South American land mammal age

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
South American land mammal age is located in South America
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
class=notpageimage|
Locations of SALMA type localities
White pog.svg Pleistocene ages
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg Pliocene ages
Yellow pog.svg Miocene ages
Gold pog.svg Oligocene ages
Orange ff8040 pog.svg Eocene ages
Orange pog.svg Paleocene ages

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]

The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background[]

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline[]

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]

  • 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
  • 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
  • 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
  • 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
  • 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
  • 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
  • 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
  • Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
  • Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Albian
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica

Definitions[]

Epoch SALMA Top age (Ma) Base age (Ma) Etymology Country Location
Holocene
0
0.011
Late Pleistocene Lujanian
0.011
0.8
  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Mid Pleistocene Ensenadan
0.8
1.2
  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Early Pleistocene Uquian
1.2
3.0
  Argentina Jujuy Province
Late Pliocene Chapadmalalan
3.0
4.0
  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Early Pliocene Montehermosan
4.0
6.8
  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
Huayquerian
6.8
9.0
 Huayquerías Formation  Argentina Mendoza Province
Chasicoan
9.0
10.0
  Argentina Buenos Aires Province
Mayoan
10.0
11.8
  Argentina Chubut Province
Mid Miocene Laventan
11.8
13.8
 La Venta fauna  Colombia Huila Department
Colloncuran
13.8
15.5
 Collón Curá Formation  Argentina Neuquén Province
Early Miocene Friasian
15.5
16.3
 Río Frías Formation  Chile Aysén Region
Santacrucian
16.3
17.5
  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Colhuehuapian
17.5
21.0
  Argentina Chubut Province
Deseadan
21.0
29.0
  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene Tinguirirican
29.0
36.0
 Tinguiririca fauna  Chile O'Higgins Region
Late Eocene
Mid Eocene Divisaderan
36.0
42.0
  Argentina Mendoza Province
Early Eocene Mustersan
42.0
48.0
 Lake Musters  Argentina Chubut Province
Early Eocene Casamayoran
48.0
54.0
  Argentina Santa Cruz Province
Riochican
54.0
57.0
  Argentina Chubut Province
Late Paleocene
Itaboraian
57.0
59.0
 Itaboraí Formation  Brazil Rio de Janeiro State
Mid Paleocene Peligran
59.0
62.5
  Argentina Chubut Province
Early Paleocene Tiupampan
62.5
64.5
  Bolivia Cochabamba Department

Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America[]

