Olivares & Verzi, 2015
- ^ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
- ^ Daza et al., 2012
- ^ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
- ^ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
- ^ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barbière et al., 2016
- ^ a b Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Castro et al., 2014
- ^ Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
- ^ Pérez et al., 2017
- ^ Degrange et al., 2015
- ^ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
- ^ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barbière et al., 2018
- ^ a b c d Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Armella et al., 2018
- ^ Candela & Bonini, 2017
- ^ a b Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Carrillo et al., 2018
- ^ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Remedios at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pujos et al., 2016
- ^ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Benson, 2015
- ^ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Nicoli, 2015
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org
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- A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2020-03-19. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282. 20142490. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; , and . 2006.
Argentina[]
- Paleogene
- Mamíferos continentales del Paleógeno argentino: las investigaciones de los últimos cincuenta años. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 11. 239–255. Accessed 2018-10-01. . 2007.
- Pleistocene
- Geología del Cuaternario en la Argentina, 1–360. . Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2010.
- Austral Basin
- Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina. 34. 139–142. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2003.
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata. . 2010. Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los nanofósiles calcáreos del Cretácico del sudeste de la Cuenca Austral, Santa Cruz, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–450.
- Santa María-Hualfín Basin
- Bioestratigrafía y diversidad de los mamíferos del Neógeno de San Fernando y Puerta de Corral Quemado (Catamarca, Argentina) (PhD thesis), 1–337. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2014.
- Estratigrafía y desarrollo tectosedimentario de los sedimentos terciarios en los alrededores de la Sierra de Hualfín, borde suroriental de la Puna, Catamarca, Argentina. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 8. 27–50. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2001.
- Santa Fe Province
- Diversidad de los mamíferos del Pleistoceno de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina: aspectos taxonómicos, bioestratigráficos y paleobiogeográficos relacionados (PhD thesis), 1–913. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2015.
- Aconquija Formation
- A new species of Xotodon (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) from northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38. e1425882. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2018.
- Mega-geomorphology of Tafi del Valle-Aconquija, Tucumán. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 59. 303–311. Accessed 2019-02-11. , and . 2004.
- Nuevo registro de vertebrados para la Formación Aconquija, provincia de Catamarca, Noroeste de Argentina. Implicancias cronoestratigráficas y consideraciones paleoambientales. 20. 99–112. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2007.
- Agua de la Piedra Formation
- The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e907173. Accessed 2015-02-13. , and . 2015.
- A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13. 943–962. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2014.
- Ciclos tectónicos, volcánicos y sedimentarios del Cenozoico del sur de Mendoza-Argentina (35-37° S y 69° 30'W). Andean Geology 38. 198–218. Accessed 2018-09-11. , and . 2011.
- New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. 195–210. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2017.
- First extra-Patagonian record of Asmodeus Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 51. 373–384. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2014.
- Aisol Formation
- New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 89. 611–634. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza, 135–154. Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta. Accessed 2017-10-01. ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- Andalhuala Formation
- A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: Implications for the origin of the genus Cavia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1352591. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2017.
- Andesitas Huancache Formation
- Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften 99. 449–463. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina. American Museum Novitates 3638. 1–43. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2009.
- Arroyo Chasicó Formation
- A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina. Zootaxa 3359. 55–64. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2012.
- Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American 'cardiomyine' rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species. Papers in Palaeontology 4. 1–19. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2018.
- Lagostomus telenkechanum, sp. nov., a new lagostomine rodent (Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae) from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation (late Miocene; Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1239205. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2016.
- Belgrano Formation
- Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno inferior-medio de Argentina. Stud. Geol. Salmant. 42. 81–95. Accessed 2017-10-02. . 2006.
- Bororó Formation
- A Danian subtropical lacustrine palynobiota from South America (Bororó Formation, San Jorge Basin, Patagonia - Argentina). Geologica Acta 7. 35–61. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2009.
- Brochero Formation
- A new genus of Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1199557. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Diagnosis y nueva descripción de Propanochthus bullifer (Burmeister) (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae). Consideraciones bioestratigráficas y cronológicas de su procedencia. 28. 283–292. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2013.
- Casamayor Formation
- Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-10-18. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Estudio estratigráfico, sedimentológico y composicional de las sedimentitas del Terciário inferior (Grupo Rio Chico) en el sector sudoriental del Chubut Extraandino (PhD thesis), 11–58. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-10-18. . 2008.
- Cerro Azul Formation
- Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina). Estudios Geológicos 56. 101–126. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2000.
- Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63. 241–260. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; , and . 2018.
- A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage. Ameghiniana 51. 284–294. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2014.
- Cerro Bandera Formation
- Systematic description of three new mammals (Notoungulata and Rodentia) from the early Miocene Cerro Bandera Formation, northern Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 52. 585–597. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; , and . 2015.
- Estratigrafia y vertebrados (Aves y Mammalia) de la Formación Cerro Bandera, Mioceno Temprano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. Revista Geológica de Chile 32. 273–291. Accessed 2017-10-20. ; ; ; , and . 2005.
