List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
![List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia is located in Colombia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg)
![B B](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png)
B
![C C](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png)
C
![F F](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/12px-Brown_pog.svg.png)
F
![H H](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
H
![J J](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png)
J
![M M](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png)
M
![P P](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
P
![V V](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)
V
![Co Co](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)
Co
![Yellow pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/10px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)
V = La Venta: Honda Group
Co = Cocinetas Basin: Ware & Castilletes Fms
![Orange pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png)
B = Bogotá Formation
C = Cerrejón Formation
![Lightgreen pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/10px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
H = Hiló Formation
P = Paja Formation
![Blue pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png)
J = Valle Alto Formation
![Brown pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/10px-Brown_pog.svg.png)
F = Cuche and Floresta Formations
![Green pog.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png)
M = Serranía de la Macarena, Meta
Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils. The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations, the Cretaceous Paja Formation, the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site. The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group.
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units[]
Formations are ordered according to their youngest age
Age | Formations | Locations | Departments | Fossils | Image | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cenozoic
|
Holocene | Quaternary alluvium | Yumbo Turbaná |
Valle del Cauca Bolívar |
Stegomastodon waringi | ![]() |
|
Curití | Santander | collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Cryptotis sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Mazama sp. | |||||
Pleistocene (Lujanian) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||||||
Late Pleistocene | Sabana Fm. | Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna | Cundinamarca | Cuvieronius hyodon, , Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi | ![]() |
||
Soatá Fm. | Soatá | Boyacá | , Haplomastodon waringi | ||||
Neochoerus sp., | |||||||
Middle Pleistocene | Quipile | Cundinamarca | Megatherium sp. | ![]() |
|||
Tocaima | Cundinamarca | Haplomastodon waringi | |||||
Pleistocene | Rotinet, Repelón | Atlántico | Haplomastodon waringi | ||||
Arboleda El Remolino, Taminango |
Nariño | Haplomastodon sp. | |||||
Mercaderes | Cauca | Haplomastodon sp. | |||||
Toro | Valle del Cauca | Stegomastodon sp. | |||||
Medellín | Antioquia | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
El Cocuy, Duitama, Sáchica, Socotá, Tunja, Villa de Leyva | Boyacá | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Salamina | Caldas | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Fusagasugá | Cundinamarca | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Carrizal, Uribia | La Guajira | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja | Huila | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cúcuta, Pamplona | Norte de Santander | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Agualinda, Lebrija Vélez |
Santander | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Ibagué, Ortega | Tolima | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
La Victoria, Zarzal | Valle del Cauca | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cocha Verde, Taminango | Nariño | ||||||
Pliocene | |||||||
Piacenzian | Ware Fm. (3.4-2.78 Ma)[22] |
Cocinetas Basin | La Guajira | Chapalmalania sp., , Tardigrada n. gen. & sp., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp., Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp., Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp. | |||
, Nothrotherium sp. | |||||||
Late Miocene | Honda Gp. Cerbatana Mb. |
La Venta | Huila | ||||
Serravallian (Laventan) |
Honda Gp. Villavieja Fm. (17.0-12.1 Ma)[33] La Victoria Fm. (13.82-12.38 Ma)[34] |
La Venta | Huila Tolima |
Lycopsis longirostrus | |||
Dukecynus magnus | ![]() |
||||||
Huilatherium pluriplicatum | ![]() |
||||||
Granastrapotherium snorki | ![]() |
||||||
Hapalops sp. | ![]() |
||||||
Anachlysictis gracilis | ![]() |
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Theosodon sp. | ![]() |
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Hilarcotherium castanedaii | ![]() |
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Purussaurus neivensis | ![]() |
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Sebecus huilensis | ![]() |
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Charactosuchus fieldsi | |||||||
Colombophis portai | |||||||
Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana) |
|||||||
?Eunectes stirtoni | |||||||
Gryposuchus colombianus | |||||||
Mourasuchus atopus | |||||||
Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, , cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., , Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae | |||||||
Hoazinoides magdalenae | |||||||
Galbula hylochoreutes | |||||||
Aramus paludigrus | |||||||
Aotus dindensis | |||||||
Nuciruptor rubricae | |||||||
Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus) |
|||||||
Stirtonia victoriae | |||||||