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA Formations Country Location Notes
Lujanian  Argentina
[3][4]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[5][6][7]
 Chile
[8]
 Uruguay Norte Basin
[9][10]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[11]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[12][13][14]
Los Hoyos beds  Colombia
[15]
 Peru
[16]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[17]
 Bolivia Chuquisaca Department
[18][19]
 Peru
[20]
 Colombia
[21]
Sabana Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[22]
 Argentina
[23]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[24]
 Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[25]
 Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[26]
 Brazil Pelotas Basin
[27]
Soatá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[28]
 Uruguay Norte Basin
[29]
 Bolivia
[30]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[31]
 Brazil Paraná Basin
[32]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Ensenadan  Argentina
[34][35]
 Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[36]
 Chile
[8]
 Brazil Pelotas Basin
[37]
 Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[38]
 Argentina
[39]
Sabana Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[22]
 Bolivia
[30]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
 Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[41]
 Argentina
[42]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[43][44]
Uquian  Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[41]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
 Chile
[8]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[46]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[47]
 Argentina
[39]
San Gregorio Formation  Venezuela
[48]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
 Argentina
[42]
Ware Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Chapadmalalan  Argentina
[50][51]
 Argentina Paraná Basin
[52]
 Argentina
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
 Argentina Sierras de Córdoba
[54]
 Chile
[8]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
 Chile
[56]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
La Portada Formation  Chile
[57]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Argentina
[60]
San Gregorio Formation  Venezuela
[48]
 Argentina
 Uruguay
[61]
 Argentina
[62]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Ware Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Montehermosan  Argentina
[63][64][65]
 Argentina
[66][67]
 Argentina
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
Caleta Herradura Formation  Chile
[68]
 Bolivia Potosí mountain range
[69]
 Venezuela
[70]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
 Argentina
[71]
 Peru
[72][73]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[33]
Letrero Formation  Ecuador
[74]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
Onzole Formation  Ecuador
[76]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[77]
 Venezuela
[78]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Argentina
[79]
 Uruguay Norte Basin
[80]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[81]
 Argentina
[60]
 Argentina
 Uruguay
[61]
Solimões Formation  Brazil
[82]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[40]
Huayquerian Huayquerías Formation  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[83][84]
 Argentina
[53]
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
 Uruguay Norte &
[85]
Cerro Azul Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81][86][87]
 Argentina
[53][88]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
 Argentina Sierra del Tontal
[89]
Entrerriana Formation  Argentina Chaco Basin
[note 1]
Epecuén Formation  Argentina
[note 2]
 Brazil Madre de Deus Basin
[90]
 Peru
[91]
 Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[92]
Ituzaingó Formation  Argentina Paraná Basin
[93][94]
 Uruguay
[95][note 3]
 Peru
[97]
 Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes
[98]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
 Peru
[100]
 Argentina
[101]
 Bolivia
[102]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[77]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103][104]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[106]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[107]
 Uruguay Norte Basin
[80]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[108]
 Argentina Buenos Aires Province
[87]
 Argentina Sierra de Velasco
[109]
Solimões Formation  Brazil
[82]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela
[110]
Chasicoan  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
 Venezuela
[70]
Cerro Azul Formation  Argentina Colorado Basin
[81][86][87]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
 Argentina
[111]
 Peru
[97]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
 Argentina
[77]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Argentina
[112]
Urumaco Formation - Urumaco fauna  Venezuela
[110]
Mayoan  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[113]
Coquimbo Formation  Chile Tongoy Bay
[55]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
 Chile Parinacota Province
[115]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Navidad Formation  Chile Chilean Coast Range
[75]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Argentina
[112]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela
[110]
Yecua Formation  Bolivia Paraná Basin
[116]
Laventan Honda Group - La Venta fauna  Colombia
[117]
-  Bolivia
[118]
 Argentina San Rafael Block
[119]
Bahía Inglesa Formation  Chile Caldera Basin
[45]
 Venezuela
[120]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
 Peru
[72][73]
 Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
 Argentina Chaco Basin
[94][103]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
 Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[123]
 Colombia
[124]
 Venezuela
[125]
Urumaco Formation  Venezuela
[110]
Colloncuran Collón Curá Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
Neuquén Basin
[126][127]