- Chapadmalal Formation
- Morfometría de las paleocuevas de la "Fm." Chapadmalal y su asignación a Actenomys (Rodentia), Paedotherium (Notoungulata) y otros mamíferos fósiles hospedantes. 18. 227–238. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2011.
- Los Glyptodontinae (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) del Piso/Edad Chapadmalalense (Plioceno tardío): revisión y aportes a su conocimiento. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 27. 112–120. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Definición del género Eumysops Ameghino 1888 (Rodentia, Echimyidae) y sistemática de las especies del Plioceno temprano de la Argentina central. Ameghiniana 49. 198–216. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2012.
- Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Online edition. e1576183. ; , and . 2019. A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America.
- Chichinales Formation
- New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina. 101. 87–94. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 30. 186–195. Accessed 2017-10-20. , and . 2013.
- Chiquimil Formation
- Cronobioestratigrafía del Mioceno tardío – Plioceno temprano, Puerta de Corral Quemado y Villavil, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. 26. 165–192. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2014.
- The most ancient caviine rodent (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) comes from the late Miocene of Northwest Argentina (South America). Historical Biology 29. 376–383. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2017.
- Estudios preliminares de la xiloflora de la Formación Chiquimil (Catamarca), 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2004.
- Polen de la Formación Chiquimil, en la Localidad Vallecito (Mioceno Superior) Provincia de Catamarca, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . s.a.
- Gastrópodos (Orthalicidae) de la Formación Chiquimil (Mioceno) de Villavil, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . s.a.
- Collón Curá Formation
- Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 49. 164–184. Accessed 2019-02-15. , and . 2012.
- Las megaestructuras del Macizo y Cordillera Norpatagónica argentina y la génesis de las cuencas volcano-sedimentarias terciarias. Revista Geológica de Chile 31. 3–13. Accessed 2018-09-04. , and . 2014.
- Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 66. 418–429. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2010.
- The Interatheriinae notoungulates from the middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation in Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. 845–863. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2017.
- Deseado Formation
- Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas. 8. 27–33. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2006.
- Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13. 503–525. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2014.
- Divisadero Largo Formation
- The mammalian fauna of the Divisadero Largo Formation, Mendoza, Argentina. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 127. 239–293. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; , and . 1962.
- La Ensenada Formation
- A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity. PLoS ONE 10. e0128296. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- El género Nothura (Aves, Tinamidae) en el Pleistoceno (Formación Ensenada) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26. 428–432. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2009.
- The Ensenada and Buenos Aires formations (Pleistocene) in a quarry near La Plata, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 12. 273–291. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 1999.
- Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
- A new capybara from the late Miocene of San Juan Province, Argentina, and its phylogenetic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64. 1–14. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; , and . 2019.
- Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
- Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of ‘pseudodiprotodont��� marsupial radiations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155. 867–884. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2009.
- Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-10-18. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Stratigraphic review of the Las Flores Formation, Sierra Baguales, Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes, 355–358. GeoSur Conference IV Viña del Mar. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2013.
- Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
- Primer registro fósil de Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) (Carnivora, Procyonidae) en la Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 27. 313–319. Accessed 2018-09-03. . 2010.
- Paleontología del Chaco Oriental. Una nueva localidad con mamíferos fósiles pleistocenos en el río Bermejo (Formosa, Argentina). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26. 277–288. Accessed 2018-09-03. ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Gaiman Formation
- Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina. Ameghiniana 44. 417–426. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2007.
- A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63. 261–277. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Geste Formation
- Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle–late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 575–590. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13. 557–579. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2014.
- Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna argentina [A new Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) of Lower Tertiary from the argentinian Puna]. Stvd. Geol. Salmant. 31. 87–99. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 1995.
- Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
- Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2010.
- Hernandarias Formation
- Micropaleontología del Cuaternario del sector austral del litoral, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–372. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2014.
- Huayquerías Formation
- Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404. 1–76. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Paleoambiente, edad y vertebrados de la Formación Huayquerías, Mioceno tardio, Provincia de Mendoza, Republica Argentina, 50–55. XX Congreso Geológico Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2017.
- Huitrera Formation
- Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 66. 418–429. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2010.
- India Muerta Formation
- A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina. Ameghiniana 52. 314–323. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2015.
- La Invernada Formation
- Análisis sedimentológico de la Formación La Invernada, Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno, pedemonte de las Sierras de Comechingones, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Revista Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología 10. 123–135. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2003.
- Ituzaingó Formation
- A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina. 17. 33–42. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2014.
- La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2013.
- Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Publicación Especial 14. 118–134. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2013.
- Koluel Kaike Formation
- Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Laguna Brava Formation
- Tectonophysics 583. 105–123. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2013. Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina).
- Laguna del Hunco Formation
- Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. The American Naturalist 135. 634–650. Accessed 2017-10-26. ; ; ; ; , and . 2005.
- Lefipán Formation
- The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26. 505–510. Accessed 2017-10-26. . 2006.
- Leticia Formation
- Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. American Museum Novitates 3423. 1–18. Accessed 2019-02-20. ; , and . 2003.
- Loma de Las Tapias Formation
- Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico. Ameghiniana 46. 295–305. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; , and . 2009.
- Contrerascynus, new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae). 17. 435–436. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2014.
