Las Juntas Formation
Las Juntas Formation Stratigraphic range: Hauterivian ~ | |
---|---|
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | |
Sub-units | Arenisca de Almeida Mb. Lutitas Intermedias Mb. Arenisca de El Volador Mb. |
Underlies | Fómeque Fm., Apón Fm. |
Overlies | Macanal Formation |
Thickness | up to 910 m (2,990 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Sandstone |
Other | Shale |
Location | |
Coordinates | 5°00′49″N 73°27′27″W / 5.01361°N 73.45750°WCoordinates: 5°00′49″N 73°27′27″W / 5.01361°N 73.45750°W |
Region | Altiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley Eastern Ranges Andes |
Country | ![]() |
Type section | |
Named for | Cerro Las Juntas |
Named by | Rodríguez & Ulloa |
Location | Guateque |
Year defined | 1979 |
Coordinates | 5°00′49″N 73°27′27″W / 5.01361°N 73.45750°W |
Region | Boyacá |
Country | ![]() |
The Las Juntas Formation or Las Juntas Sandstone (Spanish: (Formación) Areniscas de Las Juntas, Kiaj, Kialj, K1j) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Las Juntas Formation is found in the departments Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Casanare. The predominantly sandstone formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Hauterivian epoch, and has a maximum thickness of 910 metres (2,990 ft).
Etymology[]
The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Cerro Las Juntas, Guateque, Tenza Valley, Boyacá.[1][2]
Description[]
Lithologies[]
The Las Juntas Formation has a maximum thickness of 910 metres (2,990 ft) and is characterised by a sequence of sandstones with interbedded shales.[1]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]
The Las Juntas Formation, the uppermost unit of the , overlies the Macanal Formation and is overlain by the Fómeque Formation and the Apón Formation in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.[3] The formation is subdivided into three members, from old to younger; Arenisca de El Volador, Lutitas Intermedias and Arenisca de Almeida. The age has been estimated to be Hauterivian. The formation has been deposited in a near shore deltaic environment,[1][2] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.[4] The formation represents a regressive sequence in the present-day Eastern Ranges, as the Rosablanca Formation in the Middle Magdalena Valley.[5]
Outcrops[]
![Las Juntas Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/250px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png)
![Las Juntas Formation Las Juntas Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png)
The Las Juntas Formation is apart from its type locality east of Guateque, found in Chingaza National Park,[1] in the El Cochal Synclinal east of the Ocetá Páramo,[6] between Lake Tota and Labranzagrande,[7] other parts of the Tenza Valley such as close to Macanal and Almeida.[8]
The thrusts the Las Juntas Formation southeastward on top of the Tertiary and ,[9] and the thrusts the older Macanal Formation on top of the Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.[10]
Regional correlations[]
Age | Paleomap | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco |
Tunja- Duitama |
Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maastrichtian | ![]() |
eroded | Guaduas | ||||||||||
Guadalupe | |||||||||||||
Campanian | |||||||||||||
Oliní | |||||||||||||
Santonian | - | ||||||||||||
Coniacian | Oliní | Conejo | Chipaque | ||||||||||
Loma Gorda | undefined | La Frontera | |||||||||||
Turonian | ![]() |
Hondita | La Frontera | ||||||||||
Cenomanian | hiatus | Simijaca | |||||||||||
Pacho Fm. | Hiló - Pacho | Une | |||||||||||
Albian | ![]() |
Hiló | Une | ||||||||||
Capotes - - | |||||||||||||
Aptian | Capotes | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Fómeque | |||||||||
Paja | Paja | El Peñón | Trincheras | ||||||||||
La Naveta | |||||||||||||
Barremian | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Las Juntas | ||||||||||||
Rosablanca | Ritoque | ||||||||||||
Valanginian | Ritoque | - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Macanal | ||||||||
Rosablanca | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | ![]() |
Guavio | |||||||||||
Arcabuco | |||||||||||||
Sources |
Ma | Age | Paleomap | Regional events | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | Holocene | ![]() |
Holocene volcanism Seismic activity |
alluvium | Overburden | ||||||||
1 | Pleistocene | ![]() |
Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations |
Soatá Sabana |
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) |
[11][12][13][14] | ||||||
2.6 | Pliocene | ![]() |
Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI |
Subachoque | |||||||||
5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland |
Marichuela | Honda | [13][15] | ||||||||
13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | hiatus | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) |
Seal | [14][16] | ||||||
16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 |
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) |
Reservoir | [15][14] | |||||||
17.3 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal | |||||||||||
19 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||||
21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal | ||||||||
23 | Late Oligocene | ![]() |
Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep |
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | [12][15] | |||||||
25 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal | |||||||||||
28 | Early Oligocene | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | [12][15][17] | |||||||||
