List of mammals of South America

This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in South America. South America's terrestrial mammals fall into three distinct groups: "old-timers", African immigrants and recent North American immigrants. The marsupials and xenarthrans are "old-timers", their ancestors having been present on the continent since at least the very early Cenozoic Era. During the early Cenozoic, South America's only land connection was to Antarctica, so it was effectively cut off from most of the world; as the fragments of Gondwana continued to separate, this connection was lost, leaving South America an island continent. Caviomorph rodents and monkeys arrived as "waif dispersers" by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa in the Eocene epoch, 35 million or more years ago.^[1]^[2]^[3] All the remaining nonflying mammals of South America are recent arrivals, having migrated from North America via Central America during the past seven million years as part of the Great American Interchange; this invasion, which peaked around three million years ago, was made possible when the formation of the volcanic Isthmus of Panama bridged North and South America. The newcomers out-competed and drove to extinction many mammals that had evolved during South America's long period of isolation, as well as some species from other classes (e.g., terror birds).^[4]

South America suffered another major loss of mammal species in the Quaternary extinction event, which started around 12,500 cal BP, at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians, and may have lasted up to several thousand years. At least 37 genera of mammals were eliminated, including most of the megafauna.^[5] While South America currently has no megaherbivore species weighing more than 1000 kg, prior to this event it had a menagerie of about 25 of them (consisting of gomphotheres, camelids, ground sloths, glyptodonts, and toxodontids – 75% of these being "old-timers"), dwarfing Africa's present and recent total of 6.^[6]

Anthropogenic climate change and the damage to its ecosystems resulting from the rapid recent growth of the human population pose a further threat to South America's biodiversity.

The list consists of those species found in the nations or overseas territories of continental South America (including their island possessions, such as the Galápagos), as well as in Trinidad and Tobago and the Falkland Islands; Panama is not included. As of May 2012, the list contains 1,331 species, 340 genera, 62 families and 15 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (992 species, 230 genera, 40 families and 12 orders), "old-timers" comprise 14% of species, 15% of genera, 20% of families and 42% of orders; African immigrants make up 38% of species, 30% of genera, 40% of families and 17% of orders; North American invaders constitute 49% of species 55% of genera, 40% of families and 50% of orders. At the order level, the "old-timers" are overrepresented because of their ancient local origins, while the African immigrants are underrepresented because of their "sweepstakes" mode of dispersal.

Of the species, 9 are extinct, 29 are critically endangered, 64 are endangered, 111 are vulnerable, 64 are near threatened, and 255 are data deficient.^{[n 1]} Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 (nine or ten cases) are included. Domestic species (e.g., the guinea pig, alpaca, and llama) and introduced species are not listed.

Note: This list is inevitably incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the list of mammals described in the 2000s, and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:

EX	EX	Extinct	No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
EW	EW	Extinct in the wild	Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range.
CR	CR	Critically endangered	The species is in imminent danger of extinction in the wild.
EN	EN	Endangered	The species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU	VU	Vulnerable	The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT	NT	Near threatened	The species does not qualify as being at high risk of extinction but is likely to do so in the future.
LC	LC	Least concern	The species is not currently at risk of extinction in the wild.
DD	DD	Data deficient	There is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction for this species.
NE	NE	Not evaluated	The conservation status of the species has not been studied.

The IUCN status of all listed species except bats was last updated between March and June 2009; bats were updated in September 2009.

Subclass: Theria[]

Derby's woolly opossum

Bare-tailed woolly opossum

Woolly opossum
(Caluromys species)

Water opossum

White-eared opossum

Big-eared opossum

Common opossum

Andean white-eared opossum

Big lutrine opossum

Robinson's mouse opossum

Mouse opossum
(Marmosa species)

Mouse opossum
(Marmosa (Micoureus) species)

Tate's woolly mouse opossum

Gray slender opossum

Brown four-eyed opossum

Yellow-sided opossum

Gray short-tailed opossum

Gray four-eyed opossum

Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum

Infraclass: Metatheria[]

The infraclass Metatheria includes all living and extinct marsupials, but also includes some related extinct orders of mammals that are no longer considered marsupials, such as Sparassodonta. At least six families of sparassodonts lived in South America prior to the interchange, dominating the niches for large mammalian carnivores.

Marsupials are a collection of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin. South America's 22 extant genera compares with 10 in Central America, 1 in North America north of Mexico, 52 in Australia, 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi. South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australasia.^[7]

Superorder: Ameridelphia[]

Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums)[]

Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.