Hondadelphys fieldsi | |||||||
Neotamandua borealis | |||||||
Patasola magdalenae | |||||||
Potamosiren magdalenensis | |||||||
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi | |||||||
Cebupithecia sarmientoi | |||||||
Lagonimico conclucatus | |||||||
Micodon kiotensis | |||||||
Miocallicebus villaviejai | |||||||
Mohanamico hershkovitzi | |||||||
Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens) |
|||||||
Neosaimiri fieldsi | |||||||
Boreostemma gigantea (syn. Asterostemma) |
|||||||
Boreostemma acostae (syn. Asterostemma) |
|||||||
Miocochilius anomopodus | |||||||
Diclidurus sp. | |||||||
Eumops sp. | |||||||
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp. | |||||||
Dolichotinae sp. | |||||||
Nothrotheriinae sp. | |||||||
?Echimyidae sp. | |||||||
cane toad (Bufo marinus) | |||||||
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris) | |||||||
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali) | |||||||
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor) | |||||||
Calle Fría-Segovia | Sucre | ||||||
Langhian | Castilletes Fm. (16.7-14.2 Ma)[22] |
Cocinetas Basin | La Guajira | Lycopsis padillai, , Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, , Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta, Aves indet. | |||
, Chelus sp., Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet., Boidae, Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet., cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet., Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet., Podocnemididae incertae sedis | |||||||
Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, , Lepidosirenidae | |||||||
Calliostoma sp., Arene sp., Nerita cf. fulgurans, Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi, Modulus tamanensis, , Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana, Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis, Turritella (Turritella) matarucana, Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis, Bittium sp., , Potamides suprasulcatus, Terebralia dentilabris, Petaloconchus sculpturatus, Bostrycapulus sp., Crepidula cantaurana, Crepidula insculpta, Crepidula plana, Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis, Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense, Aylacostoma n. sp., Doryssa n. sp., , , Natica sp., Naticarius sp., Glossaulax paraguanensis, Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni, Sinum gabbi, Stigmaulax sp., Strombus sp., Malea sp., Bursa rugosa, , Distorsio sp., Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum, Luria sp., Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena, Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymia cocoditana, Eupleura kugleri, Hesperisternia sp., Phyllonotus n. sp., Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi, Siratus cf. denegatus, Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli, Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis, , , , , Solenosteira sp., Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana, Latirus sp., Nassarius sp., Turbinella falconensis, Melongena consors, Anachis sp., , Strombina sp., Persicula venezuelana, Prunum quirosense, Agaronia sp. aff. testacea, Oliva sp., Aphera sp., Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana, Euclia sp. cf. dinota, Euclia werenfelsi, Narona sp., Trigonostoma woodringi, Conus sp. aff. jaspideus, Agladrillia sp., Crassispira conica, Fusiturricula sp., Gemmula vaningeni, Glyphostoma dentiferum, Paraborsonia cantaurana, "Chiton" sp., , , Bulla sp., Crenella sp., Brachidontes sp., Atrina sp., Argopecten sp., Anadara (Rasia) democraciana, Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis, Conus sp. cf. chipolanus, Conus sp. cf. molis, Conus talis, Strioterebrum ulloa, Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera, Clathrodrillia sp., Cruziturricula sp., Hindsiclava henekeni, Knefastia sp., Polystira sp., Adrana sp., , Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana, Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis, Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis, Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana, Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi, Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana, Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis, Anomia peruviana, , Lucinisca mirandana, Diplodonta sp., , Mulinia sp., , Angulus sp., ?Macoma sp., Strigilla sp., Leopecten sp., , Crassostrea sp., , Plicatula sp., Anodontia sp., Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica, Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus, Glyptoactis paraguanensis, Arcinella yaquensis, Chama berjadinensis, , , Crassinella sp., , , Eurytellina paraguanensis, , , Donax sp., Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus, Solecurtus sp., , Abra sp., Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis, , Leukoma sp., Pitar sp., , , Semele sp., Chione sp., Chionopsis paraguanensis, Clementia dariena, Cyclinella venezuelana, Dosinia sp., , Lirophora quirosensis, Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata, , Caryocorbula fortis, Caryocorbula quirosana, , Dentalium sp., Balanidae indet., , Callianassidae indet., Pectinidae indet., Portunidae indet., Ranellidae indet., Sphaeriidae indet., Sportellidae indet., Tellinidae indet., Turridae indet., , Veneridae indet. | |||||||
Burdigalian | |||||||
Miocene | Honda Gp. | Coyaima | Tolima | Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp., Gavialis sp., , , , Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Toxodontidae sp. | ![]() |
||
Late Oligocene | |||||||
Early Oligocene | Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá | Caquetá | |||||
Barzalosa Fm. | Alto San Jose, Chaparral | Tolima | Balanerodus logimus | ||||