32 | Oligo-Eocene | Usme | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source |
[17] | |||||||
35 | Late Eocene | ![]() |
Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) |
Reservoir | [14][18] | |||||||
40 | Middle Eocene | Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
45 | |||||||||||||
50 | Early Eocene | ![]() |
Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) |
Seal Source |
[14][18] | |||||||
55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm CO2 |
Bogotá | ||||||||||
60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) |
Reservoir | [11][12][15][14][19] | |||||
65 | Maastrichtian | ![]() |
KT extinction | Guadalupe | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) |
Reservoir | [11][14] | |||||
72 | Campanian | End of rifting | [14][20] | ||||||||||
83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) |
Source | [11][14][21] | ||||
93 | Cenomanian | ![]() |
Rift 2 | ||||||||||
100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) |
Reservoir | [15][21] | |||||
113 | Aptian | ![]() |
Fómeque | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) |
Source (Fóm) | [12][14][22] | ||||||
125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) |
Reservoir | [11] | ||||||
129 | Hauterivian | ![]() |
Rift 1 | Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) |
Reservoir (LJun) | [11] | ||||
133 | Valanginian | Macanal Rosablanca |
Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) |
Source (Mac) | [12][23] | |||||||
140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Arcabuco | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) |
"Jurassic" | [15][24] | ||||||
150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | ![]() |
Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Noreán |
hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) |
[25] | ||||
201 | Late Triassic | ![]() |
[15] | ||||||||||
235 | Early Triassic | ![]() |
Pangea | hiatus | "Paleozoic" | ||||||||
250 | Permian | ![]() |
|||||||||||
300 | Late Carboniferous | ![]() |
Famatinian orogeny | () |
[26] | ||||||||
340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap |
Cuche (355-385) |
() |
Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) |
|||||||
360 | Late Devonian | ![]() |
Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) |
() |
Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) |
[23][27][28][29][30] | |||||
390 | Early Devonian | ![]() |
High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) |
Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) |
|||||||
410 | Late Silurian | ||||||||||||
425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
440 | Late Ordovician | ![]() |
Rich fauna in Bolivia | (450-490) |
() |
||||||||
470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | (>470±22) |
() |
() |
() |
[31][32][33] | ||||||
488 | Late Cambrian | ![]() |
Regional intrusions | (490-515) |
() |
() |
(490-590) |
() |
[34][35] | ||||
515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | [33][36] | ||||||||||
542 | Ediacaran | ![]() |
Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | () |
Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) |
Basement | [37][38] | ||||
600 | Neoproterozoic | ![]() |
Cariri Velhos orogeny | (600-1400) |
pre-Guaviare | [34] | |||||||
800 | ![]() |
Snowball Earth | [39] | ||||||||||
1000 | Mesoproterozoic | ![]() |
Sunsás orogeny | (1000) |
(1030-1100) |
[40][41][42][43] | |||||||
1300 | pre-Ariarí | (1300-1400) |
(1180-1550) |
[44] | |||||||||
1400 | ![]() |
pre-Bucaramanga | [45] | ||||||||||
1600 | Paleoproterozoic | (1500-1700) |
pre-Garzón | [46] | |||||||||
1800 | ![]() |
(1800) |
[44][46] | ||||||||||
1950 | pre-Mitú | [44] | |||||||||||
2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
2530 | Archean | ![]() |
[44] | ||||||||||
3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
Sources |
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
See also[]
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Notes[]
References[]
- ^ a b c d Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52
- ^ a b Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.165
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.166
- ^ Plancha 172, 1998
- ^ Plancha 192, 1998
- ^ Plancha 210, 2010
- ^ Plancha 193, 1992
- ^ Plancha 211, 2009
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
- ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
- ^ García González et al., 2009
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography[]
- Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-26. , and . 2002.
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120.
- Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). . 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216.
Maps[]
- Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1998.
- Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1998.
- Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. . 1992.
- Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; ; ; , and . 2010.
- Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. , and . 2009.
- Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06. ; , and . 1998.
External links[]
- Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Geologic formations of Colombia
- Cretaceous Colombia
- Lower Cretaceous Series of South America
- Hauterivian Stage
- Sandstone formations
- Deltaic deposits
- Colombian emeralds
- Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Geography of Cundinamarca Department
- Geography of Boyacá Department
- Geography of Casanare Department