List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia

B

C

F

H

J

M

P

V

Co

Locations of major fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
Neogene
 V = La Venta: Honda Group
 Co = Cocinetas Basin: Ware & Castilletes Fms
Paleogene
 B = Bogotá Formation
 C = Cerrejón Formation
Cretaceous
 H = Hiló Formation
 P = Paja Formation
Jurassic
 J = Valle Alto Formation
Devonian
 F = Cuche and Floresta Formations
Cambro-Ordovician
 M = Serranía de la Macarena, Meta

Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils. The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations, the Cretaceous Paja Formation, the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site. The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group.

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units[]

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

	Age	Formations	Locations	Departments	Fossils	Image	Notes
Cenozoic	Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo Turbaná	Valle del Cauca Bolívar	Stegomastodon waringi		[1] [note 1]
			Curití	Santander	collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Cryptotis sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Mazama sp.		[2]
	Pleistocene (Lujanian)				Haplomastodon chimborazi		[2][3]
	Late Pleistocene	Sabana Fm.	Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna	Cundinamarca	Cuvieronius hyodon, , Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi		[3][4] [5][6] [7] [note 1]
		Soatá Fm.	Soatá	Boyacá	, Haplomastodon waringi		[8][9] [10][11]
					Neochoerus sp.,		[11]
	Middle Pleistocene		Quipile	Cundinamarca	Megatherium sp.		[12][13]
			Tocaima	Cundinamarca	Haplomastodon waringi		[12][13] [note 1]
	Pleistocene		Rotinet, Repelón	Atlántico	Haplomastodon waringi		[14][15] [16]
			Arboleda El Remolino, Taminango	Nariño	Haplomastodon sp.		[6] [note 1]
			Mercaderes	Cauca	Haplomastodon sp.		[6]
			Toro	Valle del Cauca	Stegomastodon sp.		[6]
			Medellín	Antioquia	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			El Cocuy, Duitama, Sáchica, Socotá, Tunja, Villa de Leyva	Boyacá	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][18]
			Salamina	Caldas	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Fusagasugá	Cundinamarca	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[19]
			Carrizal, Uribia	La Guajira	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja	Huila	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cúcuta, Pamplona	Norte de Santander	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][20]
			Agualinda, Lebrija Vélez	Santander	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][18]
			Ibagué, Ortega	Tolima	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			La Victoria, Zarzal	Valle del Cauca	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cocha Verde, Taminango	Nariño			[21]
	Pliocene
	Piacenzian	Ware Fm. (3.4-2.78 Ma)[22]	Cocinetas Basin	La Guajira	Chapalmalania sp., , Tardigrada n. gen. & sp., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp., Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp., Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp.		[23][24] [25][26] [27][28] [29]
					, Nothrotherium sp.		[30][31]
	Late Miocene	Honda Gp.  Cerbatana Mb.	La Venta	Huila			[32]
	Serravallian (Laventan)	Honda Gp.  Villavieja Fm. (17.0-12.1 Ma)[33]  La Victoria Fm. (13.82-12.38 Ma)[34]	La Venta	Huila Tolima	Lycopsis longirostrus		[35][36]
					Dukecynus magnus		[36]
					Huilatherium pluriplicatum		[37][38]
					Granastrapotherium snorki		[38][39]
					Hapalops sp.		[40]
					Anachlysictis gracilis		[36]
					Theosodon sp.		[38]
					Hilarcotherium castanedaii		[41]
					Purussaurus neivensis		[42]
					Sebecus huilensis		[43]
					Charactosuchus fieldsi		[44]
							[45][46]
					Colombophis portai		[47]
					Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana)		[48]
					?Eunectes stirtoni		[49]
					Gryposuchus colombianus		[50]
					Mourasuchus atopus		[51]
					Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, , cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., , Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae		[52][53] [54][55]
							[52]
					Hoazinoides magdalenae		[56]
					Galbula hylochoreutes		[57]
					Aramus paludigrus		[57]
					Aotus dindensis		[58]
					Nuciruptor rubricae		[59][60] [61]
					Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus)		[59][61] [62][63]
					Stirtonia victoriae		[59][61] [64]
					Hondadelphys fieldsi		[36][65] [66]
					Neotamandua borealis		[40][67]
					Patasola magdalenae		[59][61]
					Potamosiren magdalenensis		[68]
					Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi		[38]
					Cebupithecia sarmientoi		[59][61] [69][70]
					Lagonimico conclucatus		[59][61]
					Micodon kiotensis		[59][71]
					Miocallicebus villaviejai		[59][72] [73]
					Mohanamico hershkovitzi		[59][61]
					Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens)		[59][61] [74][75]
Neosaimiri fieldsi						[59][61]
						[36][76]
						[36]
						[36][77]
						[36][78]
						[36][79]
						[36][80]
						[36][81]
						[36][82]
						[36]
						[40][83]
Boreostemma gigantea (syn. Asterostemma)						[40][84]
Boreostemma acostae (syn. Asterostemma)						[85]
						[40][86]
						[40][87]
						[88]
						[40][89]
						[40][90]
						[40]
						[40][91]
						[40]
						[40]
						[92]
						[61][93]
						[61][94]
						[61]
						[61]