Castilletes Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Cerdas beds  Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[128]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
 Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
 Bolivia Altiplano Basin
[99]
 Bolivia
[99]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
Pisco Formation  Peru Pisco Basin
[58][59]
Friasian Río Frías Formation  Chile Aysén Basin
[129][130]
Castilletes Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
 Venezuela
[133]
Pebas Formation  Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		 Amazon Basin
[72][105]
 Argentina
[134][135]
 Venezuela
[136]
Santacrucian  Argentina Austral Basin
[137][138]
 Argentina San Rafael Block
[119]
 Venezuela
[139]
Castillo Formation  Venezuela
[140]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[141]
 Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin
[142]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
-  Chile Altiplano Basin
[143]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
Jimol Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
 Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[144][138]
 Venezuela
[136]
Colhuehuapian  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Biblián Formation  Ecuador
[148]
Castillo Formation  Venezuela
[140]
 Argentina Neuquén Basin
[149]
 Argentina Neuquén Basin
[150]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Cura-Mallín Group  Chile Cura-Mallín Basin
[121]
Gaiman Formation  Argentina
[151]
 Argentina Colorado Basin
[114]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[152][138]
 Peru
[153]
 Brazil Amazon Basin
[154]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[141]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Uitpa Formation  Colombia Cocinetas Basin
[49]
Deseadan  Argentina Deseado Massif
[156]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Agua de la Piedra Formation  Argentina Precordillera
[157]
Barzalosa Formation  Colombia
[158]
 Peru
[159]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[131][132]
Dos Bocas Formation  Ecuador
[160]
 Argentina
 Uruguay		 Paraná Basin
[161][162]
Gaiman Formation  Argentina
[151]
 Argentina Cuyo Basin
[122]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[152][138]
 Peru Moquegua Basin
[163]
 Colombia Middle Magdalena Valley
[164]
 Bolivia
[118][116]
"Puca Group" -  Bolivia
[165]
 Chile Aysén Basin
[166]
 Bolivia
[167][168]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
/  Brazil
[169]
Tinguirirican Abanico Formation - Tinguiririca fauna  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
 Brazil
[172]
 Colombia Central Colombian Ranges
[173]
Laguna Brava Formation  Argentina Precordillera
[174]
Loreto Formation  Chile Magallanes Basin
[175]
 Peru
[176]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[131][177]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Seca Formation  Ecuador
[178]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
Divisaderan  Argentina Cuyo Basin
[180]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[181]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
 Argentina Austral Basin
[182]
Loreto Formation  Chile Magallanes Basin
[175]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[183]
 Peru
[72][184]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[185]
Mustersan  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[155]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[181]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
Geste Formation  Argentina Puna Plateau
[186][187]
Laguna del Hunco Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[188]
 Peru Pisco Basin
[183]
 Peru
[72][184]
Soncco Formation  Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes
[179]
 Argentina Neuquén Basin
[189]
 Argentina Neuquén Basin
[190]
- Santa Rosa fauna  Peru
[191][171]
Casamayoran  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[192]
Abanico Formation  Chile Abanico Basin
[146][147]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
 Bolivia Cochabamba Department
[194]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
 Brazil
[195]
Guabirotuba Formation  Brazil
[196]
Huitrera Formation  Argentina Neuquén Basin
[197]
Laguna del Hunco Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[188]
 Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[198][199]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[200]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[202][203]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[145][155]
Riochican  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[204]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[205]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[206]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
 Peru &
[207]
 Peru Altiplano Basin
[208]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Río Loro Formation  Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[210]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Itaboraian Itaboraí Formation  Brazil
[211]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Cerrejón Formation  Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[212]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[206]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[213]
 Argentina Salta Basin
[201]
Mealla Formation  Argentina Salta Basin
[214]
 Peru &
[207]
 Peru Altiplano Basin
[208]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Río Loro Formation  Argentina Sierras Pampeanas
[210]
Peligran  Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Bogotá Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[193]
Cerrejón Formation  Colombia Cesar-Ranchería Basin
[212]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
Guaduas Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[215]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]
Santa Lucía Formation  Bolivia
[216]
Tiupampan Santa Lucía Formation  Bolivia
[216]
Chota Formation  Peru
[170][171]
Guaduas Formation  Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense
[215]
Lefipán Formation  Argentina Cañadón Asfalto Basin
[217]
Maria Farinha Formation  Brazil
[218]
 Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin
[209]

