Laventan
The Laventan (Spanish: Laventense) age is a period of geologic time (13.8 to 11.8 Ma) within the Middle Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Colloncuran and precedes the Mayoan age.[1][2]
Etymology[]
The age is named after the Miocene Lagerstätte La Venta, where a rich biodiversity from the Middle Miocene has been recovered from the Honda Group.[2]
Formations[]
| Formation bold is type |
Country | Basin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Honda Group |  Colombia |
||
 Bolivia |
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 Argentina |
San Rafael Block | ||
| Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile |
Caldera Basin | |
 Venezuela |
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| Bolivia |
Altiplano Basin | ||
| Cura-Mallín Group | Chile |
Cura-Mallín Basin | |
 Peru |
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| Argentina |
Paraná Basin | ||
| Pebas Formation |  Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru |
Amazon Basin | |
| Pisco Formation | Peru |
Pisco Basin | |
| Venezuela |
Eastern Venezuela Basin | ||
| Colombia |
|||
| Venezuela |
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| Urumaco Formation | Venezuela |
Fossil content[]
Correlations[]
The Laventan (13.8 to 11.8 Ma) correlates with:
- NALMA
- latest Barstovian (15.97-13.65 Ma)[135]
- early Clarendonian (13.65-10.3 Ma)[136]
- Californian ages
- (15.5-13.5 Ma)
- ELMA - Astaracian (15.97-11.608 Ma)[137]
- [138]
- New Zealand stratigraphy - Southland epoch (15.9-10.92 Ma)[141]
- Australian ages
- (15.0-10.5 Ma)
- Japanese ages
- (15.97-13.5 Ma)
- - (13.65-11.1 Ma)[144]
| Formation | Honda | Cura-Mallín | Pisco | Pebas | Urumaco | Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basin | San Rafael | Caldera | Pisco | Amazon | Venezuela | Paraná |     Laventan (South America) | |||||
| Country | Colombia |
Bolivia |
Argentina |
Chile |
Peru |
Venezuela |
Argentina
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| Boreostemma | |
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| Hapalops | |
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| Miocochilius | |
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| Theosodon | |
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| Xenastrapotherium | |
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| Mylodontidae | |
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| Sparassodonta | |
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| Primates |  |
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| Rodents |  |
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| Birds |  |
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| Terror birds |  |
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| Reptiles |  |
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| megalodon |  |
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| Flora | 
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| Insects |  |
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| Environments | Fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial |  Laventan volcanoclastics Laventan fauna Laventan flora | ||||||
| Volcanic | Yes | |||||||||||
References[]
- ^ Paleo Database: Laventan
- ^ a b Madden et al., 1997
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
- ^ Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
- ^ Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
- ^ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
- ^ Utgé et al., 2009
- ^ a b Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
- ^ Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
- ^ Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
- ^ Brand et al., 2011
- ^ Simpson, 1947, p.2
- ^ a b Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
- ^ Linares, 2004, p.5
- ^ Linares, 2004, p.16
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.299
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.300
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.301
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.302
- ^ Croft, 2007, p.303
- ^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
- ^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
- ^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
- ^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
- ^ Setoguchi, 1985
- ^ Takai et al., 2001
- ^ Tejedor, 2013, p.22
- ^ Defler, 2004, p.32
- ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
- ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
- ^ Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroel, 2000, p.118
- ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.171
- ^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
- ^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Duke Locality 33 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroelia totoyoi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroel, 1997
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
- ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
- ^ Suárez et al., 2015
- ^ Marshall, 1976
- ^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Prodolichotis guerreroi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ UCMP V4936 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Eodolichotis elachys at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Eodolichotis maddeni at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Rhodanodolichotis vucetichae at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Takai et al., 1991
- ^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Engelman et al., 2016
- ^ Pujos et al., 2014
- ^ Hondalagus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Engelman et al., 2018
- ^ Forasiepi et al., 2015
- ^ a b c Cerro Aisol at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Choquecota at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cerro los Pinos at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b IN-DTC-20 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ IN-DTC-28 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ IN-DTC-32 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Río Sepa at Fossilworks.org
- ^ SEP 005 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ IN 008 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Pueblo Brugo to Diamante at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c CTA-45 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Banks of the Rio Guere at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Calle Fria-Segovia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b South East of 'Cerro los Chivatos' at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 01 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Biozona 1 Loc 44-FU at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Rasmussen, 1997
- ^ Miller, 1953
- ^ Los Dedos at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Zumbador Cave at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
- ^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ UCMP Locality V4524 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Eocaiman at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cadena et al., 2008, p.1206
- ^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
- ^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Hsiou et al., 2010
- ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - serpientes
- ^ Ferreira et al., 2015
- ^ Salas Gismondi et al., 2015
- ^ IQ114 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks.org
- ^ East of Capirote, road to Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Sur Quebrada Bejucal at Fossilworks.org
- ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
- ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
- ^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
- ^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Socorro at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Amazonian amber at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Toma Vieja at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barstovian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Clarendonian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Astaracian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Central Paratethys Stages at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Badenian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ [1] Sarmatian] at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Southland epoch at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Lillburnian at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Waiauan at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tunggurian at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography[]
- Laventan
- ; ; ; ; , and . 1997. The Laventan Stage and Age, 499–519. Kay, R.F., Madden, R.H., Cifelli, R.L., Flynn, J.J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia: Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Honda Group, Colombia
- ; , and . 2008. New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303.