- A new Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricomorpha) from the late Miocene of southern South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1239204. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Luján Formation
- Paleoambientes de la cuenca media del Río Luján (Buenos Aires, Argentina) durante el último periodo glacial (EIO 4-2). Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 17. 85–111. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2010.
- Evolución geológica y geomorfológica de la cuenca del Río Areco, NE de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 68. 109–120. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- Lumbrera Formation
- A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1037884. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- A New Eocene Dasypodid with Caniniforms (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Northwest Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 275–288. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Estratigrafía y paleoambientes de la Formación Lumbrera, Grupo Salta, Noroeste argentino. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 61. 313–327. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2006.
- Maimará Formation
- Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia. Zootaxa 3937. 147–160. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 91. 566–576. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- The Scelidotherine Proscelidodon (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Late Miocene of Maimará (Northwestern Argentina, Jujuy Province). Ameghiniana _. 1–7. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- Maíz Gordo Formation
- Palinoestratigrafía, paleoambientes y cambios climáticos durante el Cretácico final y Paleógeno de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta, República Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–229. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Accessed 2017-10-18. . 2009.
- Mariño Formation
- A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 88. 118–131. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2018.
- The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications. Andean Geology 34. 199–207. Accessed 2017-10-23. , and . 2007.
- Mealla Formation
- Facies y ambientes del Grupo Salta (Cretácico-Paleógeno) en Tumbaya, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 383–391. Accessed 2018-09-07. , and . 2010.
- Miramar & San Andrés Formations
- First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57. 23–29. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 72. 235–250. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2015.
- Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 1042–1061. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- Monte Hermoso Formation
- Nuevo Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) del Plioceno temprano de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y sus implicancias biogeográficas. 16. 19–31. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Ameghiniana 46. 177–187. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2009.
- The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids. Journal of Paleontology Online edition. _. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2018.
- Primer registro fósil de la familia Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Plioceno) en la Formación Monte Hermoso, Argentina. 11. 193–198. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2009.
- New fossil species of the extant genus Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e981636. Accessed 2019-02-13. . 2015.
- Monte León Formation
- Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Ameghiniana 46. 669–693. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2009.
- El Morterito Formation
- Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 9. 153–160. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2007.
- Palo Pintado Formation
- Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II. 14. 239–254. Accessed 2017-10-22. , and . 2011.
- Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 28. 161–174. Accessed 2017-10-22. ; ; , and . 2011.
- A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina. Andean Geology 42. 56–70. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Paraná Formation
- Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2018-09-03. ; , and . 2013.
- Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22. ; , and . 2012.
- Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2013.
- Peñas Coloradas Formation
- New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations. GSA Bulletin 126. 289–306. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Pinturas Formation
- Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 42. 611–625. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2005.
- Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis), 1–300. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2001.
- Piquete Formation
- Orogénesis y drenaje en la región del Valle de Lerma (Cordillera Oriental, Salta, Argentina) durante Pleistoceno tardio. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 127–141. Accessed 2018-10-01. , and . 2012.
- Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
- A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e912656. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Puerta del Diablo Formation
- Peces marinos y continentales del Mioceno del área mesopotámica argentina. Edad y relaciones biogeográficas. 14. 49–64. Accessed 2017-10-27. ; ; ; , and . 2005.
- Puerto Madryn Formation
- A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52. 299–314. Accessed 2017-10-25. ; ; , and . 2007.
- Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Puerto Madryn (Mioceno Tardío temprano), provincia de Chubut, Argentina [Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) in the Puerto Madryn Formation (early Late Mioceno), Chubut Province, Argentina]. 18. 179–183. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2003.
- Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
- New Palaeogene metatherians from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology Online edition. 1–17. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Fossil mammals of the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation (late middle Eocene) at the locality of La Poma, Salta Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30. 507–517. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2017.
- Relaciones estratigráficas de las formaciones Quebrada de Los Colorados y Angastaco (Paleógeno-Neógeno), Valles Calchaquíes, Salta (Argentina): Significado en el análisis de la cuenca del Grupo Payogastilla. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 20. 51–64. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2013.
- Estratigrafía del Valle de Luracatao (Valle Calchaquí, Noroeste Argentino): Nueva propuesta. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 309–318. Accessed 2018-09-07. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Río Chico Group
- Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Río Foyel Formation
- Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera. Andean Geology 40. 490–503. Accessed 2017-10-26. ; ; ; , and . 2013.
- The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes, 443–474. Springer. Accessed 2018-09-11. ISBN 978-3-319-67774-3 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Río Loro Formation
- Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163. S7–S36. , and . 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina.
- Río Mayo Formation
- Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, 1–80. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, . Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; ; , and . 2003.
- Río Negro Formation
- Análisis paleoambiental del miembro superior de la Formación Río Negro (Mioceno-Plioceno de Patagonia septentrional): un ejemplo de interacción fluvio-eólica compleja (BSc. thesis), 1–47. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2012.
- Río Quinto Formation
- Presence of Oxyodontherium (Macraucheniidae, Litopterna)in the Río Quinto Formation, San Luis (Argentina). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 25. 217–226. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2008.