Fossil content[]

SALMA Group Fossils Formation Notes
Lujanian Mammals Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, , C. magellanicus, , Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, , L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, , Neochoerus aesopi, , , , , Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, , , Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp.
[219][220]
[221][222]
[223][224]
[225][226]
Holmesina rondoniensis
[227]
Birds , , Nannopterum brasilianum,
[222]
Insects , , , ,
[228]
[229]
Ensenadan Mammals , Tonnicinctus mirus
[230][231]
Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet.
[232]
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp.
[233][234]
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp.
[235]
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, , , C. villosus, , Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, , , Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, , Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, , , , Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, , L. glama, , , , , Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, , Nectomys cf. squamipes, , , Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, , Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, , Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp.
[236]
[237][238]
Hippidion devillei, , , Glyptodon sp., , cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet.
[239][240]
Glyptodon munizi
[241]
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., , Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp.
[242][243]
Birds Neochen debilis
[244]
Anas bahamensis, , , , Zonotrichia robusta
[235][245]
[246][247]
[248]
Vultur gryphus
[237]
Reptiles &
amphibians
[249]
Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet.
[233]
Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp.
[237]
Fishes Pogonias cromis
[232]
Uquian Mammals Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, , Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, , Platygonus uquiensis, , , , Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., , , Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet.,
[250]
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet.
[251]
Megatherium medinae
[252]
,
[253]
Thalassocnus yaucensis Pisco
[254]
Panochthus intermedius
[255]
,
[256][257]
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp.
[258]
Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet.
[259]
, , , Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., , Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., , , Toxodon sp.,
[256]
[260][261]
Birds Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii Pisco
[262]
Aratinga vorohuensis
[263]
Reptiles Uquiasaurus heptanodonta
[264]
Chapadmalalan Mammals , , Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, , Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet.
[265][266]
[267][268]
[269]
Paedotherium typicum, ,
[270]
Abrothrix magnus,
[271][272]
Caviodon multiplicatus, , , , , Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, , , , Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp.,
[273]
aff. Holmesina floridianus, , , Boreostemma sp., , cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., , Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. San
Gregorio
[274][275]
Artigasia magna, ,
[276]
Chorobates villosissimus, , , , , , , , , , , ,
[277][278]
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, , , Microcavia sp., ,
[279]
, , Chapalmalania sp., , Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., , Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet. Ware
[280][281]
[282]
Birds Llallawavis scagliai
[283]
Reptiles &
amphibians		 Rhinella loba [284]
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet.
[272]
Crocodylus falconensis San
Gregorio
[285]
Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet. Ware
[280][286]
Fishes Carcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet. Ware
[280]
Montehermosan Mammals , , Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, , Eleutherocercus antiquus, , , , , , , , Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, , Marmosa contrerasi, , , , Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Toxodon chapalmalensis, , Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., , Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., , , , , , , , , , Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet.
[287]
[288][289]
[290][291]
[292][293]
[294][295]
Xotodon caravela
[296]
, , , Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, , Cyonasua brevirostris, , , , , , , Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, , , , , , , , Scelidotherium pendolai, , , , , Typotheriopsis internum, , Thylacosmilus sp., , Xotodon sp.
[297][298]
Hemisyntrachelus sp. Bahía
Inglesa
[299]
Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
,
[69][301]
, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, , , , ,
[302]
[303][304]
[305][306]
[307][308]
, , , ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet. Coquimbo
[309][310]
[311]
[312]
, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., ,
[313]
, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet. Letrero
[314]
Cetacea indet.
[315]
, , Mylodontidae indet.
[316]
[317]
[318]
Catonyx tarijensis
[319]
, Megatherium altiplanicum, , , , , , , Macroeuphractus sp., , , ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet.
[320]
[321][322]
Birds Chunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, , Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, , , , , Dendrocygninae indet.
[288][289]
[298]
, Spheniscus anglicus Bahía
Inglesa
[323][299][324]
, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet. Coquimbo
[325][326]
Reptiles &
amphibians		 , , , L. laevis, , Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet.
[327]
[288][289]
[290][328]
Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet.
[329][330]
Fishes Characidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet.
[288]
Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca Bahía
Inglesa
[299]
Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet. Caleta
Herradura
[300]
Carcharodon carcharias Coquimbo
[331]
Megalodon, , , , Chilara taylori, , Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, , , , Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, , , , Paraconger californiensis, , , P. cf. notatus, , Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet. Onzole
[332][333]
[334]
Megalodon
[315]
Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp.
[79][335]

See also[]

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
  2. ^ Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
  3. ^ In later research considered part of the [96]

References[]