Family: Didelphidae (American opossums)
- Subfamily: Caluromyinae
  - Genus: Caluromys
    - Derby's woolly opossum, C. derbianus LC
    - Brown-eared woolly opossum, C. lanatus LC
    - Bare-tailed woolly opossum, C. philander LC
  - Genus: Caluromysiops
    - Black-shouldered opossum, Caluromysiops irrupta LC
- Subfamily: Glironiinae
  - Genus: Glironia
    - Bushy-tailed opossum, Glironia venusta LC
- Subfamily: Hyladelphinae
  - Genus: Hyladelphys
    - Kalinowski's mouse opossum, Hyladelphys kalinowskii LC
- Subfamily: Didelphinae
  - Genus Chacodelphys
    - Chacoan pygmy opossum, Chacodelphys formosa VU
  - Genus: Chironectes
    - Water opossum, Chironectes minimus LC
  - Genus Cryptonanus
    - Agricola's gracile opossum, Cryptonanus agricolai DD
    - Chacoan gracile opossum, Cryptonanus chacoensis LC
    - Guahiba gracile opossum, Cryptonanus guahybae DD
    - Red-bellied gracile opossum, Cryptonanus ignitus EX
    - Unduavi gracile opossum, Cryptonanus unduaviensis DD
  - Genus: Didelphis
    - White-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris LC
    - Big-eared opossum, Didelphis aurita LC
    - Guianan white-eared opossum, Didelphis imperfecta LC
    - Common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis LC
    - Andean white-eared opossum, Didelphis pernigra LC
  - Genus: Gracilinanus
    - Aceramarca gracile opossum, Gracilinanus aceramarcae LC
    - Agile gracile opossum, Gracilinanus agilis LC
    - Wood sprite gracile opossum, Gracilinanus dryas NT
    - Emilia's gracile opossum, Gracilinanus emiliae DD
    - Northern gracile opossum, Gracilinanus marica LC
    - Brazilian gracile opossum, Gracilinanus microtarsus LC
  - Genus: Lestodelphys
    - Patagonian opossum, Lestodelphys halli LC
  - Genus: Lutreolina
    - Big lutrine opossum, Lutreolina crassicaudata LC
    - Massoia's lutrine opossum, Lutreolina massoia LC
  - Genus: Marmosa
    - Subgenus: Eomarmosa
      - Red mouse opossum, Marmosa rubra DD
    - Subgenus: Exulomarmosa
      - Isthmian mouse opossum, Marmosa isthmica
      - Robinson's mouse opossum, Marmosa robinsoni LC
      - Guajira mouse opossum, Marmosa xerophila VU
    - Subgenus: Marmosa
      - Quechuan mouse opossum, Marmosa macrotarsus LC
      - Linnaeus's mouse opossum, Marmosa murina LC
      - Tyler's mouse opossum, Marmosa tyleriana DD
    - Subgenus: Micoureus
      - Alston's mouse opossum, Marmosa alstoni LC
      - White-bellied woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa constantiae LC
      - Woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa demerarae LC
      - Tate's woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa paraguayana LC
      - Little woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa phaea VU
      - Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa regina LC
    - Subgenus: Stegomarmosa
      - Heavy-browed mouse opossum, Marmosa andersoni DD
      - Rufous mouse opossum, Marmosa lepida LC
  - Genus: Marmosops
    - Bishop's slender opossum, Marmosops bishopi LC
    - Narrow-headed slender opossum, Marmosops cracens DD
    - Creighton's slender opossum, Marmosops creightoni DD
    - Dusky slender opossum, Marmosops fuscatus DD
    - Handley's slender opossum, Marmosops handleyi CR
    - Tschudi's slender opossum, Marmosops impavidus LC
    - Gray slender opossum, Marmosops incanus LC
    - Junin slender opossum, Marmosops juninensis VU
    - Neblina slender opossum, Marmosops neblina LC
    - White-bellied slender opossum, Marmosops noctivagus LC
    - Dorothy's slender opossum, Marmosops ocellatus LC
    - Delicate slender opossum, Marmosops parvidens LC
    - Brazilian slender opossum, Marmosops paulensis LC
    - Pinheiro's slender opossum, Marmosops pinheiroi LC
  - Genus: Metachirus
    - Brown four-eyed opossum, Metachirus nudicaudatus LC
  - Genus: Monodelphis
    - Sepia short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis adusta LC
    - Northern three-striped opossum, Monodelphis americana LC
    - Northern red-sided opossum, Monodelphis brevicaudata LC
    - Yellow-sided opossum, Monodelphis dimidiata LC
    - Gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica LC
    - Emilia's short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis emiliae LC
    - Monodelphis gardneri
    - Amazonian red-sided opossum, Monodelphis glirina LC
    - Monodelphis handleyi
    - Ihering's three-striped opossum, Monodelphis iheringi DD
    - Pygmy short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis kunsi LC
    - Marajó short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis maraxina DD
    - Osgood's short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis osgoodi LC
    - Hooded red-sided opossum, Monodelphis palliolata LC
    - Reig's opossum, Monodelphis reigi VU
    - Ronald's opossum, Monodelphis ronaldi LC
    - Chestnut-striped opossum, Monodelphis rubida DD
    - Long-nosed short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis scalops LC
    - Southern red-sided opossum, Monodelphis sorex LC
    - Southern three-striped opossum, Monodelphis theresa DD
    - Red three-striped opossum, Monodelphis umbristriata VU
    - One-striped opossum, Monodelphis unistriata DD
  - Genus: Philander
    - Anderson's four-eyed opossum, Philander andersoni LC
    - Deltaic four-eyed opossum, Philander deltae LC
    - Southeastern four-eyed opossum, Philander frenata LC
    - McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum, Philander mcilhennyi LC
    - Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum, Philander mondolfii LC
    - Olrog's four-eyed opossum, Philander olrogi
    - Gray four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum LC
  - Genus: Thylamys
    - Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys cinderella LC
    - Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys elegans LC
    - Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys karimii VU
    - Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys macrura NT
    - White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys pallidior LC
    - Common fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys pusillus LC
    - Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys sponsorius LC
    - Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys tatei DD
    - Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys velutinus LC
    - Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum, Thylamys venustus DD

Order: Paucituberculata (shrew opossums)[]

Eastern caenolestid

There are six extant species of shrew opossum. They are small shrew-like marsupials confined to the Andes.

Family: Caenolestidae
- Genus: Caenolestes
  - Gray-bellied caenolestid, Caenolestes caniventer NT
  - Andean caenolestid, Caenolestes condorensis VU
  - Northern caenolestid, Caenolestes convelatus VU
  - Dusky caenolestid, Caenolestes fuliginosus LC
  - Eastern caenolestid, Caenolestes sangay VU
- Genus: Lestoros
  - Incan caenolestid, Lestoros inca LC
- Genus: Rhyncholestes
  - Long-nosed caenolestid, Rhyncholestes raphanurus NT

Superorder: Australidelphia[]

Monito del monte on bamboo

Order: Microbiotheria (monito del monte)[]

The monito del monte of Chile and Argentina is the only extant member of its family and the only surviving member of an ancient order, Microbiotheria. It appears to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other Neotropic marsupials; this is a reflection of the South American origin of all Australasian marsupials.^[7]

Family: Microbiotheriidae
- Genus: Dromiciops
  - Monito del monte, Dromiciops gliroides NT

Infraclass: Eutheria[]

Superorder: Afrotheria[]

Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)[]

West Indian manatee

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are elephants. The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians, once inhabited the region. Those that reached South America have usually been classified as gomphotheres, but sometimes instead as elephantids.

Family: Trichechidae
- Genus: Trichechus
  - Amazonian manatee, T. inunguis VU
  - West Indian manatee, T. manatus VU

Superorder: Xenarthra[]

Order: Cingulata (armadillos)[]

Nine-banded armadillo

Pink fairy armadillo

Screaming hairy armadillo

Six-banded armadillo

Southern three-banded armadillo

The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. All 21 extant species are found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts, once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans.

Family: Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos)
- Subfamily: Dasypodinae
  - Genus: Dasypus
    - Southern long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus hybridus NT
    - Greater long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus kappleri LC
    - Nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus LC
    - Hairy long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus pilosus VU
    - Llanos long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus sabanicola LC
    - Seven-banded armadillo, Dasypus septemcinctus LC
    - Yepes's mulita, Dasypus yepesi DD
Family: Chlamyphoridae (armadillos)
- Subfamily Chlamyphorinae
  - Genus: Calyptophractus
    - Greater fairy armadillo, Calyptophractus retusus DD
  - Genus: Chlamyphorus
    - Pink fairy armadillo, Chlamyphorus truncatus DD
- Subfamily: Euphractinae
  - Genus: Chaetophractus
    - Andean hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus nationi VU
    - Screaming hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus LC
    - Big hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus LC
  - Genus: Euphractus
    - Six-banded armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus LC
  - Genus: Zaedyus
    - Pichi, Zaedyus pichiy NT
- Subfamily: Tolypeutinae
  - Genus: Cabassous
    - Northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis DD
    - Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous chacoensis NT
    - Greater naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous tatouay LC
    - Southern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus LC
  - Genus: Priodontes
    - Giant armadillo, Priodontes maximus VU
  - Genus: Tolypeutes
    - Southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus NT
    - Brazilian three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes tricinctus VU

Brown-throated sloth

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth

Silky anteater

Giant anteater

Southern tamandua

Order: Pilosa (sloths and anteaters)[]

The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters (which include the tamanduas). All 5 extant genera and 9 of 10 extant species are present in South America, the ancestral home of the group. (The exception is the pygmy three-toed sloth, endemic to an island off Panama.) Numerous ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles. (Some west coastal South American forms had even evolved into marine sloths.) All of these went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant tree sloths fall into two groups that are not closely related, and which do not form a clade; two-toed sloths are much more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths.