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis | |||||||
Late Eocene | Colombitherium tolimense | ![]() |
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Early Eocene | Bogotá Fm. | Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá | Cundinamarca | , Etayoa bacatensis, , , Stephania palaeosudamericana, , , , , , , Annonaceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Theaceae sp., many still unnamed | |||
Mid Paleocene | |||||||
Cerrejón Fm. | Cerrejón | Cesar La Guajira |
Titanoboa cerrejonensis | ![]() |
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Carbonemys cofrinii | ![]() |
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Acherontisuchus guajiraensis | |||||||
Anthracosuchus balrogus | |||||||
Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki | |||||||
Cerrejonisuchus improcerus | |||||||
Puentemys mushaisaensis | |||||||
, , , Montrichardia aquatica, Petrocardium cerrejonense, P. wayuuorum, Stephania palaeosudamericana, , Acrostichum sp., Amaryllidaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Annonaceae sp., Apocynaceae sp., Araceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Dicotyledonae sp., Elaeocarpaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Malvoideae sp., Meliaceae sp., Monocotyledoneae sp., Moraceae sp., Pinales sp., Pteridophyta sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Sapotaceae sp., Stenochlaena sp., Sterculioideae sp., Violaceae sp., Zingiberales sp. | |||||||
, , , , , , , , , | |||||||
Ranchería Sub-basin | Cesar La Guajira |
, Globorotalia conicotruncana, Globigerina eugubina, , , , , , , , , | |||||
Early Paleocene | |||||||
Paleocene | Guaduas Fm. | Zipaquirá Tasco |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
, , , Coussapoa camargoi, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | |||
Mesozoic
|
Maastrichtian | ||||||
Early Maastrichtian | Guadalupe Gp. | San Luis de Gaceno Cucaita |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
, , , , Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum, | |||
Santonian | |||||||
Maastrichtian | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira |
, , Globigerina cretacea, , , , , Abathomphalus mayorensis, , , Gansserina gansseri, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | ||||
Campanian | |||||||
Oliní Gp. | Coello | Tolima | Eonatator coellensis | ![]() |
|||
Santonian | Conejo Fm. | Toca Cucaita |
Boyacá | , Codazziceras scheibei, , , , Heterohelix globulosa, H. reussi, , , , , , , , , , Baculites sp., Barroisiceras sp., Exogyra sp., Hedbergella sp., Peroniceras sp., | |||
Turonian | |||||||
Coniacian | Sardinata Aguachica Lebrija Cesar-Ranchería Basin |
Norte de Santander Santander Cesar La Guajira |
, , , Neoptychites sp., , Fagesia sp., , Eucalycoceras sp., , , Prionotropis sp., Baculites sp., , , | ||||
Turonian | |||||||
La Frontera Fm. | Yaguará | Huila | Yaguarasaurus columbianus | ||||
Boyacá Cundinamarca Huila |
Anomia colombiana, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli, Hoplitoides ingens, H. cf. lagiraldae, H. wohltmanni, Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Neoptychites crassus, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, V. cf. venezolanum, Wrightoceras munieri, Inoceramus sp., Mammites sp., , ?Fagesia sp. | ||||||
Coniacian | Loma Gorda Fm. | Aipe | Huila | Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, , Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, , , , , Neoptychites cf. andinus, , , Peroniceras subtricarinatum, , , , Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., , , Forresteria sp., , Morrowites sp., , Quitmaniceras sp. | |||
Turonian | |||||||
Early Turonian | Otanche | Boyacá | Crioceratites cf. apricus | ||||
Early Albian | |||||||
Turonian | Chipaque Fm. | Chipaque | Cundinamarca | Exogyra squamata, | ![]() |
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Cenomanian | |||||||
Turonian | Pesca Samacá |
Boyacá | Anomia colombiana, A. sp. cf. A. papyracea, Coilopoceras cf. lesseli, Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus, H. cf. ingens, Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense, Mammites nodosoidesappelatus, M. aff. afer, , , , , , , , , Globigerinelloides sp., , , , Hedbergella sp., , Heterohelix sp., , Watinoceras sp., , Wrightoceras sp., | ||||
Cenomanian | |||||||
Late Cenomanian | Hondita Fm. | Aipe | Huila | Acanthoceras sp., | |||
Cenomanian | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira |
, Exogyra toxaster, , , , Dufrenoya sp., , Acanthoceras sp., , , Orbitolina conica texana, Heterohelix reussi, | ||||
Aptian | |||||||
Early Albian | Hiló Fm. | Prado | Tolima | Actinoceramus munsoni, A. aff. subsulcatiformis, Beudanticeras cf. rebouli, Desmoceras latidorsatum, , Exogyra aff. texana, , Inoceramus anglicus, I. cf. cadottensis, I. aff. dunveganensis, I. aff. etheridgei, I. cf. ewaldi, I. aff. irenensis, I. prefragilis, I. cf. richensis, Lyelliceras pseudolyelli, , Mortoniceras arietiforme, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Acompsoceras sp., , , , Hamites sp., , Mariella sp., Ostrea sp., , | |||
Early Albian | Capotes Fm. | Bituima | Cundinamarca | Douvilleiceras solitae, , | |||
Barremian | |||||||
Late Aptian | Apón Fm. |
South of Cuiza | La Guajira | Astarte cf. sieversi, , , Cymatoceras perstriatum, , Hamites degenhardtii, Heinzia galeatoides, H. lindigii, H. aff. provincialis, Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides, , , , , , , , , , Phylloceras morelianum, P. velledae, Pinna robinaldina, , Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Trigonia tocaimaana, , Zurcherella zurcheri, , Eogaudryceras sp., Exogyra sp., , Uhligella sp. | |||
Early Barremian | |||||||
Late Aptian | Caballos Fm. |