- Saladillo Formation
- A new species of Eutatus Gervais (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Northern Pampean Region, Argentina. Palaeontologia Electronica 20. Article number 20.1.13A. Accessed 2019-02-11. , and . 2017.
- Salamanca Formation
- The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281. 20140811. ; , and . 2014.
- Un primitico Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geológicos 53. 263–274. Accessed 2018-10-01. , and . 1997.
- New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations. GSA Bulletin 126. 289–306. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia. PLOS ONE 12. e0176164. Accessed 2019-02-14. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Conifer woods from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene), Central Patagonia, Argentina: Paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76. 427–445. Accessed 2019-02-14. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Saldungaray Formation
- Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy. Geobios 41. 145–155. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2008.
- Salicas Formation
- Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment. Ameghiniana 49. 1–13. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- Santa Cruz Formation
- Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae), 1–79. Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara. Accessed 2019-02-28. . 2009.
- Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 42–59. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- Burdigalian deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation in the Sierra Baguales, Austral (Magallanes) Basin: Age, depositional environment and vertebrate fossils. Andean Geology 40. 458–489. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2013.
- First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 183. 334–347. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina. 40. e3. Accessed 2019-02-28. . 2016.
- The southernmost records of Anhingidae and a new basal species of Anatidae (Aves) from the lower–middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 34. 493–514. Accessed 2019-02-28. , and . 2010.
- A new species of tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina. 9. 1–8. Accessed 2019-02-28. . 2012.
- Estimación de masa de las especies de Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) de edad Santacrucense (Mioceno Temprano) a partir del tamaño del centroide de los elementos apendiculares: inferencias paleoecológicas. Ameghiniana 48. 462–479. Accessed 2019-02-28. , and . 2011.
- Una nueva especie de Stegotherium Ameghino (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Stegotheriini) del Mioceno de la provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina). Ameghiniana 45. 641–648. Accessed 2019-02-28. , and . 2008.
- A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60. 589–598. Accessed 2019-02-28. , and . 2015.
- Functional morphology of the forelimb of Early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Patagonia. Lethaia 52. 91–106. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; ; , and . 2019.
- , and . 2017. The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina. Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 7. 133–139.
- First Record and a New Species of Seriema (Aves: Ralliformes: Cariamidae) from Santacrucian (Early-Middle Miocene) Beds of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29. 620–626. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; , and . 2009.
- , and . 1932. Aves of the Santa Cruz beds. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899) 7. 157–191.
- Systematics and evolutionary significance of the small Abrocomidae from the early Miocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 29. 411–422. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2017.
- Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 1–370. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521194617. Accessed 2017-10-21. ; , and . 2012.
- Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
- Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]. 20. 127–132. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2005.
- A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 397–406. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2014.
- A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1229672. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2016.
- Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas. Andean Geology 41. 224–247. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Geobios 45. 573–580. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; , and . 2012. [ A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto].
- New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174. 519–548. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; , and . 2015.
- New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 236–257. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 689–698. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3903. 1–42. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; , and . 2018.
- Toro Negro Formation
- Estudios de procedencia de la Formación Toro Negro a partir de modas detríticas y edades U-Pb en circones detríticos: implicancias para la evolución del Antepaís Fracturado Andino (La Rioja). 69. 68–82. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2017.
- Uquía Formation
- Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Herpetology 46. 104. ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- A New fossil phyllotine (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from the late Pliocene in the Andes of northern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32. 1429–1441. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; , and . 2012.
- Bioestratigrafía de las secuencias neógenas tardías de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Implicancias paleoambientales y paleobiogeográficas, 286–296. Relatorio del XVII Congreso Geológico Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10. , and . 2008.
- Vaca Mahuida Formation
- Un notoungulata de la Formación Vaca Mahuida (Eoceno), provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 5. 55–60. Accessed 2019-02-15. , and . 1998.
- Ventana Formation
- First fossil record of Discocephalinae (Insecta, Pentatomidae): a new genus from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. ZooKeys 422. 23–3. Accessed 2019-02-22. , and . 2014.
- Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. The American Naturalist 165. 634–650. Accessed 2019-02-22. ; ; ; ; , and . 2005.
- Vorohué Formation
- Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 1042–1061. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- Estudio geológico y paleomagnético de los sedimentos asignados al cenozoico tardío aflorantes costeros entre Mar del Plata y Miramar (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (PhD thesis), 1–170. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 1988.
- Una nueva especie de Nandayus Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves: Psittaciformes) del Pliocene tardío de Argentina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 69. 97–104. Accessed 2017-10-24. , and . 1996.
- Yupoí Formation
- Primer registro de termiteros fósiles para el Pleistoceno tardío de la región mesopotámica (Argentina): implicancias paleoambientales. Acta Biológica Colombiana 21. 63–72. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
Bolivia[]
- The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 1991.
- Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba - Geology and hydrogeology of the Central Valley of Cochabamba, 1–113. Convenio alemán-boliviano de aguas subterraneas (CABAS) - German-Bolivian Agreement on Groundwater (CABAS). Accessed 2018-09-04. , and . 2000.