Suborder: Folivora
- Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)
  - Genus: Bradypus
    - Maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus VU
    - Pale-throated sloth, Bradypus tridactylus LC
    - Brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus LC
- Family: Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)
  - Genus: Choloepus
    - Linnaeus's two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus LC
    - Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni LC
Suborder: Vermilingua
- Family: Cyclopedidae
  - Genus: Cyclopes (silky anteaters)
    - Cyclopes catellus NE
    - Cyclopes didactylus LC
    - Cyclopes dorsalis NE
    - Cyclopes ida NE
    - Cyclopes rufus NE
    - Cyclopes thomasi NE
    - Cyclopes xinguensis NE
- Family: Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters)
  - Genus: Myrmecophaga
    - Giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla VU
  - Genus: Tamandua
    - Northern tamandua, Tamandua mexicana LC
    - Southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla LC

Superorder: Euarchontoglires[]

Order: Primates[]

Panamanian night monkeys

Pygmy marmoset

White-headed marmosets

Silvery marmoset

Golden lion tamarin

Emperor tamarin

White-fronted capuchin

Black capuchin

Common squirrel monkey

Venezuelan red howler

Black-headed spider monkey

Brown spider monkey

Northern muriqui

Brown woolly monkey

Black-fronted titi

Vieira's titi

Black titi

White-faced saki (male)

White-faced saki (female)

Red-backed bearded saki

Uta Hick's bearded saki

Bald uakari

The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

Suborder: Haplorrhini
- Infraorder: Simiiformes
  - Parvorder: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)
    - Family: Aotidae (night monkeys)
      - Genus: Aotus
        Azara's night monkey, Aotus azarae LC
        
        Brumback's night monkey, Aotus brumbacki VU
        
        Gray-handed night monkey, Aotus griseimembra VU
        
        Hernández-Camacho's night monkey, Aotus jorgehernandezi DD
        
        Gray-bellied night monkey, Aotus lemurinus VU
        
        Peruvian night monkey, Aotus miconax VU
        
        Nancy Ma's night monkey, Aotus nancymaae LC
        
        Black-headed night monkey, Aotus nigriceps LC
        
        Three-striped night monkey, Aotus trivirgatus LC
        
        Spix's night monkey, Aotus vociferans LC
        
        Panamanian night monkey, Aotus zonalis DD
    - Family: Callitrichidae
      - Genus: Callibella
        Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, Callibella humilis VU
      - Genus: Cebuella
        Pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea LC
      - Genus: Callithrix
        Buffy-tufted marmoset, Callithrix aurita VU
        
        Buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps EN
        
        White-headed marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi LC
        
        Common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus LC
        
        Wied's marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii NT
        
        Black-tufted marmoset, Callithrix penicillata LC
      - Genus: Mico
        Rio Acari marmoset, Mico acariensis DD
        
        Silvery marmoset, Mico argentatus LC
        
        Gold-and-white marmoset, Mico chrysoleucus DD
        
        Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae DD
        
        Santarem marmoset, Mico humeralifer DD
        
        Hershkovitz's marmoset, Mico intermedius LC
        
        White marmoset, Mico leucippe VU
        
        Manicore marmoset, Mico manicorensis LC
        
        Marca's marmoset, Mico marcai DD
        
        Maués marmoset, Mico mauesi LC
        
        Black-tailed marmoset, Mico melanurus LC
        
        Black-headed marmoset, Mico nigriceps DD
        
        Rondon's marmoset, Mico rondoni VU
        
        Satéré marmoset, Mico saterei LC
      - Genus: Callimico
        Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii VU
      - Genus: Leontopithecus
        Superagui lion tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara CR
        
        Golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas EN
        
        Black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus EN
        
        Golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia EN
      - Genus: Saguinus
        Pied tamarin, Saguinus bicolor EN
        
        Brown-mantled tamarin, Saguinus fuscicollis LC
        
        Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi LC
        
        Graells's tamarin, Saguinus graellsi NT
        
        Emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator LC
        
        Mottle-faced tamarin, Saguinus inustus LC
        
        White-lipped tamarin, Saguinus labiatus LC
        
        White-footed tamarin, Saguinus leucopus EN
        
        Martins's tamarin, Saguinus martinsi LC
        
        White-mantled tamarin, Saguinus melanoleucus LC
        
        Red-handed tamarin, Saguinus midas LC
        
        Moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax LC
        
        Black tamarin, Saguinus niger VU
        
        Black-mantled tamarin, Saguinus nigricollis LC
        
        Cottontop tamarin, Saguinus oedipus CR
        
        Red-capped tamarin, Saguinus pileatus LC
        
        Golden-mantled tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus NT
    - Family: Cebidae
      - Subfamily: Cebinae
        Genus: Cebus
        Ecuadorian capuchin, Cebus aequatorialis CR
        
        White-fronted capuchin, Cebus albifrons LC
        
        Brown weeper capuchin, Cebus brunneus LC
        
        Colombian white-headed capuchin, Cebus capucinus LC
        
        Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin, Cebus cesarae DD
        
        Shock-headed capuchin, Cebus cuscinus NT
        
        Kaapori capuchin, Cebus kaapori CR
        
        Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin, Cebus leucocephalus NE
        
        Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin, Cebus malitiosus EN
        
        Wedge-capped capuchin, Cebus olivaceus LC
        
        Spix's white-fronted capuchin, Cebus unicolor NE
        
        Varied white-fronted capuchin, Cebus versicolor EN
        
        Marañón white-fronted capuchin, Cebus yuracus NE
        
        Genus: Sapajus
        Tufted capuchin, Sapajus apella LC
        
        Azaras's capuchin, Sapajus cay LC
        
        Blond capuchin, Sapajus flavius CR
        
        Black-striped capuchin, Sapajus libidinosus LC
        
        Large-headed capuchin, Sapajus macrocephalus LC
        
        Black capuchin, Sapajus nigritus NT
        
        Crested capuchin, Sapajus robustus EN
        
        Golden-bellied capuchin, Sapajus xanthosternos CR
      - Subfamily: Saimiriinae
        Genus: Saimiri
        Black-capped squirrel monkey, Saimiri boliviensis LC
        
        Humboldt's squirrel monkey, Saimiri cassiquiarensis
        
        Collins' squirrel monkey, Saimiri collinsii
        
        Guianan squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus LC
        
        Bare-eared squirrel monkey, Saimiri ustus NT
        
        Black squirrel monkey, Saimiri vanzolinii VU
    - Family: Atelidae
      - Subfamily: Alouattinae
        Genus: Alouatta
        Ursine howler, Alouatta arctoidea LC
        
        Red-handed howler, Alouatta belzebul VU
        
        Black howler, Alouatta caraya LC
        
        Spix's red-handed howler, Alouatta discolor VU
        
        Brown howler, Alouatta guariba LC
        
        Juruá red howler, Alouatta juara LC
        
        Guyanan red howler, Alouatta macconnelli LC
        
        Amazon black howler, Alouatta nigerrima LC
        
        Mantled howler, Alouatta palliata LC
        
        Purus red howler, Alouatta puruensis LC
        
        Bolivian red howler, Alouatta sara LC
        
        Venezuelan red howler, Alouatta seniculus LC
        
        Maranhão red-handed howler, Alouatta ululata EN
      - Subfamily: Atelinae
        Genus: Ateles
        White-fronted spider monkey, Ateles belzebuth EN
        
        Peruvian spider monkey, Ateles chamek EN
        
        Black-headed spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps CR
        
        Geoffroy's spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi EN
        
        Brown spider monkey, Ateles hybridus CR
        
        White-cheeked spider monkey, Ateles marginatus EN
        
        Red-faced spider monkey, Ateles paniscus VU
        
        Genus: Brachyteles
        Southern muriqui, Brachyteles arachnoides EN
        
        Northern muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus CR
        
        Genus: Lagothrix
        Gray woolly monkey, Lagothrix cana EN
        
        Brown woolly monkey, Lagothrix lagothricha VU
        
        Colombian woolly monkey, Lagothrix lugens CR
        
        Silvery woolly monkey, Lagothrix poeppigii VU
        
        Genus: Oreonax
        Yellow-tailed woolly monkey, Oreonax flavicauda CR
    - Family: Pitheciidae
      - Subfamily: Callicebinae
        Genus: Cheracebus
        Lucifer titi, Cheracebus lucifer LC
        