		[61]
		[38][95]
		[38][96]
		[38]
		[38]
		[38]
Miocochilius anomopodus		[38]
		[97]
		[97]
		[97]
		[97]
		[97][98]
		[99][100]
Diclidurus sp.		[97]
Eumops sp.		[97]
		[61]
		[40]
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp.		[97]
Dolichotinae sp.		[61]
		[40]
Nothrotheriinae sp.		[40]
?Echimyidae sp.		[61]
cane toad (Bufo marinus)		[101]
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris)		[97]
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali)		[97]
		[102]
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor)		[97]
	Calle Fría-Segovia	Sucre			[103]
Langhian	Castilletes Fm. (16.7-14.2 Ma)[22]	Cocinetas Basin	La Guajira	Lycopsis padillai, , Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, , Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta, Aves indet.		[35][104] [105]
				, Chelus sp., Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet., Boidae, Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet., cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet., Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet., Podocnemididae incertae sedis		[106][107]
				Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, , Lepidosirenidae		[105]
				Calliostoma sp., Arene sp., Nerita cf. fulgurans, Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi, Modulus tamanensis, , Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana, Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis, Turritella (Turritella) matarucana, Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis, Bittium sp., , Potamides suprasulcatus, Terebralia dentilabris, Petaloconchus sculpturatus, Bostrycapulus sp., Crepidula cantaurana, Crepidula insculpta, Crepidula plana, Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis, Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense, Aylacostoma n. sp., Doryssa n. sp., , , Natica sp., Naticarius sp., Glossaulax paraguanensis, Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni, Sinum gabbi, Stigmaulax sp., Strombus sp., Malea sp., Bursa rugosa, , Distorsio sp., Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum, Luria sp., Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena, Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymia cocoditana, Eupleura kugleri, Hesperisternia sp., Phyllonotus n. sp., Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi, Siratus cf. denegatus, Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli, Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis, , , , , Solenosteira sp., Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana, Latirus sp., Nassarius sp., Turbinella falconensis, Melongena consors, Anachis sp., , Strombina sp., Persicula venezuelana, Prunum quirosense, Agaronia sp. aff. testacea, Oliva sp., Aphera sp., Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana, Euclia sp. cf. dinota, Euclia werenfelsi, Narona sp., Trigonostoma woodringi, Conus sp. aff. jaspideus, Agladrillia sp., Crassispira conica, Fusiturricula sp., Gemmula vaningeni, Glyphostoma dentiferum, Paraborsonia cantaurana, "Chiton" sp., , , Bulla sp., Crenella sp., Brachidontes sp., Atrina sp., Argopecten sp., Anadara (Rasia) democraciana, Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis, Conus sp. cf. chipolanus, Conus sp. cf. molis, Conus talis, Strioterebrum ulloa, Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera, Clathrodrillia sp., Cruziturricula sp., Hindsiclava henekeni, Knefastia sp., Polystira sp., Adrana sp., , Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana, Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis, Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis, Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana, Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi, Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana, Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis, Anomia peruviana, , Lucinisca mirandana, Diplodonta sp., , Mulinia sp., , Angulus sp., ?Macoma sp., Strigilla sp., Leopecten sp., , Crassostrea sp., , Plicatula sp., Anodontia sp., Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica, Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus, Glyptoactis paraguanensis, Arcinella yaquensis, Chama berjadinensis, , , Crassinella sp., , , Eurytellina paraguanensis, , , Donax sp., Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus, Solecurtus sp., , Abra sp., Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis, , Leukoma sp., Pitar sp., , , Semele sp., Chione sp., Chionopsis paraguanensis, Clementia dariena, Cyclinella venezuelana, Dosinia sp., , Lirophora quirosensis, Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata, , Caryocorbula fortis, Caryocorbula quirosana, , Dentalium sp., Balanidae indet., , Callianassidae indet., Pectinidae indet., Portunidae indet., Ranellidae indet., Sphaeriidae indet., Sportellidae indet., Tellinidae indet., Turridae indet., , Veneridae indet.		[108][109]
Burdigalian
Miocene	Honda Gp.	Coyaima	Tolima	Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp., Gavialis sp., , , , Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Toxodontidae sp.		[110][111] [112]
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene		Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá	Caquetá			[113]
	Barzalosa Fm.	Alto San Jose, Chaparral	Tolima	Balanerodus logimus		[114]
						[115]
				Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis		[116]