- Estilos estructurales del Subandino Sur de Bolivia (PhD thesis), 1–204. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2013.
- Casira Formation
- An almost complete skeleton of a new Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene of Casira, Bolivia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 341–360. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- Cerdas beds
- New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1163574. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Honda Group
- The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2007.
- Australogale leptognathus, gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution in press. _. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; , and . 2018.
- New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15. 787–820. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2016.
- Lakukullus anatisrostratus, gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 1243–1248. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Lacayani fauna
- Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152. 153–200. Accessed 2018-09-11. ; , and . 2008.
- Ñuapua Formation
- Sigmodontinos (Rodentia, Muridae) del Holoceno inferior de Bolivia. 13. 17–25. Accessed 2018-09-03. , and . 1998.
- Quehua Formation
- Sucesión Estructural de la Zona Serranía de las Minas, 238–247. Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia. Accessed 2017-10-25. ; ; , and . 1994.
- Salla Formation
- New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25. 674–684. Accessed 2018-09-11. , and . 2005.
- Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22. 455–471. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 58. 371–396. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2017.
- Santa Lucía Formation
- , and . 1991. A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, 545–557. Revista Técnica de YPFB.
- Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae. AMNH Bulletin 350. 1–237. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 393–433. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 1991.
- Estratigrafía, facies y ambientes evolutivos de depósito del Paleógeno Inferior: Formación Santa Lucía (Sinclinal de Miraflores - Sección Cayara, Potosí), 1–23. .. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2012.
- Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America. Geodiversitas 40. 363–459. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Gymnophionan Amphibia from the early Paleocene (Santa Lucía Formation) of Tiupampa (Bolivia). The oldest known Gymnophiona. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 499–501. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 1991.
- Squamate Reptiles from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa area (Santa Lucía Formation), Bolivia. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 503–508. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 1991.
- Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba. Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería 34. 1–113. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2000.
- Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina. GSA Bulletin 109. 709–727. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; , and . 1997.
- Tarija Formation
- Phylogeny and biogeography of tetralophodont rodents of the tribe Oryzomyini (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae). Zoologica Scripta 43. 119–130. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Umala Formation
- A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform–molariform transition in sloths. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178. 679–712. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Yecua & Petaca Formations
- Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina, 1–27. V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; ; , and . 2002.
Brazil[]
- Coleçao de tipos e figurados (8/1997), 1–20. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . s.a.
- Entre-Corrégos Formation
- Mirtáceas da formação Entre-Corrégos, paleógeno da bacia de Aiuruoca, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil (MSc. thesis), 1–139. . Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2015.
- Fonseca Formation
- Um novo gênero e duas novas espécies de Pergidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) na Formação Fonseca (Bacia de Fonseca, Paleógeno) Minas Gerais, Brazil. 28. 27–36. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2015.
- Graxaim Formation
- Panorama geológico da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, 11–32. _. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Guabirotuba Formation
- A New South American Paleogene Land Mammal Fauna, Guabirotuba Formation (Southern Brazil). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 39–55. Accessed 2017-10-26. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Içá Formation
- Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia). 525. 55–60. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2017.
- Itaboraí Formation
- Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications. 21. 120–131. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; , and . 2018.
- A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91. e20180440. Accessed 2019-02-11. . 2018.
- Taxonomy, affinities, and paleobiology of the tiny metatherian mammal Minusculodelphis, from the early Eocene of South America. The Science of Nature 103. 1–6. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2016.
- A new species of Gaylordia Paula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Itaboraí, Brazil. 18. 97–108. Accessed 2019-02-13. , and . 2015.
- A reassessment of Bunodont Metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaboraí (Brazil): systematics and age of the Itaboraian SALMA. 14. 105–136. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2011.
- Taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 53. 5–46. Accessed 2017-10-01. , and . 2013.
- Maria Farinha Formation
- A new side-neck turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Early Paleocene (Danian) Maria Farinha Formation, Paraíba Basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4126. 491–513. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2016.
- Pirabas Formation
- Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior). 5. 207–224. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2010.
- Rio Madeira Formation
- Una nueva especie de Holmesina Simpson (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Pampatheriidae) del Pleistoceno de Rondônia, sudoeste de la Amazonia, Brasil. 15. 211–227. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2012.
- Santa Vitória Formation
- Protocyon troglodytes (Lund) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Late Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul and their paleoecological significance. 8. 215–220. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2005.
- Solimões Formation
- Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil. 9. 187–192. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2006.
- Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil. Geobios 35. 677–686. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2002.
- The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21. 185–203. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2006.
- A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30. 985–993. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 191–203. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Touro Passo Formation
- Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31. 248–259. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- Tremembé Formation
- Universidade de São Paulo. . 2010. Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1–112.
- A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 5. 263–270. Accessed 2018-10-08. , and . 2007.
- A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115. 701–705. Accessed 2017-09-04. , and . 2002.
Chile[]
- Abanico Formation
- Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile). American Museum Novitates 3750. 1–36. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2012.
- New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3841. 1–24. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas. 66. 191–211. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2008.
- Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3918. 1–22. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 570–577. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2012.
- Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S). Revista Geológica de Chile 33. 109–140. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2006.
- Bahía Inglesa Formation
- Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance. Sedimentary Geology 217. 128–139. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales, 1–10. X Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2003.
- Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78. 489–495. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2005.
- A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus. 8. 5–22. Accessed 2019-02-13. . 2015.
- La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis), 1–165. Universidad Austral de Chile. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2008.
- Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80. 255–259. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2007.
- Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. 102. 101–107. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2007.
- Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 333. 32–49. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile, 821–824. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa, 1–4. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe, 1–29. Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2011.
- Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio. . .. 770–772. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . s.a.
- Caleta Herradura Formation
- Sedimentary Geology 198. 29–52. , and . 2007. Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile.
- Chíu-Chíu Formation
- Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos. 17. 11–25. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2010.
- Chucal Formation
- A new basal Glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, northern Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21. 781–797. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2007.
- Coquimbo Formation
- Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 184. 133–153. Accessed 2018-05-20. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2006.
- Cura-Mallín Group
- Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2008.
- New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01. ; ; , and . 2009.
- Horcón Formation
- Condrictios fósiles del Plioceno Superior de la Formación Horcón, Región de Valparaíso, Chile central. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86. 191–206. Accessed 2017-10-24. ; ; , and . 2013.
- Huaylas Formation
- Age and structure of the Oxaya Anticline: A major feature of the Miocene compressive structures of northernmost Chile, 249–252. Fourth ISAG conference, Goettingen, Germany. Accessed 2018-09-04. ; , and . 1999.
- Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 75. 51–65. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Loreto Formation
- A revised lithostratigraphy of the Sierra Baguales, Magallanes Basin, 698–700. XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence. Andean Geology 39. 180–200. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America. Journal of Paleontology 84. 1061–1070. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; ; , and . 2010.
- Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile, 1–4. XII Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2009.
- Navidad Formation
- Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile. PALAIOS 22. 3–16. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; , and . 2007.
- La Portada Formation
- Los pingüinos fósiles de Sudamérica, 116–120. I Simposio - Paleontología Chile - 2008. Accessed 2018-05-20. . 2008.
- Río Baguales Formation
- Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile. Andean Geology 37. 329–344. Accessed 2017-10-25. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2010.
- Río Frías Formation
- Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 49. 164–184. Accessed 2019-02-15. , and . 2012.
- Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile), 40–41. XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2014.
- The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record, 44–45. III Simposio Paleontología en Chile. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2012.
- Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 19–55. Accessed 2017-10-21. . 1990.
- Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 57–87. Accessed 2017-10-21. , and . 1990.
Colombia[]
- Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-29. , and . 2002.
- Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 32. _. Accessed 2017-03-16. ; , and . 2010.
- Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera. Geología Colombiana 35. 5–35. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2010.
- Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2008.
- The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333–339. Accessed 2017-03-29. . 2014.
- . 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
- Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; , and . 2012.
- An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. 54. 197–229. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104.
- ; , and . 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. 26. 79–93.
- Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241–254. Accessed 2017-03-29. . 1987.
- Cesar-Ranchería Basin
- Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.), 1–255. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-06-14. . 2009.
- A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes. Journal of Herpetology 48. 461–465. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2014.
- New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 313–331. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; ; , and . 2012a.
- New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia. Journal of Paleontology 86. 688–698. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; , and . 2012b.
- New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30. 367–382. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; , and . 2010.
- A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia. Historical Biology 27. 998–1020. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; , and . 2014.
- A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae. Palaeontology 54. 1095–1116. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; , and . 2011.
- Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457. 715–718. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American Journal of Botany 95. 1569–1583. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; ; ; , and . 2008.
- INGEOMINAS. . 2003. Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, 1–102.
- The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia. 31. 153–189. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2007.
- Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 35. 67–80. Accessed 2017-06-14. , and . 2013.
- Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106. 18627–18632. Accessed 2017-06-14. ; ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Cocinetas Basin
- Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; , and . 2016.
- Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia. Ameghiniana 52. 188–203. Accessed 2017-08-08. , and . 2015.
- The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 101. 1–67. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Ameghiniana 53. 77–99. Accessed 2017-08-08. ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 45–75. Accessed 2017-08-08. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 5–43. Accessed 2017-08-08. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, 1–66. University of Nebraska. Accessed 2017-08-08. . 2014.
- A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1029581. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Barzalosa Formation
- INGEOMINAS. ; ; , and . 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92.
- Gualanday Group
- New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia. Palaeontology 59. 319–325. Accessed 2017-05-17. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Honda Group
- New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; , and . 2008.
- The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2007.
- Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; ; ; , and . 2003.
- Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2004.
- A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America. Breviora 193. 1–13. Accessed 2017-05-04. , and . 1963.
- Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; , and . 2013.
- Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 1971.
- Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55. 365–379. ; , and . 2010. Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species.
- Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America). Journal of Human Evolution 32. 161–199. Accessed 2017-05-04. , and . 1997.
- A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04. , and . 1992.
- New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America. Journal of Paleontology 50. 402–418. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 1976.
- Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102. 407–427. Accessed 2017-05-04. , and . 1997.