        Black titi, Cheracebus lugens LC
        
        Colombian black-handed titi, Cheracebus medemi VU
        
        Rio Purus titi, Cheracebus purinus LC
        
        Red-headed titi, Cheracebus regulus LC
        
        Collared titi, Cheracebus torquatus LC
        
        Genus: Callicebus
        Barbara Brown's titi, Plecturocebus barbarabrownae CR
        
        Coimbra Filho's titi, Callicebus coimbrai EN
        
        Coastal black-handed titi, Callicebus melanochir VU
        
        Black-fronted titi, Callicebus nigrifrons NT
        
        Atlantic titi, Callicebus personatus VU
        
        Genus: Plecturocebus
        Madidi titi, Plecturocebus aureipalatii LC
        
        Baptista Lake titi, Plecturocebus baptista LC
        
        Prince Bernhard's titi, Plecturocebus bernhardi LC
        
        Brown titi, Plecturocebus brunneus LC
        
        Chestnut-bellied titi, Plecturocebus caligatus LC
        
        Caquetá titi, Plecturocebus caquetensis CR
        
        Ashy black titi, Plecturocebus cinerascens LC
        
        Coppery titi, Plecturocebus cupreus LC
        
        White-tailed titi, Plecturocebus discolor LC
        
        White-eared titi, Plecturocebus donacophilus LC
        
        Hershkovitz's titi, Plecturocebus dubius LC
        
        Alta Floresta titi, Plecturocebus groves
        
        Hoffmanns's titi, Plecturocebus hoffmannsi LC
        
        Milton's titi, Plecturocebus miltoni NE
        
        Rio Beni titi, Plecturocebus modestus EN
        
        Red-bellied titi, Plecturocebus moloch LC
        
        Rio Mayo titi, Plecturocebus oenanthe EN
        
        Ollala brothers' titi, Plecturocebus olallae EN
        
        Ornate titi, Plecturocebus ornatus VU
        
        White-coated titi, Plecturocebus pallescens LC
        
        Stephen Nash's titi, Plecturocebus stephennashi DD
        
        Urubamba brown titi, Plecturocebus urubambensis NE
        
        Vieira's titi, Plecturocebus vieirai NE
      - Subfamily: Pitheciinae
        Genus: Pithecia
        Equatorial saki, Pithecia aequatorialis LC
        
        White-footed saki, Pithecia albicans VU
        
        Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai NE
        
        Golden-faced saki, Pithecia chrysocephala LC
        
        Hairy saki, Pithecia hirsuta NE
        
        Burnished saki, Pithecia inusta NE
        
        Rio Tapajós saki, Pithecia irrorata NE
        
        Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela NE
        
        Monk saki, Pithecia monachus NE
        
        Miller's saki, Pithecia milleri DD
        
        Mittermeier's Tapajós saki, Pithecia mittermeieri NE
        
        Napo saki, Pithecia napensis DD
        
        White-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia LC
        
        , Pithecia pissinattii NE
        
        Rylands' bald-faced saki, Pithecia rylandsi NE
        
        Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, Pithecia vanzolinii DD
        
        Genus: Chiropotes
        White-nosed saki, Chiropotes albinasus EN
        
        Red-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes chiropotes LC
        
        Brown-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes israelita
        
        Black bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas CR
        
        Uta Hick's bearded saki, Chiropotes utahicki EN
        
        Genus: Cacajao
        Aracá uakari, Cacajao ayresii VU
        
        Bald uakari, Cacajao calvus VU
        
        Neblina uakari, Cacajao hosomi VU
        
        Golden-backed uakari, Cacajao melanocephalus LC

Order: Rodentia (rodents)[]

Bicolored-spined porcupine

Brazilian porcupine

Rothschild's porcupine

Stump-tailed porcupine

Short-tailed chinchilla

Long-tailed chinchilla

Southern viscacha

Plains viscacha

Pacarana

Brazilian guinea pig

Greater guinea pig

Muenster yellow-toothed cavy

Patagonian mara

Capybara

Rock cavies

Azara's agouti

Black agouti

Red-rumped agouti

Central American agouti

Green acouchi

Lowland paca

Flamarion's tuco-tuco

Haig's tuco-tuco

Common degu

Coruro

Plains viscacha rat

Amazon bamboo rat

Armored rat

Ferreira's spiny tree-rat

Atlantic spiny rat

Coypu

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). South America's rodent fauna today is largely an outgrowth of two spectacularly fortunate ancient "sweepstakes" dispersal events, each of which was followed by explosive diversification. Caviomorphs, the first rodents to reach the continent, are believed to have washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago.^[8] More recently, ancestral sigmodontine rodents^[9] apparently island-hopped from Central America 5 million or more years ago,^[10]^[11]^[12] prior to the formation of the Panamanian land bridge. These two groups now comprise 36% and 60%, respectively, of all South American rodent species. The corresponding figures are 10% and 27% for Central America, 2% and 10% for Mexico, 0.5% and 3% for North America north of Mexico, and 72% and 27% for recent endemic Caribbean rodents.^{[n 2]} Conversely, sciurids make up 3% of rodents in South America, 8% in Central America, 15% in Mexico and 31% in North America north of Mexico, while castorimorphs are 1%, 16%, 26% and 28%, respectively. Sciurids are absent from South America's southern cone, while castorimorphs are only present in northwest South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador). Illustrating the advantage of gaining a head start in colonizing a new land mass, sigmodontine rodents comprise 99.5% of all cricetid rodents in South America, but only 42% in Central America, 17% in Mexico and 7% in North America north of Mexico.

Suborder: Hystricomorpha
- Parvorder Caviomorpha
  - Family: Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)
    - Subfamily: Chaetomyinae
      - Genus: Chaetomys
        Bristle-spined rat, Chaetomys subspinosus VU
    - Subfamily: Erethizontinae
      - Genus: Coendou
        ,
        
        Bicolored-spined porcupine, Coendou bicolor LC
        
        Streaked dwarf porcupine, Coendou ichillus DD
        
        Bahia porcupine, Coendou insidiosus LC
        
        Black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou melanurus LC
        
        Black dwarf porcupine, Coendou nycthemera DD
        
        Brazilian porcupine, Coendou prehensilis LC
        
        Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou pruinosus LC
        
        Andean porcupine, Coendou quichua DD
        
        Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum DD
        
        Rothschild's porcupine, Coendou rothschildi DD
        
        Stump-tailed porcupine, Coendou rufescens LC
        
        Santa Marta porcupine, Coendou sanctamartae DD
        
        , EN
        
        Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou spinosus LC
        
        Brown hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou vestitus DD
  - Family: Chinchillidae (viscachas and chinchillas)
    - Genus: Chinchilla
      - Short-tailed chinchilla, Chinchilla chinchilla CR
      - Long-tailed chinchilla, Chinchilla lanigera CR
    - Genus: Lagidium
      - Lagidium ahuacaense
      - Northern viscacha, Lagidium peruanum LC
      - Southern viscacha, Lagidium viscacia LC
      - Wolffsohn's viscacha, Lagidium wolffsohni DD
    - Genus: Lagostomus
      - Plains viscacha, Lagostomus maximus LC
  - Family: Dinomyidae (pacarana)
    - Genus: Dinomys
      - Pacarana, Dinomys branickii VU
  - Family: Caviidae (guinea pigs and cavies)
    - Subfamily: Caviinae
      - Genus: Cavia
        Brazilian guinea pig, Cavia aperea LC
        