						[117]
						[118]
Late Eocene				Colombitherium tolimense		[113][119]
Early Eocene	Bogotá Fm.	Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá	Cundinamarca	, Etayoa bacatensis, , , Stephania palaeosudamericana, , , , , , , Annonaceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Theaceae sp., many still unnamed		[120][121] [122][123] [124][125] [126][127] [128]
Mid Paleocene
	Cerrejón Fm.	Cerrejón	Cesar La Guajira	Titanoboa cerrejonensis		[129][130]
				Carbonemys cofrinii		[131][132]
				Acherontisuchus guajiraensis		[133][134]
				Anthracosuchus balrogus		[135][136]
				Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki		[137][138]
				Cerrejonisuchus improcerus		[139][140]
				Puentemys mushaisaensis		[141][142]
				, , , Montrichardia aquatica, Petrocardium cerrejonense, P. wayuuorum, Stephania palaeosudamericana, , Acrostichum sp., Amaryllidaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Annonaceae sp., Apocynaceae sp., Araceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Dicotyledonae sp., Elaeocarpaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Malvoideae sp., Meliaceae sp., Monocotyledoneae sp., Moraceae sp., Pinales sp., Pteridophyta sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Sapotaceae sp., Stenochlaena sp., Sterculioideae sp., Violaceae sp., Zingiberales sp.		[123][143] [144][145] [146][147] [148][149] [150][151] [152][153] [154][155] [156][157]
				, , , , , , , , ,		[158]
		Ranchería Sub-basin	Cesar La Guajira	, Globorotalia conicotruncana, Globigerina eugubina, , , , , , , , ,		[158]
Early Paleocene
Paleocene	Guaduas Fm.	Zipaquirá Tasco	Cundinamarca Boyacá	, , , Coussapoa camargoi, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,		[159][160] [161] [162][163]
Mesozoic							Maastrichtian
	Early Maastrichtian	Guadalupe Gp.	San Luis de Gaceno Cucaita	Cundinamarca Boyacá	, , , , Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum,		[164][165]
	Santonian
	Maastrichtian		Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	, , Globigerina cretacea, , , , , Abathomphalus mayorensis, , , Gansserina gansseri, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,		[166][167]
	Campanian
		Oliní Gp.	Coello	Tolima	Eonatator coellensis		[168][169]
	Santonian	Conejo Fm.	Toca Cucaita	Boyacá	, Codazziceras scheibei, , , , Heterohelix globulosa, H. reussi, , , , , , , , , , Baculites sp., Barroisiceras sp., Exogyra sp., Hedbergella sp., Peroniceras sp.,		[170][171] [172][173] [174]
	Turonian
	Coniacian		Sardinata Aguachica Lebrija Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Norte de Santander Santander Cesar La Guajira	, , , Neoptychites sp., , Fagesia sp., , Eucalycoceras sp., , , Prionotropis sp., Baculites sp., , ,		[175] [167][176]
	Turonian
		La Frontera Fm.	Yaguará	Huila	Yaguarasaurus columbianus		[177][178]
				Boyacá Cundinamarca Huila	Anomia colombiana, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli, Hoplitoides ingens, H. cf. lagiraldae, H. wohltmanni, Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Neoptychites crassus, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, V. cf. venezolanum, Wrightoceras munieri, Inoceramus sp., Mammites sp., , ?Fagesia sp.		[179][180] [181]
	Coniacian	Loma Gorda Fm.	Aipe	Huila	Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, , Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, , , , , Neoptychites cf. andinus, , , Peroniceras subtricarinatum, , , , Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., , , Forresteria sp., , Morrowites sp., , Quitmaniceras sp.		[182]
	Turonian
	Early Turonian		Otanche	Boyacá	Crioceratites cf. apricus		[175]
	Early Albian
	Turonian	Chipaque Fm.	Chipaque	Cundinamarca	Exogyra squamata,		[183][184] [185]
	Cenomanian
	Turonian		Pesca Samacá	Boyacá	Anomia colombiana, A. sp. cf. A. papyracea, Coilopoceras cf. lesseli, Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus, H. cf. ingens, Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense, Mammites nodosoidesappelatus, M. aff. afer, , , , , , , , , Globigerinelloides sp., , , , Hedbergella sp., , Heterohelix sp., , Watinoceras sp., , Wrightoceras sp.,		[186][187]
	Cenomanian
	Late Cenomanian	Hondita Fm.	Aipe	Huila	Acanthoceras sp.,		[182]
	Cenomanian		Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	, Exogyra toxaster, , , , Dufrenoya sp., , Acanthoceras sp., , , Orbitolina conica texana, Heterohelix reussi,		[167][176]
	Aptian
	Early Albian	Hiló Fm.	Prado	Tolima	Actinoceramus munsoni, A. aff. subsulcatiformis, Beudanticeras cf. rebouli, Desmoceras latidorsatum, , Exogyra aff. texana, , Inoceramus anglicus, I. cf. cadottensis, I. aff. dunveganensis, I. aff. etheridgei, I. cf. ewaldi, I. aff. irenensis, I. prefragilis, I. cf. richensis, Lyelliceras pseudolyelli, , Mortoniceras arietiforme, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Acompsoceras sp., , , , Hamites sp., , Mariella sp., Ostrea sp., ,		[188][189] [190][191] [192][193] [194][195] [196][197] [198][199] [200][201] [202][203] [204][205] [206][207] [208][209]
	Early Albian	Capotes Fm.	Bituima	Cundinamarca	Douvilleiceras solitae, ,		[175][210]
	Barremian
	Late Aptian	Apón Fm.	South of Cuiza	La Guajira	Astarte cf. sieversi, , , Cymatoceras perstriatum, , Hamites degenhardtii, Heinzia galeatoides, H. lindigii, H. aff. provincialis, Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides, , , , , , , , , , Phylloceras morelianum, P. velledae, Pinna robinaldina, , Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Trigonia tocaimaana, , Zurcherella zurcheri, , Eogaudryceras sp., Exogyra sp., , Uhligella sp.		[211][212] [213]