- ; ; ; , and . 2003. Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-05-04.
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- ; , and . 2013. Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
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- , and . 1992. A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04.
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- ; , and . 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140.
- , and . 1988. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-05-04.
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- ; ; , and . 2015. Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- ; ; ; , and . 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. Anthropological Science, Tokyo 109. 289.
- ; ; ; , and . 1991. A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de la Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- ; ; ; ; , and . 2015. Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 2000. Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 24. 117–127. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 1997. La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- ; ; , and . 1996. Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- . 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51. 131–138.
- Honda Group, Bolivia
- . 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303.
- ; , and . 2018. Australogale leptognathus, gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution in press. _. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- ; , and . 2016. New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15. 787–820. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- ; ; , and . 2014. Lakukullus anatisrostratus, gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 1243–1248. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Aisol Formation
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015. New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 89. 611–634. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- ; ; ; , and . 2011. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza, 135–154. Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Bahía Inglesa Formation
- ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2009. Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance. Sedimentary Geology 217. 128–139. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; , and . 2003. Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales, 1–10. X Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- , and . 2005. Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78. 489–495. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- . 2015. A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota 8. 5–22. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- . 2008. La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis), 1–165. Universidad Austral de Chile. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- . 2007. Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80. 255–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- . 2007. Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 102. 101–107. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016. Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 333. 32–49. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; ; , and . 2015. Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile, 821–824. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015. Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa, 1–4. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- . 2011. Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe, 1–29. Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- , and . s.a. Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio. . .. 770–772. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Capadare Formation
- ; ; , and . 2015. The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina. PeerJ 3. e1063. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- , and . 2005. Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón, 1–199. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Choquecota and Mauri Formations
- , and . 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Cura-Mallín Group
- ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20.
- ; ; ; , and . 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- ; ; , and . 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
- . 2010. Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Ipururo Formation
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Paraná Formation
- ; , and . 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- . 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pebas Formation
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , and . 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- ; ; ; ; , and . 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pisco Formation
- . 2013. Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- . 2006. Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- ; ; , and . 2016. New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- ; ; ; , and . 2011. A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425.
- ; ; ; , and . 2017. Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20. 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- ; ; , and . 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179. 919–946.
- ; , and . 2017. A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4. 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- , and . 2016. A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3. 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- ; , and . 2009. Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- ; ; ; , and . 2018. Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21. 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- . 2018. Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- ; ; , and . 2015a. A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- ; , and . 2015b. New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- . 2007. Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- Santa Inés Formation
- . 1947. A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela. American Museum Novitates 1368. 1–10.
- Sincelejo Formation
- , and . 2005. Los mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la Costa Caribe Colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 29. 345–356. Accessed 2019-02-04.
- Socorro and Urumaco Formations
- ; ; ; , and . 2015. Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10. e0139230.
- . 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- . 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.
- ; ; , and . 2018. Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17. 409–421.
- ; ; ; , and . 2015. A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2. 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Further reading[]
- . 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- , and . 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- ; , and . 2010. Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, 1–304. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253002006. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- , and . 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
- ; ; , and . 1997. Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN 9781935623854. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- . 1996. Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, 1–275. UMI ISBN 9780783733111. Accessed 2017-10-21.
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Categories:
- Laventan
- Miocene South America
- Neogene Colombia