        Shiny guinea pig, Cavia fulgida LC
        
        Santa Catarina's guinea pig, Cavia intermedia CR
        
        Greater guinea pig, Cavia magna LC
        
        Montane guinea pig, Cavia tschudii LC
      - Genus: Galea
        Southern highland yellow-toothed cavy, DD
        
        Brazilian yellow-toothed cavy, Galea flavidens LC
        
        Lowland yellow-toothed cavy, LC
        
        Common yellow-toothed cavy, Galea musteloides LC
        Muenster yellow-toothed cavy, Galea m. monasteriensis NE
        
        Spix's yellow-toothed cavy, Galea spixii LC
      - Genus: Microcavia
        Southern mountain cavy, Microcavia australis LC
        
        Andean mountain cavy, Microcavia niata LC
        
        Shipton's mountain cavy, Microcavia shiptoni NT
    - Subfamily: Dolichotinae
      - Genus: Dolichotis
        Patagonian mara, Dolichotis patagonum NT
        
        Chacoan mara, Dolichotis salinicola LC
    - Subfamily: Hydrochoerinae (capybaras and rock cavies)
      - Genus: Hydrochoerus
        Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris LC
        
        Lesser capybara, Hydrochoerus isthmius DD
      - Genus: Kerodon
        Acrobatic cavy, Kerodon acrobata DD
        
        Rock cavy, Kerodon rupestris LC
  - Family: Dasyproctidae (agoutis and acouchis)
    - Genus: Dasyprocta
      - Azara's agouti, Dasyprocta azarae DD
      - Crested agouti, Dasyprocta cristata DD
      - Black agouti, Dasyprocta fuliginosa LC
      - Orinoco agouti, Dasyprocta guamara NT
      - Kalinowski's agouti, Dasyprocta kalinowskii DD
      - Red-rumped agouti, Dasyprocta leporina LC
      - Black-rumped agouti, Dasyprocta prymnolopha LC
      - Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata LC
    - Genus: Myoprocta
      - Red acouchi, Myoprocta acouchy LC
      - Green acouchi, Myoprocta pratti LC
  - Family: Cuniculidae
    - Genus: Cuniculus
      - Cuniculus hernandezi
      - Lowland paca, Cuniculus paca LC
      - Mountain paca, Cuniculus taczanowskii NT
  - Family: Ctenomyidae (tuco-tucos)
    - Genus: Ctenomys
      - Argentine tuco-tuco, Ctenomys argentinus NT
      - Southern tuco-tuco, Ctenomys australis EN
      - Azara's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys azarae VU
      - Berg's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys bergi VU
      - Bolivian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys boliviensis LC
      - Bonetto's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys bonettoi EN
      - Brazilian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys brasiliensis DD
      - Budin's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys budini DD
      - Colburn's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys colburni DD
      - Puntilla tuco-tuco, Ctenomys coludo DD
      - Conover's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys conoveri LC
      - Coyhaique tuco-tuco, Ctenomys coyhaiquensis DD
      - D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys dorbignyi NT
      - Chacoan tuco-tuco, Ctenomys dorsalis DD
      - Emily's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys emilianus NT
      - Famatina tuco-tuco, Ctenomys famosus DD
      - Flamarion's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys flamarioni EN
      - Foch's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys fochi DD
      - Lago Blanco tuco-tuco, Ctenomys fodax DD
      - Reddish tuco-tuco, Ctenomys frater LC
      - Tawny tuco-tuco, Ctenomys fulvus LC
      - Goodfellow's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys goodfellowi LC
      - Haig's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys haigi LC
      - San Juan tuco-tuco, Ctenomys johannis DD
      - Jujuy tuco-tuco, Ctenomys juris DD
      - Catamarca tuco-tuco, Ctenomys knighti DD
      - Lami tuco-tuco, Ctenomys lami VU
      - Mottled tuco-tuco, Ctenomys latro VU
      - White-toothed tuco-tuco, Ctenomys leucodon LC
      - Lewis's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys lewisi LC
      - Magellanic tuco-tuco, Ctenomys magellanicus VU
      - Maule tuco-tuco, Ctenomys maulinus LC
      - Mendoza tuco-tuco, Ctenomys mendocinus LC
      - Tiny tuco-tuco, Ctenomys minutus DD
      - Furtive tuco-tuco, Ctenomys occultus EN
      - Highland tuco-tuco, Ctenomys opimus LC
      - Reig's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys osvaldoreigi CR
      - Pearson's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys pearsoni NT
      - Goya tuco-tuco, Ctenomys perrensi LC
      - Peruvian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys peruanus LC
      - Pilar tuco-tuco, Ctenomys pilarensis EN
      - San Luis tuco-tuco, Ctenomys pontifex DD
      - Porteous's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys porteousi NT
      - Pundt's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys pundti VU
      - Rio Negro tuco-tuco, Ctenomys rionegrensis EN
      - Roig's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys roigi CR
      - Salta tuco-tuco, Ctenomys saltarius DD
      - Scaglia's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys scagliai DD
      - Silky tuco-tuco, Ctenomys sericeus DD
      - Social tuco-tuco, Ctenomys sociabilis CR
      - Steinbach's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys steinbachi LC
      - Forest tuco-tuco, Ctenomys sylvanus DD
      - Talas tuco-tuco, Ctenomys talarum LC
      - Collared tuco-tuco, Ctenomys torquatus LC
      - Robust tuco-tuco, Ctenomys tuconax DD
      - Tucuman tuco-tuco, Ctenomys tucumanus DD
      - Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco, Ctenomys tulduco DD
      - Strong tuco-tuco, Ctenomys validus DD
      - Vipos tuco-tuco, Ctenomys viperinus DD
      - Yolanda's tuco-tuco, Ctenomys yolandae DD
  - Family: Octodontidae
    - Genus: Aconaemys
      - Chilean rock rat, Aconaemys fuscus LC
      - Porter's rock rat, Aconaemys porteri DD
      - Sage's rock rat, Aconaemys sagei DD
    - Genus: Octodon
      - Bridges's degu, Octodon bridgesi VU
      - Common degu, Octodon degus LC
      - Moon-toothed degu, Octodon lunatus VU
      - Pacific degu, Octodon pacificus CR
    - Genus: Octodontomys
      - Mountain degu, Octodontomys gliroides LC
    - Genus: Octomys
      - Mountain viscacha rat, Octomys mimax LC
    - Genus: Pipanacoctomys
      - Golden viscacha rat, Pipanacoctomys aureus CR
    - Genus: Spalacopus
      - Coruro, Spalacopus cyanus LC
    - Genus: Tympanoctomys
      - Plains viscacha rat, Tympanoctomys barrerae NT
      - Kirchner's viscacha rat, Tympanoctomys kirchnerorum DD
      - Chalchalero viscacha rat, Tympanoctomys loschalchalerosorum CR
  - Family: Abrocomidae
    - Genus: Abrocoma
      - Bennett's chinchilla rat, Abrocoma bennettii LC
      - Bolivian chinchilla rat, Abrocoma boliviensis CR
      - Budin's chinchilla rat, Abrocoma budini DD
      - Ashy chinchilla rat, Abrocoma cinerea LC
      - Famatina chinchilla rat, Abrocoma famatina DD
      - Sierra del Tontal chinchilla rat, Abrocoma schistacea DD
      - Uspallata chinchilla rat, Abrocoma uspallata DD
      - Punta de Vacas chinchilla rat, Abrocoma vaccarum DD
  - Family: Echimyidae (spiny rats and allies)
    - Subfamily: Dactylomyinae
      - Genus: Kannabateomys
        Atlantic bamboo rat, Kannabateomys amblyonyx LC
      - Genus: Dactylomys
        Bolivian bamboo rat, Dactylomys boliviensis LC
        