	Early Barremian
	Late Aptian	Caballos Fm.	Alpujarra	Tolima	Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., Weichselia sp.		[214]
		El Peñón Fm.	El Peñón	Cundinamarca	,		[210]
		Socotá Fm.	Útica	Cundinamarca	Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme, Dufrenoyia sanctorum, ,		[179]
	Aptian	Trincheras Fm.	Apulo	Cundinamarca	Heminautilus etheringtoni, , Heinzia sp., Pseudohaploceras sp., bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids		[215]
	Early Aptian	Une Fm. Caballos Fm.	Firavitoba Payandé	Boyacá Tolima	Heminautilus etheringtoni		[216]
	Aptian	Paja Fm.	Villa de Leyva Sáchica	Boyacá	Kronosaurus boyacensis		[217]
					Callawayasaurus colombiensis		[218]
					Padillasaurus leivaensis		[219]
					Platypterygius sachicarum		[220]
					Desmatochelys padillai		[221]
					Brachauchenius sp.		[222]
					Stenorhynchosaurus munozi		[223]
					Muiscasaurus catheti		[224]
					Leyvachelys cipadi		[223][225]
					, , , , , , , ,		[226][227] [228][229] [230]
					Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, , , , Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, , , , Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, , , , , , , Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, , Teredolites clavatus, Dufrenoyia sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Olcostephanus sp., Phylloceras sp., , , , ,		[222][231] [232][233] [234][235] [236]
	Hauterivian		Chipatá	Santander			[232]
		Ritoque Fm.	Villa de Leyva	Boyacá	, Acanthodiscus sp., ,		[237]
			Arcabuco Santa Rosa de Viterbo	Boyacá	, , ?Pseudohaploceras sp.		[238][239]
		Rosablanca Fm.	Arenal del Sur Simití Socorro Zapatoca	Bolívar Santander	, Natica cf. bulimoides, , Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis, Acanthodiscus sp., Crioceras sp., , Hamulina sp., ?Kilianella sp., , Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp.,		[240][241] [242]
	Valanginian
		Murca Fm.	Ubalá Labranzagrande	Cundinamarca Boyacá	Berriasella colombiana, Leptoceras ublanese n. sp., Pseudoosterella ubalaensis		[243][244] [245][246] [247][248]
	Berriasian
	Early Berriasian	Arcabuco Fm.	Chíquiza	Boyacá	Dinosaur footprints		[249]
	Tithonian
	Late Jurassic	Valle Alto Fm.	San Félix, Salamina	Caldas	, Cladophlebis sp., , , , , Nilssoniopteris sp., Otozamites sp., Pachypteris sp., Ptilophyllum sp., , Sagenopteris sp., , Sphenopteris sp., , Trigonia sp., Zamites sp.		[250][251] [note 2]
	Kimmeridgian		Serranía de Cocinas	La Guajira	, , , Stylina micrommata, Thamnasteria dendroidea, Calamophylliopsis sp., , , Isastrea sp., Pholadomya sp., Algae indet., Bryozoa indet., Gastropoda indet., Porifera indet.		[252]
	Late Triassic		Payandé, San Luis	Tolima	, , , ,		[253][254] [255]
	Middle Triassic		Payandé	Tolima	Cidaris cf. hausmanni, C. cf. scrobiculata, , , , , , , , , Spiriferina abichi, Zygopleura cf. modestum, Z. cf. sturi, Z. cf. subanthophylloides, , , , , , ?Limatula sp., , Megalodon sp., ?Myophoria sp., ?Oxynautilus sp.,, , , , Brachiopoda indet., Crinoidea indet.		[256][257] [258][259]
Paleozoic	Middle Permian		Río Molino	Magdalena			[260]
			Quebrada Manaure	La Guajira	, , ?Stearoceras sp.		[261]
	Early Permian
	Mid Carboniferous
	Early Carboniferous	Cuche Fm.	Floresta	Boyacá	Antarctilamna sp., Asterolepis sp., Bothriolepis sp., Holoptychius sp., ?Strepsodus sp., , Baiera sp., , Lingula sp.		[262][263]
	Frasnian
	Early Givetian	Floresta Fm.			Platyceras aff. nodosum		[262][264]
					Placoderm fishes, , , Tarijactinoides sp. nov., Anchiopsis armata, , , Cordania gasepiou, Coronura cf. lessepsensis, , Dipleura cf. dekayi, Greenops cf. grabaui, , , , , Viaphacops cristata, , , Atrypa harrisi, , Aviculopecten wellsi, , Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, , , , , , , , , , Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, , Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, , , , , Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, , , , , , , , , Greenops cf. grabaui, Heliophyllum halli, , , , Leptaena boyaca, , , Meristella wheeleri, , , Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, , , Pleurodictyum americanum, , , , , , , , , Spirifer kingi, , , , , , , , Viaphacops cristata, , , , Anthozoa sp., Aviculopecten sp., Camarotoechia sp., , Cyphaspis sp., , Dalmanites sp., , Gastropoda sp., , Homalonotus sp., , , Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., , , ,		[264][265] [266][267]
	Late Emsian
	Devonian	Río Cachirí Gp.	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	; , , Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, , Pecten sp.		[268]
	Early Devonian
	Silurian
	Late Ordovician
	Middle Ordovician		Caño Cristales	Meta	Dichograptus sp., Tetragraptus sp., ?Lingulella sp., ?Obolus sp.		[269]
	Darriwilian	Venado Fm.	Tarqui	Huila	Acodus deltatus, Anebolithus tafuri, , , , Didymograptus artus, Didymograptus murchisoni, , , , Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii, , , , , Protolloydolithus cf. salax, , , , , Cordylodus sp., , ?Obolus sp., , , Asaphidae sp.		[270][271]
	Floian
	Early Ordovician		Guaviare River Serranía de la Macarena	Meta	, , , Geragnostus sp., , , Lingulella sp., Megistaspis sp., , , , , , , ,		[272][273]
	Cambrian		El Dorado	Meta	Paradoxides sp.		[274]
Proterozoic

Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres[]

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:^{[275][276][277][278]}

• Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
• Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
• as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
• all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
• Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon

Evolution[]

• Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America^[275]
• Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves^[279]

See also[]

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
• List of mining areas in Colombia
• South American land mammal age
• Gomphothere fossils in Colombia
• Geology of Colombia
  • Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
  • Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
  • Geology of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

Pleistocene-Holocene[]

• Bürgl, Hans. 1956. Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca, 1–14. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-05-03.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana 1. 69–89. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Van der Hammen, Thomas. 1986. Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes. Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes II. 27–34.
• Hernández Camacho, Jorge, and Jaime De Porta. 1960. Un nuevo Bóvido pleistocénico de Colombia: Colombibos atactodontus. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 41–52.
• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice, and Ingrid Carolina Escobar Quemba. 2010. Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia. 35. 50–57. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2012. Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 36. 203–210. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• , Jaime. 1961. La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 7. 37–54. Accessed 2017-05-03.
• , Jaime. 1960. Los Equidos fósiles de la Sabana de Bogotá. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 4. 51–78. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Rodríguez Flórez, Carlos David; Ernesto León Rodríguez Flórez, and Carlos Armando Rodríguez. 2009. Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca. Scientific Bulletin 13. 78–85. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• , Carlos S., and Jairo Clavijo. 2005. Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales XXIX. 345–356. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• , Carlos; Ana Elena Concha, and Carlos Macía. 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. 26. 79–93.
• , Carlos S.; Jorge , and Alberto Cadena. 1996. La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia). 21. 81–87. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Cocinetas Basin[]

• Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos . 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• , Edwin, and Carlos . 2015. Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia. Ameghiniana 52. 188–203. Accessed 2017-08-08.
• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Thodoris Argyriou; Vladimir Zapata; René Kindlimann, and Carlos . 2016. A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Ameghiniana 53. 77–99. Accessed 2017-08-08.
• Hendy, Austin J.W.; Douglas S. Jones; Federico Moreno; Vladimir Zapata, and Carlos . 2015. Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 45–75. Accessed 2017-08-08.
• Moreno, F.; A.J.W. Hendy; L. Quiroz; N. Hoyos; D.S. Jones; V. Zapata; S. Zapata; G.A. Ballen, and Edwin , A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, . 2015. Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 5–43. Accessed 2017-08-08.
• Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. 2014. Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, 1–66. University of Nebraska. Accessed 2017-08-08.
• Pérez, María E.; María C. Vallejo Pareja; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos . 2017. A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04.