Alpujarra | Tolima | Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., Weichselia sp. | |||
El Peñón Fm. | El Peñón | Cundinamarca | , | ||||
Socotá Fm. | Útica | Cundinamarca | Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme, Dufrenoyia sanctorum, , | ||||
Aptian | Trincheras Fm. | Apulo | Cundinamarca | Heminautilus etheringtoni, , Heinzia sp., Pseudohaploceras sp., bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids | |||
Early Aptian | Une Fm. Caballos Fm. |
Firavitoba Payandé |
Boyacá Tolima |
Heminautilus etheringtoni | |||
Aptian | Paja Fm. | Villa de Leyva Sáchica |
Boyacá | Kronosaurus boyacensis | ![]() |
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Callawayasaurus colombiensis | |||||||
Padillasaurus leivaensis | ![]() |
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Platypterygius sachicarum | ![]() |
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Desmatochelys padillai | ![]() |
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Brachauchenius sp. | ![]() |
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Stenorhynchosaurus munozi | |||||||
Muiscasaurus catheti | |||||||
Leyvachelys cipadi | |||||||
, , , , , , , , | |||||||
Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, , , , Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, , , , Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, , , , , , , Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, , Teredolites clavatus, Dufrenoyia sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Olcostephanus sp., Phylloceras sp., , , , , | |||||||
Hauterivian | Chipatá | Santander | |||||
Ritoque Fm. | Villa de Leyva | Boyacá | , Acanthodiscus sp., , | ||||
Arcabuco Santa Rosa de Viterbo |
Boyacá | , , ?Pseudohaploceras sp. | |||||
Rosablanca Fm. | Arenal del Sur Simití Socorro Zapatoca |
Bolívar Santander |
, Natica cf. bulimoides, , Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis, Acanthodiscus sp., Crioceras sp., , Hamulina sp., ?Kilianella sp., , Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp., | ||||
Valanginian | |||||||
Murca Fm. | Ubalá Labranzagrande |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
Berriasella colombiana, Leptoceras ublanese n. sp., Pseudoosterella ubalaensis | ||||
Berriasian | |||||||
Early Berriasian | Arcabuco Fm. | Chíquiza | Boyacá | Dinosaur footprints | |||
Tithonian | |||||||
Late Jurassic | Valle Alto Fm. | San Félix, Salamina | Caldas | , Cladophlebis sp., , , , , Nilssoniopteris sp., Otozamites sp., Pachypteris sp., Ptilophyllum sp., , Sagenopteris sp., , Sphenopteris sp., , Trigonia sp., Zamites sp. | |||
Kimmeridgian | Serranía de Cocinas | La Guajira | , , , Stylina micrommata, Thamnasteria dendroidea, Calamophylliopsis sp., , , Isastrea sp., Pholadomya sp., Algae indet., Bryozoa indet., Gastropoda indet., Porifera indet. | ||||
Late Triassic | Payandé, San Luis |
Tolima | , , , , | ||||
Middle Triassic | Payandé | Tolima | Cidaris cf. hausmanni, C. cf. scrobiculata, , , , , , , , , Spiriferina abichi, Zygopleura cf. modestum, Z. cf. sturi, Z. cf. subanthophylloides, , , , , , ?Limatula sp., , Megalodon sp., ?Myophoria sp., ?Oxynautilus sp.,, , , , Brachiopoda indet., Crinoidea indet. | ||||
Paleozoic
|
Middle Permian | Río Molino | Magdalena | ||||
Quebrada Manaure | La Guajira | , , ?Stearoceras sp. | |||||
Early Permian | |||||||
Mid Carboniferous | |||||||
Early Carboniferous | Cuche Fm. | Floresta | Boyacá | Antarctilamna sp., Asterolepis sp., Bothriolepis sp., Holoptychius sp., ?Strepsodus sp., , Baiera sp., , Lingula sp. | |||
Frasnian | |||||||
Early Givetian | Floresta Fm. | Platyceras aff. nodosum | |||||
Placoderm fishes, , , Tarijactinoides sp. nov., Anchiopsis armata, , , Cordania gasepiou, Coronura cf. lessepsensis, , Dipleura cf. dekayi, Greenops cf. grabaui, , , , , Viaphacops cristata, , , Atrypa harrisi, , Aviculopecten wellsi, , Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, , , , , , , , , , Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, , Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, , , , , Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, , , , , , , , , Greenops cf. grabaui, Heliophyllum halli, , , , Leptaena boyaca, , , Meristella wheeleri, , , Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, , , Pleurodictyum americanum, , , , , , , , , Spirifer kingi, , , , , , , , Viaphacops cristata, , , , Anthozoa sp., Aviculopecten sp., Camarotoechia sp., , Cyphaspis sp., , Dalmanites sp., , Gastropoda sp., , Homalonotus sp., , , Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., , , , | |||||||
Late Emsian | |||||||
Devonian | Río Cachirí Gp. | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira |
; , , Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, , Pecten sp. | |||
Early Devonian | |||||||
Silurian | |||||||
Late Ordovician | |||||||
Middle Ordovician | Caño Cristales | Meta | Dichograptus sp., Tetragraptus sp., ?Lingulella sp., ?Obolus sp. | ||||
Darriwilian | Venado Fm. |
Tarqui | Huila | Acodus deltatus, Anebolithus tafuri, , , , Didymograptus artus, Didymograptus murchisoni, , , , Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii, , , , , Protolloydolithus cf. salax, , , , , Cordylodus sp., , ?Obolus sp., , , Asaphidae sp. | |||
Floian | |||||||
Early Ordovician | Guaviare River Serranía de la Macarena |
Meta | , , , Geragnostus sp., , , Lingulella sp., Megistaspis sp., , , , , , , , | ||||
Cambrian | El Dorado | Meta | Paradoxides sp. | ||||
Proterozoic |
Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres[]
Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[275][276][277][278]
- Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
- Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
- all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
- Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon
Evolution[]
- Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[275]
- Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[279]
See also[]
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
- List of mining areas in Colombia
- South American land mammal age
- Gomphothere fossils in Colombia
- Geology of Colombia
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Geology of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá
Notes and references[]
Notes[]
References[]
- ^ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Curití at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b De Porta, 1969, p.92
- ^ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
- ^ De Porta, 1960
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
- ^ Hammen, 1986, p.29
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996
- ^ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
- ^ a b Soatá at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b De Porta, 1961, p.52
- ^ a b Bürgl, 1956
- ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
- ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
- ^ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
- ^ a b (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.43
- ^ a b Amson et al., 2016, p.2
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.3
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.4
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.6
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.8
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.15
- ^ Pérez et al., 2017
- ^ Ware Vertebrates at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.9
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.12
- ^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.53
- ^ a b Suárez et al., 2015
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Croft, 2007, p.299
- ^ Villarroel, 1997
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Croft, 2007, p.302
- ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Croft, 2007, p.300
- ^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
- ^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cadena et al., 2008
- ^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
- ^ Hsiou et al., 2010
- ^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta, serpientes
- ^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
- ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
- ^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
- ^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Miller, 1953
- ^ a b Rasmussen, 1997
- ^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tejedor, 2013, p.22
- ^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Croft, 2007, p.301
- ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Setoguchi, 1985
- ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Marshall, 1976
- ^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.303
- ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
- ^ Defler, 2004, p.32
- ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Takai et al., 2001
- ^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
- ^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
- ^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Takai et al., 1991
- ^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
- ^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.7
- ^ a b Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
- ^ Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190-196
- ^ Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7-30
- ^ Moreno et al., 2015, p.29
- ^ Hendy et al., 2015, pp.52-54
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
- ^ Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Hoffstetter, 1971, p.39
- ^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Lophiodolodus chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Protheosodon at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Proadinotherium at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Billet et al., 2010
- ^ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroel, 1987, p.241
- ^ Stephania palaeosudamericana, FH0903 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Herrera et al., 2011
- ^ Montoya & Reyes, 2002, p.59
- ^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
- ^ Bloch et al., 2008
- ^ Head et al., 2011
- ^ Head et al., 2012
- ^ Titanoboa cerrejonensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Head et al., 2009
- ^ Carbonemys cofrinii at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cadena et al., 2012a
- ^ Acherontisuchus guajiraensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
- ^ Anthracosuchus balrogus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hastings et al., 2014
- ^ Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cadena et al., 2010
- ^ Cerrejonisuchus improcerus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hastings et al., 2010
- ^ Puentemys mushaisaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cadena et al., 2012b
- ^ Herrera et al., 2008
- ^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
- ^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
- ^ Wing et al., 2009
- ^ Cerrejón 0315 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0318 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0319 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0322 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0323 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0324 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0706 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0707 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0708 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón 0710 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerrejón FH0705-12 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.303
- ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.37
- ^ Huertas, 1960, p.54
- ^ Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
- ^ Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
- ^ 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
- ^ Gúzman et al., 2016
- ^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, pp.14-15
- ^ García González et al., 2007, p.77
- ^ a b c García González et al., 2007, p.307
- ^ Eonatator coellensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Páramo Fonseca, 2013
- ^ Luque et al., 2015
- ^ Tchegliakova & Pérez, 1995
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.48
- ^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, p.14
- ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, pp.32-33
- ^ a b c Moreno Bedmar et al., 2015
- ^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.75
- ^ Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Páramo Fonseca, 2000
- ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.41
- ^ Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
- ^ Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
- ^ a b Patarroyo, 2011
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
- ^ Gutiérrez Palma, 1971
- ^ Acosta, 1960, p.37
- ^ Patarroyo & Rojas, 2007
- ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.31
- ^ Olini Creek 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 6 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 8 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 9 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 13 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 15 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 34 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 39 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 40 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 47 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 48 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 54 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 58 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 59 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 65 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 100 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 101 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 106 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 108 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 115 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Olini Creek 122 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.42
- ^ Cuiza Barremian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cuiza Aptian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta Espada at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.40
- ^ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
- ^ Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Páramo et al., 2016
- ^ a b Brachauchenius sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Karsteniceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Cadena & Parham, 2015
- ^ Muiscasaurus catheti at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Leyvachelys cipadi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Luque, 2014
- ^ Karasawa et al., 2014
- ^ Luque, 2015
- ^ Bermúdez et al., 2013
- ^ Luque et al., 2012
- ^ Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
- ^ Chaparro et al., 2015
- ^ Moreno et al., 2007
- ^ Patarroyo, 2009
- ^ Espinel & Hurtado, p.11
- ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.23
- ^ Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arcabuco at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Gómez et al., 2015
- ^ Espinel & Hurtado et al., 2010, p.10
- ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.21
- ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.38
- ^ Dorado Galindo, 1990, p.23
- ^ Moreno, 1990, p.76
- ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.207
- ^ Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
- ^ Ubalá at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
- ^ a b Mojica, 1984, pp.131-132
- ^ Valle Alto Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Coquina Group Jurassic fauna at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé bed A at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé bed B at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé bed C at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé Río Coello at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé Quebrada Chicalá at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé El Salitre at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Payandé Cueva Tuluni at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Río Molino Permian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Quebrada Manaure Permian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, pp.65-69
- ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998
- ^ a b Devonian Floresta at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, pp.335-352
- ^ Giroud López, 2014, pp.39-40
- ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
- ^ García González et al., 2007, p.68
- ^ Caño Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Moreno et al., 2008, p.10
- ^ Borrero et al., 2007
- ^ Guaviare Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Macarena Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014
- ^ a b Lucas, 2013
- ^ Mothé et al., 2012
- ^ Mothé et al., 2016a
- ^ Mothé et al., 2016b
- ^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33
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- Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 1997.
- Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; ; , and . 1996.
- Primates 51.2. 131–138. . 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness.
Bogotá Formation[]
- Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2008.
- The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333–339. Accessed 2017-03-29. . 2014.
- Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; , and . 2012.
- An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. 54. 197–229. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; , and . 2014.
- Phytogeographic implications of fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the Paleocene of Colombia. American Journal of Botany 98. 2004–2017. Accessed 2017-04-05. ; ; ; ; , and . 2011.
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104.
- Climate change during the Early Paleogene in the Bogotá Basin (Colombia) inferred from paleosol carbon isotope stratigraphy, major oxides, and environmental magnetism (Abstract). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 388. 115–127. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2013.
- Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241–254. Accessed 2017-03-29. . 1987.
- Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1–73. Accessed 2017-03-29. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2014.
Cerrejón Formation[]
- New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 313–331. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; ; , and . 2012a.
- New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia. Journal of Paleontology 86. 688–698. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; , and . 2012b.
- New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30. 367–382. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; , and . 2010.
- A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia. Historical Biology 27. 998–1020. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; , and . 2014.
- A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae. Palaeontology 54. 1095–1116. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; , and . 2011.
- Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457. 715–718. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2009.
- Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American Journal of Botany 95. 1569–1583. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; ; , and . 2008.
- Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106. 18627–18632. Accessed 2017-04-05. ; ; ; ; , and . 2009.
La Frontera Formation[]
- Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000, 1–84. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-04. , and . 2001.
- La Formación La Frontera, Sección Vereda Tóriba: Una propuesta para la designación del Lectoestratotipo. 29. 23–40. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; , and . 2004.
- Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Colombia. Historical Biology 14. 121–131. Accessed 2017-04-04. . 2000.
- Amonoideos y otros macrofósiles del lectoestratotipo de la Formación la Frontera, Turoniano inferior - medio (Cretácico Superior) en San Francisco, Cundinamarca (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 41–54. Accessed 2017-04-04. . 2016.
Paja Formation[]
- Decapod crustaceans from the Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) San Gil Group in the Villa de Leyva section, central Colombia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 267. 255–272. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2013.
- Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. 32. 1–42. Accessed 2017-03-30. , and . 2015a.
- The first South American sandownid turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. PeerJ 3. e1431. Accessed 2017-03-30. . 2015b.
- A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Online edition. e980505. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; ; ; ; , and . 2015.
- Ocurrencia de Teredolites clavatus (Leymerie, 1842) en la Formación Paja (Aptiano) de Colombia, 1–2. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, III Simposio Latinoamericano de Icnología. Accessed 2017-04-06. ; , and . 2015.
- Considerations on a Brachauchenius skeleton (Pliosauroidea) from the lower Paja Formation (late Barremian) of Villa de Leyva area (Colombia). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe 8. 37–51. Accessed 2017-04-20. . 2005.
- New and less known Barremian-Albian ammonites from Colombia. Scripta Geologica 114. 57–117. Accessed 2017-03-30. , and . 1997.
- Phylogeny and Classification of Raninoida (Decapoda: Brachyura). Journal of Crustacean Biology 34. 216–272. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; , and . 2014.
- The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas. Palaeontology 58. 251–263. Accessed 2017-04-04. . 2015.
- A new genus and species of raninoidian crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America. Scripta Geologica 147. 27–34. Accessed 2017-04-04. . 2014.
- The oldest frog crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Aptian of northern South America. Journal of Crustacean Biology 32. 405–420. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; ; , and . 2012.
- A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology 2. 59–70. Accessed 2017-03-30. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Frenelopsis y Pseudofrenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) en el Cretácico temprano de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 29. 13–19. Accessed 2019-03-12. ; , and . 2007.
- Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America. 40. 84–103. Accessed 2017-04-20. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Amonitas de un nivel de alta energía del Barremiano inferior en la Formación Paja de los sectores de Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) y Vélez (Santander). Boletín de Geología 31. 15–21. Accessed 2017-04-06. . 2009.
Murca Formation[]
- Contribución al Conocimiento de la Estratigrafía de la Formación Brechas de Buenavista (Límite Jurásico-Cretácico). Región Noroeste de Villavicencio (Meta). 17. 7–38. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 1990.
- Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations, Útica Sandstone and Murca Formation, West Flank, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. 17. 65–86. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 1990.
- Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas - Neogene reactivation of Early Cretaceous rift structures associated with the Chámeza Fault, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): tectonic and biostratigraphic evidences. 36. 197–216. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; ; ; , and . 2011.
Jurassic[]
- Eventos Jurásicos en Colombia. 19. 165–172. Accessed 2017-03-31. , and . 1995.
- An outline on the Jurassic in Colombia. 13. 129–136. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 1984.
Cuche & Floresta Formations[]
- El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, 1–174. Universidad de La Habana. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 2014.
- Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. 23. 3–18. Accessed 2017-03-31. , and . 1998.
- Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. 13. 55–80. Accessed 2017-03-31. , and . 1984.
- Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331–358. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; ; , and . 2015.
Cambro-Ordovician[]
- Los Conodontos de la Formación El Hígado y su contribución al conocimiento del metamorfismo y la paleogeografía del Ordovícico en la Cordillera Central Colombiana. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 29. 39–46. Accessed 2019-03-07. ; ; , and . 2007.
- Graptolitos del Ordovícico y geología de los afloramientos del Río Venado (norte del Departamento del Huila). Boletín de Geología 30. 9–19. Accessed 2019-03-07. ; , and . 2008.
- Metagabro del Ariarí, plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 36. _. Accessed 2019-03-07. ; , and . 2014.
- Formación Venado, nueva unidad litoestratigráfica del Ordovícico colombiano. 22. 41–49. Accessed 2019-03-07. ; , and . 1997.
Other formations[]
- INGEOMINAS. , and . 2002. Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–108.
- Estratigrafía de García Rovira. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 33–40. Accessed 2017-05-03. . 1960.
- Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; , and . 2016.
- Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae). Carnets Geologicás 16. 61–212. Accessed 2017-01-20. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016.
- New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia. Palaeontology 59. 319–325. Accessed 2017-05-17. ; ; , and . 2010.
- Universidad de Caldas. , and . 2010. Petrografía y análisis facial de las rocas calcáreas aflorantes de la sección Tunja-Villa de Leiva (Boyacá), 1–102.
- Universidad Industrial de Santander. ; ; , and . 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219.
- A new species of Diaulax Bell, 1863 (Brachyura: Dialucidae) in the Early Cretaceous of the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 67. 103–112. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; , and . 2015.
- Exogyra squamata en el Cretáceo medio de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, 69–130. Accessed 2017-05-03. . 1971.
- Ophthalmoplax (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunoidea) from the late Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, of Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 68. 93–103. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 1971.
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 53–57. . 1960. De la flora fosíl de la Sabana. Boletín de Geología,
- A new fossil bristle worm (Annelida: Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from the late Cretaceous of tropical America. Journal of Paleontology 89. 257–261. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; , and . 2015.
- Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 29–42. Accessed 2017-03-31. ; ; , and . 2016.
- Algunos ammonites del Cretácico de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, _. XV Congreso Colombiano de Geología, 2015. Accessed 2017-04-06. ; ; , and . 2015.
- Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-02. ; , and . 2012.
- Estudio de isótopos de carbono (delta 13C) y estroncio (87Sr/86Sr) en los depósitos cretáceos-terciarios de la Cordillera Oriental, 1–181. Universidad de Caldas. Accessed 2017-05-03. , and . 2010.
- Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXXVII. 499–518. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 2013.
- Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 33. 69–92. Accessed 2017-03-31. . 2011.
- La sucesión y la fauna del Turoniano de la Formación San Rafael en Pesca y su comparación con la sección tipo en Samacá (Boyacá-Colombia-S.A.). , Universidad Nacional de Colombia 32. 89–96. Accessed 2017-04-05. , and . 2007.
- A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04. ; ; , and . 2017.
- Registro de la Zona bioestratigrafica Dicarinella concavata (Foraminiferida) en el Extremo noroccidental de Suramerica (Colombia). 19. 131–143. Accessed 2017-04-06. , and . 1995.
South American gomphotheres[]
- Sixty years after ‘The mastodonts of Brazil’: The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International _. 1–7. Accessed 2017-05-07. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016a.
- The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11. 1–19. Accessed 2017-05-07. ; , and . 2016b.
- Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110. 23–35. Accessed 2017-05-07. , and . 2015.
- Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277. 2–7. Accessed 2017-05-07. ; ; , and . 2012.
- The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres. 2. 19–40. Accessed 2017-05-07. . 2013.
- Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World. Neogene Mammals - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44. 409–415. Accessed 2017-05-07. . 2008.
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Categories:
- Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
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