        Amazon bamboo rat, Dactylomys dactylinus LC
        
        Montane bamboo rat, Dactylomys peruanus DD
      - Genus: Olallamys
        White-tailed olalla rat, Olallamys albicauda DD
        
        Greedy olalla rat, Olallamys edax DD
    - Subfamily: Echimyinae
      - Genus: Callistomys
        Painted tree-rat, Callistomys pictus EN
      - Genus: Diplomys
        Colombian soft-furred spiny rat, Diplomys caniceps DD
        
        Rufous soft-furred spiny rat, Diplomys labilis LC
      - Genus: Echimys
        White-faced spiny tree-rat, Echimys chrysurus LC
        
        Dark spiny tree-rat, Echimys saturnus DD
        
        Echimys vieirai DD
      - Genus: Isothrix
        Isothrix barbarabrownae DD
        
        Yellow-crowned brush-tailed rat, Isothrix bistriata LC
        
        Rio Negro brush-tailed rat, Isothrix negrensis LC
        
        Plain brush-tailed rat, Isothrix pagurus LC
        
        Sinnamary brush-tailed rat, Isothrix sinnamariensis LC
      - Genus: Makalata
        Makalata castaneus
        
        Brazilian spiny tree-rat, Makalata didelphoides LC
        
        Makalata guianae
        
        Makalata longirostris
        
        Long-tailed armored tree-rat, Makalata macrura LC
        
        Dusky spiny tree-rat, Makalata obscura DD
        
        Peruvian tree-rat, Makalata rhipidura DD
      - Genus: Pattonomys
        Bare-tailed armored tree-rat, Pattonomys occasius DD
        
        Speckled spiny tree-rat, Pattonomys semivillosus LC
      - Genus: Phyllomys
        Golden Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys blainvilii LC
        
        Orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys brasiliensis EN
        
        Drab Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys dasythrix LC
        
        Kerr's Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys kerri DD
        
        Pallid Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys lamarum DD
        
        Lund's Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys lundi EN
        
        Mantiqueira Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys mantiqueirensis CR
        
        Long-furred Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys medius LC
        
        Black-spined Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys nigrispinus LC
        
        Rusty-sided Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys pattoni LC
        
        Phyllomys sulinus
        
        Giant Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys thomasi EN
        
        Short-furred Atlantic tree-rat, Phyllomys unicolor CR
      - Genus: Santamartamys
        Red-crested tree-rat, Santamartamys rufodorsalis CR
      - Genus: Toromys
        Giant tree-rat, Toromys grandis LC
    - Subfamily: Eumysopinae
      - Genus: Carterodon
        Owl's spiny rat, Carterodon sulcidens DD
      - Genus: Clyomys
        Broad-headed spiny rat, Clyomys laticeps LC
      - Genus: Euryzygomatomys
        Brandt's guiara, Euryzygomatomys guiara
        
        Fischer's guiara, Euryzygomatomys spinosus LC
      - Genus: Hoplomys
        Armored rat, Hoplomys gymnurus LC
      - Genus: Lonchothrix
        Tuft-tailed spiny tree rat, Lonchothrix emiliae LC
      - Genus: Mesomys
        Ferreira's spiny tree-rat, Mesomys hispidus LC
        
        Woolly-headed spiny tree-rat, Mesomys leniceps DD
        
        Tufted-tailed spiny tree-rat, Mesomys occultus LC
        
        Pará spiny tree-rat, Mesomys stimulax LC
      - Genus: Proechimys
        Short-tailed spiny rat, Proechimys brevicauda LC
        
        Colombian spiny rat, Proechimys canicollis LC
        
        Boyacá spiny rat, Proechimys chrysaeolus DD
        
        Cuvier's spiny rat, Proechimys cuvieri LC
        
        Pacific spiny rat, Proechimys decumanus VU
        
        Stiff-spine spiny rat, Proechimys echinothrix LC
        
        Gardner's spiny rat, Proechimys gardneri DD
        
        Goeldi's spiny rat, Proechimys goeldii VU
        
        Guaira spiny rat, Proechimys guairae LC
        
        Guyenne spiny rat, Proechimys guyannensis LC
        
        Guyanan spiny rat, Proechimys hoplomyoides DD
        
        Kulina spiny rat, Proechimys kulinae DD
        
        Long-tailed spiny rat, Proechimys longicaudatus LC
        
        Magdalena spiny rat, Proechimys magdalenae DD
        
        Minca spiny rat, Proechimys mincae DD
        
        O'Connell's spiny rat, Proechimys oconnelli DD
        
        Patton's spiny rat, Proechimys pattoni LC
        
        Gray-footed spiny rat, Proechimys poliopus VU
        
        Napo spiny rat, Proechimys quadruplicatus LC
        
        Roberto's spiny rat, Proechimys roberti VU
        
        Tome's spiny rat, Proechimys semispinosus LC
        
        Simon's spiny rat, Proechimys simonsi LC
        
        Steere's spiny rat, Proechimys steerei LC
        
        Trinidad spiny rat, Proechimys trinitatis DD
        
        Sucre spiny rat, Proechimys urichi LC
      - Genus: Thrichomys
        Common punaré, Thrichomys apereoides LC
        
        NE
        
        Highlands punaré, Thrichomys inermis LC
        
        Sao Lourenço punaré, Thrichomys laurentius DD
        
        Paraguayan punaré, Thrichomys pachyurus LC
      - Genus: Trinomys
        White-spined Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys albispinus LC
        
        Soft-spined Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys dimidiatus LC
        
        Elias' Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys eliasi EN
        
        Gracile Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys gratiosus LC
        
        Ihering's Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys iheringi LC
        
        Dark-caped Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys mirapitanga DD
        
        Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys moojeni EN
        
        Mouse-tailed Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys myosuros LC
        
        Spiked Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys paratus DD
        
        Hairy Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys setosus LC
        
        Yonenaga's Atlantic spiny rat, Trinomys yonenagae EN
  - Family: Myocastoridae (coypus)
    - Genus: Myocastor
      - Coypu, Myocastor coypus LC

Brazilian squirrel

Red-tailed squirrel

Ingram's squirrel

Southern Amazon red squirrel

Suborder: Sciuromorpha
- Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
  - Subfamily: Sciurillinae
    - Genus: Sciurillus
      - Neotropical pygmy squirrel, Sciurillus pusillus DD
  - Subfamily: Sciurinae
    - Tribe: Sciurini
      - Genus: Microsciurus
        Central American dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus alfari LC
        
        Amazon dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus flaviventer DD
        
        Western dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus mimulus LC
        
        Santander dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus santanderensis DD
      - Genus: Sciurus
        Brazilian squirrel, Sciurus aestuans LC
        