Honda Group[]

• , Edwin; Carlos , and María E. Páramo. 2008. New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Masanaru Takai; Tiffany M. Naeher; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2003. Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Defler, Thomas. 2004. Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Estes, Richard, and Richard Wassersug. 1963. A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America. Breviora 193. 1–13. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• De la Fuente, Marcelo; Juliana Sterli, and Ignacio Maniel. 2013. Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Hsiou, Annie S.; Adriana M. Albino, and Jorge Ferigolo. 2010. Reappraisal of the South American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55. 365–379.
• Lundberg, John G., and Barry Chernoff. 1992. A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Marshall, Larry G. 1976. New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America. Journal of Paleontology 50. 402–418.
• Meldrum, D.J., and R.F. Kay. 1997. Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102. 407–427. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Miller, Alden H. 1953. A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia. Auk 70. 484–495. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Organ, Jason M., and Pierre Lemelin. 2011. Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia. The Anatomical Record 294.12. 2013–2023.
• Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2010. Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 34. 253–256. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Rasmussen, Tab. 1997. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Rosenberger, A.L.; T. Setoguchi, and W.C. Hartwig. 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140.
• Setoguchi, Takeshi, and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 1988. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University overseas research reports of New World monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Setoguchi, T. 1985. Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America. Folia Primatol 44. 96–101. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Suárez, Catalina; Analía M. Forasiepi; Franciso J. Goin, and Carlos . 2015. Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Takai, Masanaru; Federico Anaya; Hisashi Suzuki; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. , Tokyo 109.4. 289.
• Takai, Masanaru; Takeshi Setoguchi; Carlos ; Alberto Cadena G., and Nobuo Shigehara. 1991. A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Tejedor, Marcelo F. 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de La Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; J.D. Carrillo; J.W. Moreno Bernal; M. Pardo Jaramillo; D.F. Rodríguez González, and J. Muñoz Duran. 2015. Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• , Carlos S. 1997. La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• , Carlos; Takeshi Setoguchi; Jorge Brieva, and Carlos Macia. 1996. Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Wheeler, Brandon. 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51.2. 131–138.

Bogotá Formation[]

• Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Edwin ; Alexander Hastings; Aldo F. Rincón, and Carlos . 2008. Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• , Edwin A. 2014. The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333–339. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón, and Jorge W. Moreno Bernal. 2012. Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón; Jason R. Bourque, and Carlos . 2011. An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• Herrera, Fabiany; Steven R. Manchester; Mónica R. Carvalho; Carlos , and Scott L. Wing. 2014. Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. 54. 197–229. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• Herrera, Fabiany; Steven R. Manchester; Sara B. Hoot; Keir M. Wefferling; Mónica R. Carvalho, and Carlos . 2011. Phytogeographic implications of fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the Paleocene of Colombia. American Journal of Botany 98. 2004–2017. Accessed 2017-04-05.
• Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
• Morón, Sara; David L. Fox; Joshua M. Feinberg; Carlos ; Germán Bayona; Camilo Montes, and Jonathan Ivan Bloch. 2013. Climate change during the Early Paleogene in the Bogotá Basin (Colombia) inferred from paleosol carbon isotope stratigraphy, major oxides, and environmental magnetism (Abstract). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 388. 115–127. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• , Carlos. 1987. Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241–254. Accessed 2017-03-29.
• Woodburne, Michael O.; Francisco J. Goin; Mariano Bond; Alfredo A. Carlini; Javier N. Gelfo; Guillermo M. López; A. Iglesias, and Ana N. Zimicz. 2014. Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1–73. Accessed 2017-03-29.

Cerrejón Formation[]

• , Edwin A.; Daniel T. Ksepka; Carlos A. , and Jonathan I. Bloch. 2012a. New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 313–331. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• , Edwin A.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. . 2012b. New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia. Journal of Paleontology 86. 688–698. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• , Edwin A.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. . 2010. New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30. 367–382. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. . 2014. A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia. Historical Biology 27. 998–1020. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. . 2011. A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae. Palaeontology 54. 1095–1116. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Head, J.J.; J.I. Bloch; A.K. Hastings; J.R. Bourque; E.A. ; F.A. Herrera; P.D. Polly, and C.A. . 2009. Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457. 715–718. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Herrera, Fabiany A.; Carlos A. ; David L. Dilcher; Scott L. Wing, and Carolina Gómez N. 2008. Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American Journal of Botany 95. 1569–1583. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Wing, Scott L.; Fabiany Herrera; Carlos A. ; Carolina Gómez Navarro; Peter Wilf, and Conrad C. Labandeira. 2009. Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106. 18627–18632. Accessed 2017-04-05.

La Frontera Formation[]

• Acosta Garay, Jorge, and Carlos E Ulloa Melo. 2001. Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000, 1–84. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Blanco, Johana Paola; Paula Andrea Medina, and Pedro Patarroyo. 2004. La Formación La Frontera, Sección Vereda Tóriba: Una propuesta para la designación del Lectoestratotipo. 29. 23–40. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2000. Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Colombia. Historical Biology 14. 121–131. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Patarroyo, Pedro. 2016. Amonoideos y otros macrofósiles del lectoestratotipo de la Formación la Frontera, Turoniano inferior - medio (Cretácico Superior) en San Francisco, Cundinamarca (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 41–54. Accessed 2017-04-04.