  1. ^ Flynn & Swisher, 1995
  2. ^ Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
  3. ^ Blasi et al., 2010, p.88
  4. ^ Fucks et al., 2011, p.110
  5. ^ Quebrada Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
  6. ^ Mapa Geológico del Paraguay, 1986, p.42
  7. ^ Filí, 2001, p.28
  8. ^ a b c d López Mendoza et al, 2010, p.22
  9. ^ Alvarenga et al., 2010, p.230
  10. ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.211
  11. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.89
  12. ^ Zurita et al., 2009, p.279
  13. ^ Soibelzon et al., 2010, p.315
  14. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.30
  15. ^ Villarroel et al., 1989, p.120
  16. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.74
  17. ^ Combina & Sánchez, 2003, p.126
  18. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
  19. ^ Pardiñas & Galliari, 1998, p.18
  20. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.75
  21. ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.52
  22. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72
  23. ^ Brambilla & Ibarra
  24. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.143
  25. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.76
  26. ^ Isla et al., 2015, p.245
  27. ^ Oliveira et al., 2005, p.216
  28. ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
  29. ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.212
  30. ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.642
  31. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.41
  32. ^ Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
  33. ^ a b c d e Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.639
  34. ^ Tonni et al., 1999, p.277
  35. ^ Picasso & Degrange, 2009, p.429
  36. ^ Agnolin, 2006
  37. ^ Buchmann et al., 2009, p.9
  38. ^ Granadino, 2012, p.18
  39. ^ a b Isla et al., 2015, p.236
  40. ^ a b c d e f Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.640
  41. ^ a b Reguero & Candela, 2008, p.291
  42. ^ a b Orgeira, 1988, p.26
  43. ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.41
  44. ^ Erra et al., 2016, p.65
  45. ^ a b c d e f Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
  46. ^ Segovia, 2014, p.142
  47. ^ Renner & Velasco, 2000, p.26
  48. ^ a b Castro et al., 2014, p.5
  49. ^ a b c d e f Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
  50. ^ Olivares et al., 2012, p.200
  51. ^ Elissamburu et al., 2011, p.228
  52. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.257
  53. ^ a b c d Muruaga, 2001, p.30
  54. ^ Zamorano, 2013, p.284
  55. ^ a b c d e Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
  56. ^ Carillo Briceño et al., 2013, p.194
  57. ^ Chávez, 2008
  58. ^ a b c d e f g Brand et al., 2011
  59. ^ a b c d e f g Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
  60. ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2008, p.225
  61. ^ a b Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002, p.185
  62. ^ Ciccioli, 2017, p.72
  63. ^ Agnolin et al., 2014, p.20
  64. ^ Albino et al., 2009, p.79
  65. ^ Bogan & Agnolin, 2009, p.193
  66. ^ Nasif et al., p.101
  67. ^ Gutiérrez & Mon, 2004
  68. ^ Di Celma & Cantalamessa, 2007
  69. ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2012
  70. ^ a b Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
  71. ^ Bonini, 2014, p.58
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
  73. ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.58
  74. ^ Romero Carrasco, 2017, p.8
  75. ^ a b c d Finger et al., 2007, p.13
  76. ^ Ramírez Parrales, 2013, p.52
  77. ^ a b c Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
  78. ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.19
  79. ^ a b Cione et al., 2005, p.57
  80. ^ a b Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
  81. ^ a b c d Pérez, 2012, p.11
  82. ^ a b Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
  83. ^ Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
  84. ^ Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
  85. ^ Verde, 2002, p.21
  86. ^ a b Goin et al., 2000, p.101
  87. ^ a b c Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
  88. ^ Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
  89. ^ Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
  90. ^ Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
  91. ^ Frailey, 1986, p.4
  92. ^ García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
  93. ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.44
  94. ^ a b c d e Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
  95. ^ Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
  96. ^ Verde, 2002, p.20
  97. ^ a b Romero et al., 1998, p.60
  98. ^ Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
  99. ^ a b c d e f g Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
  100. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
  101. ^ Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
  102. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
  103. ^ a b c d Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
  104. ^ Brea et al., 2013, p.28
  105. ^ a b c d e f Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
  106. ^ González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
  107. ^ Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
  108. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991
  109. ^ Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
  110. ^ a b c d Linares, 2004, p.16
  111. ^ Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
  112. ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007, p.301
  113. ^ Escosteguy et al., 2003
  114. ^ a b c d e f Reichler, 2010, p.181
  115. ^ García et al., 1999, p.251
  116. ^ a b Hernández et al., 2002, p.5
  117. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  118. ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
  119. ^ a b Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
  120. ^ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
  121. ^ a b c d e Utgé et al., 2009
  122. ^ a b c d Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
  123. ^ Simpson, 1947, p.2
  124. ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
  125. ^ Linares, 2004, p.5
  126. ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
  127. ^ Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
  128. ^ Croft et al., 2016, p.2
  129. ^ Marshall, 1990
  130. ^ Marshall & Salinas, 1990
  131. ^ a b c d e De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
  132. ^ a b c d Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
  133. ^ Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
  134. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
  135. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
  136. ^ a b Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
  137. ^ Vizcaíno et al., 2012
  138. ^ a b c d Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
  139. ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
  140. ^ a b Johnson, 2009, p.60
  141. ^ a b Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
  142. ^ Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
  143. ^ Croft et al., 2007, p.781
  144. ^ Kramarz, 2001, p.10
  145. ^ a b c d e f Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
  146. ^ a b c d e f Godoy et al., 2012
  147. ^ a b c d e f Muñoz et al., 2006
  148. ^ Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
  149. ^ Kramarz et al., 2005
  150. ^ Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
  151. ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
  152. ^ a b Náñez et al., 2009
  153. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
  154. ^ De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
  155. ^ a b c d e f Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
  156. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.27
  157. ^ Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
  158. ^ Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
  159. ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
  160. ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
  161. ^ Bond et al., 1998, p.42
  162. ^ Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
  163. ^ Alván et al., 2017, p.56
  164. ^ Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
  165. ^ Billet et al., 2008, p.153
  166. ^ Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
  167. ^ Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
  168. ^ Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
  169. ^ Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
  170. ^ a b c d e f g h Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
  171. ^ a b c d e f g h i Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
  172. ^ Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
  173. ^ Billet et al., 2010
  174. ^ Vizan et al., 2013
  175. ^ a b Otero et al., 2012
  176. ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