        ,
        
        Fiery squirrel, Sciurus flammifer DD
        
        Yellow-throated squirrel, Sciurus gilvigularis DD
        
        Red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis LC
        
        Bolivian squirrel, Sciurus ignitus DD
        
        Northern Amazon red squirrel, Sciurus igniventris LC
        
        Atlantic Forest squirrel, Sciurus ingrami
        
        Andean squirrel, Sciurus pucheranii DD
        
        Junín red squirrel, Sciurus pyrrhinus DD
        
        Sanborn's squirrel, Sciurus sanborni DD
        
        Southern Amazon red squirrel, Sciurus spadiceus LC
        
        Guayaquil squirrel, Sciurus stramineus LC
Suborder: Castorimorpha
- Family: Geomyidae
  - Genus: Orthogeomys
    - Thaeler's pocket gopher, Orthogeomys thaeleri LC
- Family: Heteromyidae
  - Subfamily: Heteromyinae
    - Genus: Heteromys
      - Trinidad spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys anomalus LC
      - Southern spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys australis LC
      - , NE
      - Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys desmarestianus LC
      - Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys oasicus EN
      - Ecuadoran spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys teleus VU

Sanborn's grass mouse

Galápagos rice rat

Small vesper mouse

Drymoreomys albimaculatus

Stolzmann's crab-eating rat

Hairy-tailed bolo mouse

Long-tailed pygmy rice rat

Marsh rice rat (close relative of Coues's rice rat)