Paja Formation[]

• Bermúdez, Hermann D.; Arley de J. Gómez Cruz; Matúš Hyžný; Josep A. Moreno Bedmar; Ricardo Barragán; Mario Moreno Sánchez, and Francisco J. Vega. 2013. Decapod crustaceans from the Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) San Gil Group in the Villa de Leyva section, central Colombia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 267. 255–272. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• , Edwin A., and James F. Parham. 2015a. Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. 32. 1–42. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• , Edwin. 2015b. The first South American sandownid turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. PeerJ 3. e1431. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Carballido, José L.; Diego Pol; Mary L. Parra Ruge; Santiago Padilla Bernal; María E. Páramo Fonseca, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2015. A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Online edition. e980505. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Chaparro Vargas, León F.; Oscar M. León Sánchez, and Arley de J. Gómez Cruz. 2015. Ocurrencia de Teredolites clavatus (Leymerie, 1842) en la Formación Paja (Aptiano) de Colombia, 1–2. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, III Simposio Latinoamericano de Icnología. Accessed 2017-04-06.
• Hampe, Oliver. 2005. Considerations on a Brachauchenius skeleton (Pliosauroidea) from the lower Paja Formation (late Barremian) of Villa de Leyva area (Colombia). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe 8. 37–51. Accessed 2017-04-20.
• Kakabadze, Mikhail V., and Philip J. Hoedemaeker. 1997. New and less known Barremian-Albian ammonites from Colombia. Scripta Geologica 114. 57–117. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Karasawa, Hiroaki; Carrie E. Schweitzer; Rodney M. Feldmann, and Javier Luque. 2014. Phylogeny and Classification of Raninoida (Decapoda: Brachyura). Journal of Crustacean Biology 34. 216–272. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Luque, Javier. 2015. The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas. Palaeontology 58. 251–263. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Luque, Javier. 2014. A new genus and species of raninoidian crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America. Scripta Geologica 147. 27–34. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Luque, Javier; Rodney M. Feldmann; Carrie E. Schweitzer; Carlos , and Christopher B. Cameron. 2012. The oldest frog crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Aptian of northern South America. Journal of Crustacean Biology 32. 405–420. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Maxwell, Erin E.; Daniel Dick; Santiago Padilla, and Mary Luz Parra. 2015. A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology 2. 59–70. Accessed 2017-03-30.
• Moreno Sánchez, M.; A. de J. Gómez Cruz, and H. Castillo González. 2007. Frenelopsis y Pseudofrenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) en el Cretácico temprano de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 29. 13–19. Accessed 2019-03-12.
• Páramo, María E.; Marcela Gómez Pérez; Leslie F. Noé, and Fernando Etayo. 2016. Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America. 40. 84–103. Accessed 2017-04-20.
• Patarroyo, Pedro. 2009. Amonitas de un nivel de alta energía del Barremiano inferior en la Formación Paja de los sectores de Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) y Vélez (Santander). Boletín de Geología 31. 15–21. Accessed 2017-04-06.

Murca Formation[]

• Dorado Galindo, Jorge. 1990. Contribución al Conocimiento de la Estratigrafía de la Formación Brechas de Buenavista (Límite Jurásico-Cretácico). Región Noroeste de Villavicencio (Meta). 17. 7–38. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Moreno M., Juan Manuel. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations, Útica Sandstone and Murca Formation, West Flank, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. 17. 65–86. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Piraquive, Alejandro; Juan Sebastián Díaz; Tomas Cuéllar; Germán Pardo, and Andreas Kammer. 2011. Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas - Neogene reactivation of Early Cretaceous rift structures associated with the Chámeza Fault, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): tectonic and biostratigraphic evidences. 36. 197–216. Accessed 2017-03-31.

Jurassic[]

• , Jairo, and Andreas Kammer. 1995. Eventos Jurásicos en Colombia. 19. 165–172. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• , Jairo. 1984. An outline on the Jurassic in Colombia. 13. 129–136. Accessed 2017-03-31.

Cuche & Floresta Formations[]

• Giroud López, Marie Joëlle. 2014. El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, 1–174. Universidad de La Habana. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Janvier, Philippe, and Carlos . 1998. Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. 23. 3–18. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• , Jairo, and Carlos . 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. 13. 55–80. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Morzadec, Pierre; Michal Mergl; Carlos ; Philippe Janvier, and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. 2015. Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331–358. Accessed 2017-04-04.

