Macanal Formation

Macanal Formation
Stratigraphic range: Berriasian-Valanginian
~140–132 Ma

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Macanal Formation; Stratigraphic range: Berriasian-Valanginian; ~140–132 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Outcrop of the Macanal Formation along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio
Type	Geological formation
Unit of
Underlies	Las Juntas Formation
Overlies	Guavio Fm., , , ,
Thickness	up to 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
Lithology
Primary
Other	Limestone, gypsum, emeralds
Location
Coordinates	4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°WCoordinates: 4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley; Eastern Ranges; Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Macanal
Named by	Rodríguez & Ulloa
Location	Macanal
Year defined	1979
Coordinates	4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia

The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formación) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.

The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.

Etymology[]

The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca.^[1]^[2] The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.^[3]^[4]

Description[]

Lithologies[]

Fractured sample of the Macanal Formation

The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous ,^[2] with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC.^[5] In the and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas.^[6] In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.^[7]^[8]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment[]

The Macanal Formation, a unit of the , concordantly overlies the Guavio, , , and ,^[9] and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the , , Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations.^[10] The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin,^[5] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.^[11] The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.^[12]

Fossil content[]

The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation.^[13] Ammonites of , , , , Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, , Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of , Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti.^[14] Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.^[15]

Outcrops[]

The Macanal Formation is found bordering the Guavio Reservoir

Type locality of the Macanal Formation in the Tenza Valley to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the canyon,^[16]^[17] found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo,^[18] in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande,^[19]^[20] around Páez and Campohermoso,^[17] in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the ,^[21] and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio.^[22] The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza,^[23] and Gachalá, Cundinamarca.^[24]

The thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota,^[25] and the thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.^[26] The forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation,^[27] while the puts the in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame,^[28] as does the .^[29] The forms the contact between the and the Macanal Formation,^[30] and the , part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary .^[31] At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.^[32]

Regional correlations[]

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges hide
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Maastrichtian						eroded		Guaduas
Maastrichtian								Guadalupe
Campanian
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian		-
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian			Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian			Hondita	La Frontera			La Frontera
Cenomanian		hiatus					Simijaca
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho		Une
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho			Une
Albian							Capotes - -			Une
Aptian				Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian											Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca							Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque		- Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca				Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian											Guavio
Berriasian				Arcabuco							Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces hide
Ma	Age	Regional events			proximal Llanos	distal Llanos			Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations		Soatá Sabana					Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela				Honda				^[35]^[37]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding		hiatus					Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[36]^[38]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[37]^[36]
17.3									Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19									Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands						Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep							Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[34]^[37]
25	Late Oligocene								Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene								Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[34]^[37]^[39]
32	Oligo-Eocene			Usme		onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[39]
35	Late Eocene			Usme					Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[36]^[40]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene								Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[36]^[40]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂		Bogotá					Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas					Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[33]^[34]^[37]^[36]^[41]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction		Guadalupe					Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[33]^[36]
72	Campanian	End of rifting										^[36]^[42]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event		Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[33]^[36]^[43]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[37]^[43]
113	Aptian			Fómeque					Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[34]^[36]^[44]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity		Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[33]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1		Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[33]
133	Valanginian			Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[34]^[45]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea		Arcabuco					Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[37]^[46]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Noreán	hiatus				Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[47]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2		Noreán								^[37]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						()				^[48]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	()			()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[45]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400)					()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian		Floresta (387-400)
425	Early Silurian		hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	(450-490)		()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	(450-490)	(>470±22)	()		()	() Venado (470-475)				^[53]^[54]^[55]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	(490-515)	()	()		(490-590)	()				^[56]^[57]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		()				()				^[55]^[58]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[59]^[60]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	(600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[56]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[61]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			(1000)			(1030-1100)				^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]
1300					pre-Ariarí	(1300-1400)		(1180-1550)				^[66]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					(1180-1550)				^[67]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[68]
1800						(1800)						^[66]^[68]
1950						pre-Mitú						^[66]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean											^[66]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[69], García González et al. (2009),^[70] and geological report of Villavicencio^[71]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[69] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[72]

References[]

^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.51
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47
^ (in Spanish) Official website Macanal
^ (in Spanish) Etymology Municipalities Boyacá
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52
^ García González et al., 2009, p.49
^ Uribe, 1960, p.5
^ ANM, 2015, p.1
^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.110
^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
^ Villamil, 2012, p.165
^ Schütz, 2012, p.26
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.45
^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.204
^ Montaña Cárdenas, 2015, p.52
^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.46
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 210, 2010
^ Plancha 172, 1998
^ Plancha 193, 1992
^ Pinto Valderrama et al., 2010, p.44
^ Plancha 228, 1998
^ Plancha 266, 1998
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.44
^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.101
^ Plancha 192, 1998
^ Plancha 211, 2009
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.102
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.110
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.114
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.122
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.123
^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.125
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography[]

Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-26.
ANM, .. 2015. Esmeralda, 1–2. .
García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
Montaña Cárdenas, Jorge Hernando. 2015. Análisis de deformaciones y modelo estructural del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1–57. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-08-04.
Patiño, Alejandro; Jaime Fuquen; Julián Ramos; Andrea Pedraza; Leonardo Ceballos; Lyda Pinzón; Yadira Jerónimo; Leidy Álvarez, and Andrea Torres. 2011. Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000, 1–131. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-08-04.
Pinto Valderrama, Jorge Eduardo; José Pedro Mora Ortiz; Gloria Reátiga Tarazona; Jorge Alberto Rey Pilonieta; Silvia Johana Toloza Hormiga; Diego Andrés Torres Coronado; David Ricardo Vargas Mojica, and Cristian Julián Zafra Manrique. 2010. Geología del Piedemonte Llanero en la Cordillera Oriental, departamentos de Arauca y Casanare, 1–64. INGEOMINAS & Universidad Industrial de Santander. Accessed 2017-08-04.
Piraquive, Alejandro; Juan Sebastián Díaz; Tomas Cuéllar; Germán Pardo, and Andreas Kammer. 2011. Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas. 36. 197–216. Accessed 2017-08-04.
Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120. INGEOMINAS.
Schütz, Christian. 2012. Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1–161. Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & .
Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germán Reyes; Giovanni Moreno, and Jaime Fúquen. 2008. Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental - Planchas 210, 228 & 229 - Guateque, Bogotá Noreste & Gachalá - 1:100,000, 1–126. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2020-03-05.
Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germán Reyes; Giovanni Moreno; Jaime Fúquen; Eliana Torres Jaimes; Myriam López Cardona; Álvaro Nivia Guevara, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2013. Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000, 1–296. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-08-04.
Uribe, Sylvano E. 1960. Las esmeraldas de Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia XVIII. 1–8. Accessed 2016-07-08.
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps[]

Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido, Orlando; Luz Stella Gómez, and Pedro Marín. 1998. Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links[]

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.

[72] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[69], García González et al. (2009),^[70] and geological report of Villavicencio^[71]

[74] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[69] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and in 2009^[72]

[Acosta2002_p51-1] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.51

[Rodriguez_p47-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47

[websiteMacanal-3] (in Spanish) Official website Macanal

[excelsio-4] (in Spanish) Etymology Municipalities Boyacá

[Acosta2002_p52-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52

[UIS2009_p49-6] García González et al., 2009, p.49

[Uribe_p5-7] Uribe, 1960, p.5

[ANM_p1-8] ANM, 2015, p.1

[Terraza_p110-9] Terraza et al., 2013, p.110

[Villamil_p168-10] Villamil, 2012, p.168

[Villamil_p165-11] Villamil, 2012, p.165

[Schuetz_p26-12] Schütz, 2012, p.26

[Patino_p45-13] Patiño et al., 2011, p.45

[Piraquive_p204-14] Piraquive et al., 2011, p.204

[Montana_p52-15] Montaña Cárdenas, 2015, p.52

[Rodriguez2000_p46-16] Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.46

[Plancha210-17] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 210, 2010

[Plancha172-18] Plancha 172, 1998

[Plancha193-19] Plancha 193, 1992

[Pinto_p44-20] Pinto Valderrama et al., 2010, p.44

[Plancha228-21] Plancha 228, 1998

[Plancha266-22] Plancha 266, 1998

[Patino_p44-23] Patiño et al., 2011, p.44

[Terraza_p101-24] Terraza et al., 2013, p.101

[Plancha192-25] Plancha 192, 1998

[Plancha211-26] Plancha 211, 2009

[Patino_p102-27] Patiño et al., 2011, p.102

[Patino_p110-28] Patiño et al., 2011, p.110

[Patino_p114-29] Patiño et al., 2011, p.114

[Patino_p122-30] Patiño et al., 2011, p.122

[Patino_p123-31] Patiño et al., 2011, p.123

[Patino_p125-32] Patiño et al., 2011, p.125

[UISANH2009_p27-33] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-34] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-35] Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-36] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-37] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-38] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-39] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-40] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-41] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-42] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-43] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-44] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-45] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-46] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-47] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-48] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-49] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-50] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-51] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-52] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-53] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-54] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-55] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-56] Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-57] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-58] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-59] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-60] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-61] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-62] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-63] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-64] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-65] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-66] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-67] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-68] Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-69] Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-70] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-71] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-73] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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