- A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia. Auk 70. 484–495. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 1953.
- The Anatomical Record 294.12. 2013–2023. , and . 2011. Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia.
- Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 34. 253–256. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2010.
- Smithsonian Institution Press. . 1997. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, _.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140. ; , and . 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys.
- A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University overseas research reports of New World monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-05-04. , and . 1988.
- Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America. Folia Primatol 44. 96–101. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 1985.
- Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; ; , and . 2015.
- ; ; ; , and . 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. , Tokyo 109.4. 289.
- A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; ; ; , and . 1991.
- Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de La Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2013.
- Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 24. 117–127. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 2000.
- La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-05-04. . 1997.
- Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-05-04. ; ; , and . 1996.
- Primates 51.2. 131–138. . 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness.
- Los Hoyos beds
- Descubrimiento de mamíferos fósiles de edad Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío) en el "Desierto" de la Tatacoa (Huila, Colombia). Caldasia 16. 119–125. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 1989.
- Mugrosa Formation
- INGEOMINAS. ; ; ; ; , and . 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105.
- Rotinet Formation
- Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia. 35. 50–57. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2010.
- Sincelejo Formation
- Los mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la Costa Caribe Colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 29. 345–356. Accessed 2019-02-04. , and . 2005.
Ecuador[]
- Biblián Formation
- Solución geológica, geotécnica, hidrológica, hidráulica y estructural de la alcantarilla que sirve a la autopista Cuenca-Azogues, Abscisa km. 4+667 (thesis), 1–111. Universidad de Cuenca. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2015.
- Dos Bocas Formation
- Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil. Boletín de Geología 40. 31–42. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador. PLoS ONE 12. e0188380. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Letrero Formation
- Marcas de herbivoría en hojas fósiles de las cuencas miocénicas del sur del Ecuador (BSc. thesis), 1–39. Universidad Central del Ecuador. Accessed 2017-10-26. . 2017.
- Onzole Formation
- Registros de la deformación y del volcanismo en el dominio del antearco ecuatoriano: sedimentología y bioestratigrafía de la Formación Borbón (thesis), 1–202. Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral. Accessed 2018-09-12. . 2013.
- Seca Formation
- Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil. Boletín de Geología 40. 31–42. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2018.
Paraguay[]
- Chaco Formation
- Síntesis Geológica e Hidrogeológica del noroeste de la provincia de Entre Ríos - República Argentina. 112. 25–36. Accessed 2018-09-03. . 2001.
- Mapa Geológico del Paraguay - Proyecto PAR 86 - Escala 1:1,000,000 - Texto explicativo, 1–62. _. Accessed 2018-09-03. . 1986.
Peru[]
- Peruvian Amazon
- A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas, 1–76. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP). Accessed 2018-09-04. . 2010.
- Sechura Basin
- Proyecto: "desarrollo de capacidades para una propuesta de zoneamiento ecológico económica (ZEE) para el ordenamiento territorial del Departamento de Piura" - área: Geología y potencial de recursos mineros, 1–83. Ministry of Environment, Peru. Accessed 2018-09-11. . 2009.
- Chambira Formation
- New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 41. 143–245. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; , and . 2019.
- Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Papers in Palaeontology 3. 69–109. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of Human Evolution 97. 159–175. Accessed 2019-02-04. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- Chilcatay Formation
- ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2018. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. Royal Society Open Science 5. 172302.
- Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 11. 51–59. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2008.
- A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16. 981–1016. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 987–1004. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2014.
- Chota Formation
- La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, 1–4. Congreso Peruano de Geología. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Iñapari Formation
- Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre Region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science 374. 1–46. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 1986.
- A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru. Palaeontology 54. 171–205. ; , and . 2011.
- Madre de Dios Formation
- Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin. Journal of Paleontology 86. 852–877. Accessed 2019-02-15. , and . 2012.
- New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics. Journal of Paleontology 88. 434–443. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z, 1–201. INGEMMET. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 1998.
- Mogollón Formation
- A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22. 129–140. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Evaluación Geológica de la Formación Mogollón en el Yacimiento Leones – Cuenca Talara (MSc. thesis), 1–87. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Accessed 2017-10-18. . 2010.
- Moquegua Formation
- Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 112. 53–77. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids. Zootaxa 4111. 565–583. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2016.
- Muñani Formation
- A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene–earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56. 665–678. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2011.
- Paracas Formation
- Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104. 11545–11550. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2007.
- Pisco Formation
- Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04. . 2013.
- Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04. . 2006.
- New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425. ; ; ; , and . 2011. [ A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru].
- Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20. 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179. 919–946. ; ; , and . 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families.
- A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4. 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; , and . 2017.
- A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3. 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2016.
- Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04. ; , and . 2009.
- Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21. 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10. . 2018.
- A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015a.
- New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; , and . 2015b.
- Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04. . 2007.
- Pozo Formation
- Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279. 1319–1326. Accessed 2019-02-14. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Palaeontologia Electronica 20. Article number 20.1.19A. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
- Soncco Formation
- Dataciones por trazas de fisión en los depósitos continentales terciarios de la Región de Cusco, 521–524. XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2016.