Cambro-Ordovician[]

• Borrero, C.; G.N. Sarmiento; C. Gómez González, and J.C. Gutiérrez Marco. 2007. Los Conodontos de la Formación El Hígado y su contribución al conocimiento del metamorfismo y la paleogeografía del Ordovícico en la Cordillera Central Colombiana. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 29. 39–46. Accessed 2019-03-07.
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesus Gómez Cruz, and Hardany Castillo González. 2008. Graptolitos del Ordovícico y geología de los afloramientos del Río Venado (norte del Departamento del Huila). Boletín de Geología 30. 9–19. Accessed 2019-03-07.
• Toro Toro, Luz Mary; Mario Moreno Sánchez, and Arley Gómez Cruz. 2014. Metagabro del Ariarí, plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 36. _. Accessed 2019-03-07.
• , C.; C. Macia S., and J. . 1997. Formación Venado, nueva unidad litoestratigráfica del Ordovícico colombiano. 22. 41–49. Accessed 2019-03-07.

Other formations[]

• Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 2002. Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS.
• Acosta, C.E. 1960. Estratigrafía de García Rovira. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 33–40. Accessed 2017-05-03.
• Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos . 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Badouin, Cyril; Gérard Delanoy; Josep Antón Moreno Bedmar; Antoine Pictet; Jean Vermeulen; Gabriel Conte; Roland Gonnet; Patrick Boselli, and Marc Bonelli. 2016. Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae). Carnets Geologicás 16. 61–212. Accessed 2017-01-20.
• Billet, Guillaume; Maëva Orliac; Pierre-Olivier Antoine, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2010. New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia. Palaeontology 59. 319–325. Accessed 2017-05-17.
• Espinel Arias, Valentina, and Julian Alberto Hurtado Henao. 2010. Petrografía y análisis facial de las rocas calcáreas aflorantes de la sección Tunja-Villa de Leiva (Boyacá), 1–102. Universidad de Caldas.
• García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
• Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Hermann D. Bermúdez, and Francisco J. Vega. 2015. A new species of Diaulax Bell, 1863 (Brachyura: Dialucidae) in the Early Cretaceous of the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 67. 103–112. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Gutiérrez Palma, Diana. 1971. Exogyra squamata en el Cretáceo medio de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, 69–130. Accessed 2017-05-03.
• Gúzman, Walter; Hermann Darío Bermúdez; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Francisco J. Vega. 2016. Ophthalmoplax (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunoidea) from the late Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, of Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 68. 93–103. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Huertas G., Gustavo. 1960. De la flora fosíl de la Sabana. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 53–57.
• Luque, Javier; Stéphane Hourdez, and Olev Vinn. 2015. A new fossil bristle worm (Annelida: Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from the late Cretaceous of tropical America. Journal of Paleontology 89. 257–261. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Monje Durán, Camila; Camila Martínez; Ignacio Escapa, and Santiago Madriñán. 2016. Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 29–42. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Moreno Bedmar, J.A; R. Martínez; J.V. Rodríguez, and Hermann Durán Bermúdez. 2015. Algunos ammonites del Cretácico de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, _. XV Congreso Colombiano de Geología, 2015. Accessed 2017-04-06.
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Jorge Gómez Tapias. 2012. Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-02.
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario, and Gustavo Hincapié Jaramillo. 2010. Estudio de isótopos de carbono (delta 13C) y estroncio (87Sr/86Sr) en los depósitos cretáceos-terciarios de la Cordillera Oriental, 1–181. Universidad de Caldas. Accessed 2017-05-03.
• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2013. Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXXVII. 499–518. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Patarroyo, Pedro. 2011. Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 33. 69–92. Accessed 2017-03-31.
• Patarroyo, Pedro, and Alexis Rojas. 2007. La sucesión y la fauna del Turoniano de la Formación San Rafael en Pesca y su comparación con la sección tipo en Samacá (Boyacá-Colombia-S.A.). , Universidad Nacional de Colombia 32. 89–96. Accessed 2017-04-05.
• Pérez, María E.; María C. Vallejo Pareja; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos . 2017. A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04.
• Tchegliakova, Nadejda, and Vladimir Pérez. 1995. Registro de la Zona bioestratigrafica Dicarinella concavata (Foraminiferida) en el Extremo noroccidental de Suramerica (Colombia). 19. 131–143. Accessed 2017-04-06.

South American gomphotheres[]

• Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo Dos Santos Avilla; Lidiane Asevedo; Leon Borges Silva; Mariane Rosa; Ricardo Labarca Encina; Esteban Souberlich; José Luis Soibelzon, and Sergio Roman Carrion, D. Ríos, Ascanio D. Rincón, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira and Renato Pereira Lopes. 2016a. Sixty years after ‘The mastodonts of Brazil’: The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International _. 1–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Mothé, Dimila; Marco P. Ferretti, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2016b. The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11. 1–19. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Mothé, Dimila, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2015. Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110. 23–35. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo S. Avilla; Mário Cozzuol, and Gisele R. Winck. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277. 2–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Lucas, Spencer G. 2013. The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres. 2. 19–40. Accessed 2017-05-07.
• Lucas, Spencer G. 2008. Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World. Neogene Mammals - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44. 409–415. Accessed 2017-05-07.

External links[]

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• (in Spanish) Paleontología en Colombia