  177. ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
  178. ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
  179. ^ a b c Carlotto, 2016, p.522
  180. ^ Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
  181. ^ a b Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
  182. ^ Clarke et al., 2003
  183. ^ a b Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
  184. ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
  185. ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
  186. ^ Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
  187. ^ López & Bond, 1995, p.92
  188. ^ a b Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
  189. ^ Shelania at Fossilworks.org
  190. ^ Wilf et al., 2005
  191. ^ Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
  192. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
  193. ^ a b c d Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  194. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
  195. ^ Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
  196. ^ Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
  197. ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
  198. ^ Hernández, 2003, p.47
  199. ^ Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
  200. ^ Del Papa, 2006, p.314
  201. ^ a b c Narváez, 2009, p.24
  202. ^ Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
  203. ^ Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
  204. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
  205. ^ Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
  206. ^ a b Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
  207. ^ a b Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
  208. ^ a b Gelfo & Goin, 2011
  209. ^ a b c d e f Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
  210. ^ a b Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
  211. ^ Oliveira & Goin, 2011
  212. ^ a b Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
  213. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
  214. ^ Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
  215. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
  216. ^ a b Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
  217. ^ Goin et al., 2006
  218. ^ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
  219. ^ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
  220. ^ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
  221. ^ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
  222. ^ a b Luján at Fossilworks.org
  223. ^ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
  224. ^ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
  225. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
  226. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
  227. ^ Góis et al., 2012
  228. ^ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
  229. ^ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
  230. ^ Góis et al., 2015
  231. ^ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
  232. ^ a b Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
  233. ^ a b El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
  234. ^ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
  235. ^ a b 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
  236. ^ Machado et al., 2014
  237. ^ a b c Tarija at Fossilworks.org
  238. ^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  239. ^ Ortiz et al., 2013
  240. ^ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
  241. ^ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
  242. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
  243. ^ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  244. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
  245. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
  246. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
  247. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
  248. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
  249. ^ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
  250. ^ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
  251. ^ Charana at Fossilworks.org
  252. ^ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
  253. ^ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
  254. ^ East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  255. ^ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
  256. ^ a b Olivares & Verzi, 2015
  257. ^ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
  258. ^ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
  259. ^ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
  260. ^ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
  261. ^ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  262. ^ Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  263. ^ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
  264. ^ Daza et al., 2012
  265. ^ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  266. ^ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
  267. ^ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
  268. ^ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
  269. ^ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
  270. ^ Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
  271. ^ Barbière et al., 2016
  272. ^ a b Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
  273. ^ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
  274. ^ Castro et al., 2014
  275. ^ Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
  276. ^ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
  277. ^ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
  278. ^ Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
  279. ^ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
  280. ^ a b c Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
  281. ^ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
  282. ^ Pérez et al., 2017
  283. ^ Degrange et al., 2015
  284. ^ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
  285. ^ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  286. ^ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
  287. ^ Barbière et al., 2018
  288. ^ a b c d Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  289. ^ a b c Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
  290. ^ a b Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
  291. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
  292. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
  293. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  294. ^ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  295. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
  296. ^ Armella et al., 2018
  297. ^ Candela & Bonini, 2017
  298. ^ a b Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
  299. ^ a b c Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
  300. ^ a b c Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
  301. ^ Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
  302. ^ Carrillo et al., 2018
  303. ^ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
  304. ^ La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
  305. ^ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
  306. ^ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
  307. ^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
  308. ^ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  309. ^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
  310. ^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
  311. ^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
  312. ^ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
  313. ^ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  314. ^ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
  315. ^ a b El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
  316. ^ Remedios at Fossilworks.org
  317. ^ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
  318. ^ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
  319. ^ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
  320. ^ Pujos et al., 2016
  321. ^ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  322. ^ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
  323. ^ Benson, 2015
  324. ^ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
  325. ^ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
  326. ^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
  327. ^ Nicoli, 2015
  328. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
  329. ^ CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
  330. ^ CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
  331. ^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
  332. ^ Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
  333. ^ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
  334. ^ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
  335. ^ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography[]