- Yahuarango Formation
- Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys. Nature 520. 538–546. Accessed 2017-09-24. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- The Paleogene Santa Rosa Local Fauna of Amazonian Perú: Geographic and Geologic Setting. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 40. 1–164. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; , and . 2004.
- New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11. 727–741. Accessed 2019-02-15. ; ; , and . 2013.
- Yumaque Formation
- Earliest Mysticete from the Late Eocene of Peru Sheds New Light on the Origin of Baleen Whales. Current Biology 27. 1–7. Accessed 2019-02-04. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2017.
Uruguay[]
- Pleistocene
- El Cuaternario en Uruguay, 195–228. . Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2009.
- Camacho Formation
- A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates. Ameghiniana 55. 233–252. Accessed 2018-10-01. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Estudio sobre los roedores gigantes del Uruguay, Departamento de San José (Mioceno tardío-Pliocene) y sus implicancias para la sistemática y taxonomía de la familia Dinomyidae (Mammalia, Rodentia), 1–101. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2018-10-01. . 2011.
- Icnología de la formación Camacho (Mioceno tardío) del Uruguay (MSc. thesis), 1–125. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2002.
- Dolores Formation
- Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 243. 179–189. Accessed 2017-05-07. ; ; , and . 2007.
- The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay. 256. 229–234. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; , and . 2010.
- Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 11. 641–662. Accessed 2017-05-07. ; ; , and . 2005.
- Fray Bentos Formation
- Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 5. 41–50. Accessed 2018-09-12. ; ; ; , and . 1998.
- Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12. , and . 2009.
- Raigón Formation
- Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12. , and . 2009.
- San José Formation
- A new genus of Anhingidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Uruguay (San José Formation). Ameghiniana 39. 183–191. Accessed 2019-02-12. , and . 2002.
- Sopas Formation
- New records and diet reconstruction using dental microwear analysis for Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae). Andean Geology 46. 153–167. Accessed 2019-02-28. ; , and . 2019.
Venezuela[]
- Chaguaramas Formation
- El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico, 133–156. Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado. Accessed 2017-10-21. , and . 2012.
- Parángula Formation
- Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia). Paleobiología Neotropical 03. 1–25. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2007.
- Falcón Basin
- Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
- Integración geológica de la Península de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón (MSc thesis), 1–184. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-10-26. , and . 2005.
- Capadare Formation
- The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina. PeerJ 3. e1063. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón, 1–199. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2005.
- Castillo Formation
- The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). PALAIOS 24. 59–69. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; , and . 2009.
- Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 179–191. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis. Andean Geology 41. 507–528. Accessed 2018-09-07. ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela. _. 1–19. Accessed 2018-09-07. ; ; ; , and . 2018.
- Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales LXX. 9–25. Accessed 2017-08-15. , and . 2010.
- Mesa Formation
- Evaluación hidrogeológica-geofísica de las formaciones Mesa y Las Piedras aflorantes en Santa Clara, Estado Anzoátegui (BS thesis), 1–126. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2019-02-12. . 2012.
- Río Yuca Formation
- A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America. Geobios 757. 1–35. Accessed 2019-02-12. ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- San Gregorio Formation
- A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela – implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America. Palaeontologia Electronica 21. Article number. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; , and . 2018.
- A new Dasypodini armadillo (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from San Gregorio Formation, Pliocene of Venezuela: affinities and biogeographic interpretations. Naturwissenschaften .. 1–10. Accessed 2017-08-15. ; ; , and . 2014.
- Santa Inés Formation
- A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela. American Museum Novitates 1368. 1–10. Accessed 2018-10-01. . 1947.
- Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations
- Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10. e0139230. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15. . 2004.
- Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27. . 2005.
- Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17. 409–421. Accessed 2019-02-11. ; ; , and . 2018.
- A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2. 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
Further reading[]
- Fossil Horses of South America: Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology, 1–150. Springer ISBN 9783319558776. Accessed 2017-10-21. , and . 2017.
- Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21. . 2016.
- Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America, 1–448. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253007193. Accessed 2017-10-21. ; , and . 2013.
- The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21. , and . 2013.
- South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds: Paleobiogeographic Affinities and Disparities, 1–113. Springer ISBN 9789400754676. Accessed 2017-10-21. , and . 2012.
- Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 1–370. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521194617. Accessed 2017-10-21. ; , and . 2012.
- The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia, 1–448. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521872416. Accessed 2017-10-21. . 2010.
- Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, 1–304. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253002006. Accessed 2017-10-21. ; , and . 2010.
- Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana Geology 50. 1–52. Accessed 2018-09-29. ; , and . 2004.
- The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24. , and . 2002.
- Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN 9781935623854. Accessed 2017-10-21. ; ; , and . 1997.
- Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, 1–275. UMI ISBN 9780783733111. Accessed 2017-10-21. . 1996.
- Las edades del Cenozoico mamalífero de la Argentina, con especial atención a aquellas del territorio bonaerense. Anales C.I.C. _. 165–193. Accessed 2018-09-10. ; ; , and . 1965.
- South American land mammal ages
- Cenozoic mammals of South America
- Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America