SALMA[]

  • Flynn, J., and C.C. Swisher. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54. 317–333.
Paleogene

Pebas Wetlands[]

Argentina[]

Paleogene
Pleistocene
Austral Basin
Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Santa Fe Province
Aconquija Formation
Agua de la Piedra Formation
Aisol Formation
Andalhuala Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
Arroyo Chasicó Formation
Belgrano Formation
Bororó Formation
Brochero Formation
Casamayor Formation
Cerro Azul Formation
Cerro Bandera Formation
Chapadmalal Formation
Chichinales Formation
Chiquimil Formation
Collón Curá Formation
Deseado Formation
Divisadero Largo Formation
La Ensenada Formation
Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
Gaiman Formation
Geste Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Hernandarias Formation
Huayquerías Formation
Huitrera Formation
India Muerta Formation
La Invernada Formation
Ituzaingó Formation
Koluel Kaike Formation
Laguna Brava Formation
  • Vizán, H.; S. Geuna; R. Melchor; E.S. Bellosi; S.L. Lagorio; C. Vásquez; M.S. Japas; G. Ré, and M. Do Campo. 2013. Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina). Tectonophysics 583. 105–123.
Laguna del Hunco Formation
Lefipán Formation
Leticia Formation
Loma de Las Tapias Formation
Luján Formation
Lumbrera Formation
Maimará Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mariño Formation
Mealla Formation
Miramar & San Andrés Formations
Monte Hermoso Formation
Monte León Formation
El Morterito Formation
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraná Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
Pinturas Formation
Piquete Formation
Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
Puerta del Diablo Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation
Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
Río Chico Group
Río Foyel Formation
  • Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Miguel Griffin; Marcos Asensio; Alberto Luis Cione, and Claudia Tambussi. 2013. Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera. Andean Geology 40. 490–503. Accessed 2017-10-26.
  • Encinas, Alfonso; Andrés Folguera; Florencia Bechis; Kenneth L. Finger; Patricio Zambrano; Felipe Pérez; Pablo Benarbé; Francisca Tapia, and Ricardo Riffo and Luis Buatois, Darío Orts, Sven N. Nielsen, Victor V. Valencia, José Cituño, Verónica Oliveros, Lizet de Girolamo Del Mauro and Víctor Alberto Ramos. 2018. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes, 443–474. Springer. Accessed 2018-09-11. ISBN 978-3-319-67774-3
Río Loro Formation
  • Pol, Diego, and Jaime E. Powell. 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163. S7–S36.
Río Mayo Formation
  • Escosteguy, Leonardo; Carlos Dal Molín; Mario Franchi; Silvena Guena; Omar Lapido, and Adolfo Genini. 2003. Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, 1–80. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, . Accessed 2018-09-10.
Río Negro Formation
Río Quinto Formation
Saladillo Formation
Salamanca Formation
Saldungaray Formation
Salicas Formation
Santa Cruz Formation
Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
Toro Negro Formation
Uquía Formation
Vaca Mahuida Formation
Ventana Formation
Vorohué Formation
Yupoí Formation

Bolivia[]

Casira Formation
Cerdas beds
Honda Group
Lacayani fauna
Ñuapua Formation
Quehua Formation
Salla Formation
Santa Lucía Formation
Tarija Formation
Umala Formation
Yecua & Petaca Formations

Brazil[]

  • Rêgo Henriques, Deise Dias; Valéria Gallo da Silva; Luciana Barbosa de Carvalho, and Sergio Alex Kugland de Azevedo. s.a. Coleçao de tipos e figurados (8/1997), 1–20. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Entre-Corrégos Formation
Fonseca Formation
Graxaim Formation
Guabirotuba Formation
Içá Formation
Itaboraí Formation
Maria Farinha Formation
Pirabas Formation
Rio Madeira Formation
Santa Vitória Formation
Solimões Formation
Touro Passo Formation
Tremembé Formation

Chile[]

Abanico Formation
Bahía Inglesa Formation
Caleta Herradura Formation
  • Di Celma, Claudio, and Gino Cantalamessa. 2007. Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile. Sedimentary Geology 198. 29–52.
Chíu-Chíu Formation
Chucal Formation
Coquimbo Formation
Cura-Mallín Group
Horcón Formation
Huaylas Formation
Loreto Formation
Navidad Formation
La Portada Formation
Río Baguales Formation
Río Frías Formation

Colombia[]

Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cocinetas Basin
Barzalosa Formation
  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
Gualanday Group
Honda Group
Los Hoyos beds
Mugrosa Formation
  • Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Alejandro Patiño; Giancarlo Renzoni; Alejandro Beltrán; Claudia Quintero, and Martín Manrique. 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105. INGEOMINAS.
Rotinet Formation
Sincelejo Formation

Ecuador[]

Biblián Formation
Dos Bocas Formation
Letrero Formation
Onzole Formation
Seca Formation

Paraguay[]

Chaco Formation

Peru[]

Peruvian Amazon
Sechura Basin
Chambira Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Chota Formation
Iñapari Formation
Madre de Dios Formation
Mogollón Formation
Moquegua Formation
Muñani Formation
Paracas Formation
Pisco Formation
Pozo Formation
Soncco Formation
Yahuarango Formation
Yumaque Formation

Uruguay[]

Pleistocene
Camacho Formation
Dolores Formation
Fray Bentos Formation
Raigón Formation
San José Formation
Sopas Formation

Venezuela[]

Chaguaramas Formation
  • Horovitz, Inés, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2012. El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico, 133–156. Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Parángula Formation
Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
Capadare Formation
Castillo Formation
Mesa Formation
Río Yuca Formation
San Gregorio Formation
Santa Inés Formation
Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

Further reading[]

Retrieved from ""