Darwin's leaf-eared mouse

Bunny rat

White-footed climbing mouse

Atlantic Forest climbing mouse

Suborder: Myomorpha
- Family: Cricetidae
  - Subfamily: Tylomyinae
    - Genus: Tylomys
      - Mira climbing rat, Tylomys mirae LC
  - Subfamily: Neotominae
    - Genus: Reithrodontomys
      - Mexican harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys mexicanus LC
  - Subfamily: Sigmodontinae
    - Genus: Abrawayaomys
      - Ruschi's rat, Abrawayaomys ruschii LC
    - Genus: Abrothrix
      - Andean Altiplano mouse, Abrothrix andinus LC
      - Hershkovitz's grass mouse, Abrothrix hershkovitzi LC
      - Gray grass mouse, Abrothrix illuteus NT
      - Jelski's Altiplano mouse, Abrothrix jelskii LC
      - Woolly grass mouse, Abrothrix lanosus LC
      - Long-haired grass mouse, Abrothrix longipilis LC
      - Olive grass mouse, Abrothrix olivaceus LC
      - Sanborn's grass mouse, Abrothrix sanborni NT
    - Genus: Aepeomys
      - Olive montane mouse, Aepeomys lugens LC
      - Reig's montane mouse, Aepeomys reigi VU
    - Genus: Aegialomys
      - Galápagos rice rat, Aegialomys galapagoensis VU
      - Yellowish rice rat, Aegialomys xanthaeolus LC
    - Genus: Akodon
      - Highland grass mouse, Akodon aerosus LC
      - Colombian grass mouse, Akodon affinis LC
      - White-bellied grass mouse, Akodon albiventer LC
      - Azara's grass mouse, Akodon azarae LC
      - Bogotá grass mouse, Akodon bogotensis LC
      - Bolivian grass mouse, Akodon boliviensis LC
      - Budin's grass mouse, Akodon budini LC
      - Akodon caenosus
      - Cursor grass mouse, Akodon cursor LC
      - Day's grass mouse, Akodon dayi LC
      - Dolorous grass mouse, Akodon dolores LC
      - Smoky grass mouse, Akodon fumeus LC
      - Intelligent grass mouse, Akodon iniscatus LC
      - Junín grass mouse, Akodon juninensis LC
      - Koford's grass mouse, Akodon kofordi LC
      - Ecuadorian grass mouse, Akodon latebricola VU
      - Lindbergh's grass mouse, Akodon lindberghi DD
      - Altiplano grass mouse, Akodon lutescens LC
      - Thespian grass mouse, Akodon mimus LC
      - Soft grass mouse, Akodon mollis LC
      - Montane grass mouse, Akodon montensis LC
      - Caparaó grass mouse, Akodon mystax DD
      - Neuquén grass mouse, Akodon neocenus DD
      - El Dorado grass mouse, Akodon orophilus LC
      - Paraná grass mouse, Akodon paranaensis LC
      - Tarija akodont, Akodon pervalens DD
      - Philip Myers's akodont, Akodon philipmyersi DD
      - Reig's grass mouse, Akodon reigi LC
      - São Paulo grass mouse, Akodon sanctipaulensis DD
      - Serra do Mar grass mouse, Akodon serrensis LC
      - Cochabamba grass mouse, Akodon siberiae NT
      - White-throated grass mouse, Akodon simulator LC
      - Spegazzini's grass mouse, Akodon spegazzinii LC
      - Puno grass mouse, Akodon subfuscus LC
      - Silent grass mouse, Akodon surdus VU
      - Forest grass mouse, Akodon sylvanus LC
      - Chaco grass mouse, Akodon toba LC
      - Cloud forest grass mouse, Akodon torques LC
      - Variable grass mouse, Akodon varius DD
    - Genus: Amphinectomys
      - Ucayali water rat, Amphinectomys savamis DD
    - Genus: Andalgalomys
      - Olrog's chaco mouse, Andalgalomys olrogi LC
      - Pearson's chaco mouse, Andalgalomys pearsoni LC
    - Genus: Andinomys
      - Andean mouse, Andinomys edax LC
    - Genus: Anotomys
      - Aquatic rat, Anotomys leander VU
    - Genus: Auliscomys
      - Bolivian big-eared mouse, Auliscomys boliviensis LC
      - Painted big-eared mouse, Auliscomys pictus LC
      - Andean big-eared mouse, Auliscomys sublimis LC
    - Genus: Bibimys
      - Chaco crimson-nosed rat, Bibimys chacoensis LC
      - Large-lipped crimson-nosed rat, Bibimys labiosus LC
      - Torres' crimson-nosed rat, Bibimys torresi NT
    - Genus: Blarinomys
      - Brazilian shrew-mouse, Blarinomys breviceps LC
    - Genus: Brucepattersonius
      - Gray-bellied brucie, Brucepattersonius griserufescens DD
      - Guaraní brucie, Brucepattersonius guarani DD
      - Red-bellied brucie, Brucepattersonius igniventris DD
      - Ihering's hocicudo, Brucepattersonius iheringi LC
      - Misiones brucie, Brucepattersonius misionensis DD
      - Arroyo of Paradise brucie, Brucepattersonius paradisus DD
      - Soricine brucie, Brucepattersonius soricinus DD
    - Genus: Calomys
      - Bolivian vesper mouse, Calomys boliviae LC
      - Crafty vesper mouse, Calomys callidus LC
      - Large vesper mouse, Calomys callosus LC
      - Calomys cerqueirai
      - Caatinga vesper mouse, Calomys expulsus LC
      - Fecund vesper mouse, Calomys fecundus LC
      - Hummelinck's vesper mouse, Calomys hummelincki VU
      - Small vesper mouse, Calomys laucha LC
      - Andean vesper mouse, Calomys lepidus LC
      - Drylands vesper mouse, Calomys musculinus LC
      - Peruvian vesper mouse, Calomys sorellus LC
      - Delicate vesper mouse, Calomys tener LC
      - Tocantins vesper mouse, Calomys tocantinsi LC
      - Córdoba vesper mouse, Calomys venustus LC
    - Genus: Cerradomys
      - Langguth's rice rat, Cerradomys langguthi
      - Maracaju rice rat, Cerradomys maracajuensis LC
      - Marinho's rice rat, Cerradomys marinhus DD
      - Lindbergh's rice rat, Cerradomys scotti LC
      - Terraced rice rat, Cerradomys subflavus LC
      - Vivo's rice rat, Cerradomys vivoi
    - Genus: Chelemys
      - Magellanic long-clawed mouse, Chelemys delfini DD
      - Andean long-clawed mouse, Chelemys macronyx LC
      - Large long-clawed mouse, Chelemys megalonyx NT
    - Genus: Chibchanomys
      - Las Cajas water mouse, Chibchanomys orcesi DD
      - Chibchan water mouse, Chibchanomys trichotis DD
    - Genus: Chilomys
      - Colombian forest mouse, Chilomys instans LC
    - Genus: Chinchillula
      - Altiplano chinchilla mouse, Chinchillula sahamae LC
    - Genus: Delomys
      - Montane Atlantic Forest rat, Delomys collinus LC
      - Striped Atlantic Forest rat, Delomys dorsalis LC
      - Pallid Atlantic Forest rat, Delomys sublineatus LC
    - Genus: Deltamys
      - Kemp's grass mouse, Deltamys kempi LC
    - Genus: Drymoreomys
      - Drymoreomys albimaculatus NT
    - Genus: Eligmodontia
      - Monte gerbil mouse, Eligmodontia moreni LC
      - Morgan's gerbil mouse, Eligmodontia morgani LC
      - Andean gerbil mouse, Eligmodontia puerulus LC
      - Highland gerbil mouse, eastern Patagonian gerbil mouse, Eligmodontia typus LC
    - Genus: Eremoryzomys
      - Gray rice rat, Eremoryzomys polius DD
    - Genus: Euneomys
      - Patagonian chinchilla mouse, Euneomys chinchilloides DD
      - Burrowing chinchilla mouse, Euneomys fossor DD
      - Biting chinchilla mouse, Euneomys mordax LC
      - Peterson's chinchilla mouse, Euneomys petersoni LC
    - Genus: Euryoryzomys
      - Emmons's rice rat, Euryoryzomys emmonsae DD
      - Monster rice rat, Euryoryzomys lamia EN
      - Tarija rice rat, Euryoryzomys legatus LC
      - MacConnell's rice rat, Euryoryzomys macconnelli LC
      - Elegant rice rat, Euryoryzomys nitidus LC
      - Russet rice rat, Euryoryzomys russatus LC
    - Genus: Galenomys
      - Garlepp's mouse, Galenomys garleppi DD
    - Genus: Geoxus
      - Long-clawed mole mouse, Geoxus valdivianus LC
    - Genus: Graomys
      - Graomys chacoensis (contains the former Graomys centralis)
      - Pale leaf-eared mouse, Graomys domorum LC
      - Edith's leaf-eared mouse, Graomys edithae DD
      - Gray leaf-eared mouse, Graomys griseoflavus LC
    - Genus: Gyldenstolpia
      - Fossorial giant rat, Gyldenstolpia fronto EN
    - Genus: Handleyomys
      - Alfaro's rice rat, Handleyomys alfaroi LC
      - Dusky montane mouse, Handleyomys fuscatus LC
      - Colombian rice rat, Handleyomys intectus LC
    - Genus: Holochilus
      - Web-footed marsh rat, Holochilus brasiliensis LC
      - Chaco marsh rat, Holochilus chacarius LC
      - Amazonian marsh rat, Holochilus sciureus LC
    - Genus: Hylaeamys
      - Hylaeamys acritus DD
      - Large-headed rice rat, Hylaeamys laticeps NT
      - Azara's broad-headed rice rat, Hylaeamys megacephalus LC
      - Sowbug rice rat, Hylaeamys oniscus VU
      - Western Amazonian oryzomys, Hylaeamys perenensis LC
      - Tate's rice rat, Hylaeamys tatei DD
      - Yungas rice rat, Hylaeamys yunganus LC
    - Genus: Ichthyomys
      - Crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys hydrobates NT
      - Pittier's crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys pittieri VU
      - Stolzmann's crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys stolzmanni DD
      - Tweedy's crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys tweedii DD
    - Genus: Irenomys
      - Chilean climbing mouse, Irenomys tarsalis LC
    - Genus: Juliomys
      - †Juliomys anoblepas EX
      - Juliomys ossitenuis NE
      - Lesser Wilfred's mouse, Juliomys pictipes LC
      - Cleft-headed juliomys, Juliomys rimofrons VU
      - , NE
    - Genus: Juscelinomys
      - Candango mouse, †Juscelinomys candango EX
      - Rio Guaporé mouse, Juscelinomys guaporensis DD
      - Huanchaca mouse, Juscelinomys huanchacae DD
    - Genus: Kunsia
      - Woolly giant rat, Kunsia tomentosus LC
    - Genus: Lenoxus
      - Andean rat, Lenoxus apicalis LC
    - Genus: Loxodontomys
      - Southern big-eared mouse, Loxodontomys micropus LC
      - Pikumche pericote, Loxodontomys pikumche LC
    - Genus: Lundomys
      - Lund's amphibious rat, Lundomys molitor LC
    - Genus: Megaoryzomys
      - Galápagos giant rat, †Megaoryzomys curioi EX
    - Genus: Melanomys
      - Dusky rice rat, Melanomys caliginosus LC
      - Robust dark rice rat, Melanomys robustulus LC
      - Zuniga's dark rice rat, Melanomys zunigae CR
    - Genus: Microakodontomys
      - Intermediate lesser grass mouse, Microakodontomys transitorius VU
    - Genus: Microryzomys
      - Highland small rice rat, Microryzomys altissimus LC
      - Forest small rice rat, Microryzomys minutus LC
    - Genus: Mindomys
      - Hammond's rice rat, Mindomys hammondi EN
    - Genus: Neacomys
      - Dubost's bristly mouse, Neacomys dubosti LC
      - Guiana bristly mouse, Neacomys guianae LC
      - Jurua bristly mouse, Neacomys minutus LC
      - Musser's bristly mouse, Neacomys musseri LC
      - Paracou bristly mouse, Neacomys paracou LC
      - Common bristly mouse, Neacomys spinosus LC
      - Narrow-footed bristly mouse, Neacomys tenuipes LC
    - Genus: Necromys
      - Pleasant bolo mouse, Necromys amoenus LC
      - Argentine bolo mouse, Necromys benefactus LC
      - Rufous-bellied bolo mouse, Necromys lactens LC
      - Hairy-tailed bolo mouse, Necromys lasiurus LC
      - Paraguayan bolo mouse, Necromys lenguarum LC
      - Dark bolo mouse, Necromys obscurus NT
      - Spotted bolo mouse, Necromys punctulatus DD
      - Temchuk's bolo mouse, Necromys temchuki LC
      - Northern grass mouse, Necromys urichi LC
    - Genus: Nectomys
      - Western Amazonian water rat, Nectomys apicalis LC
      - Magdalena water rat, Nectomys magdalenae DD
      - Trinidad water rat, Nectomys palmipes LC
      - Small-footed bristly mouse, Nectomys rattus LC
      - Scaly-footed water rat, Nectomys squamipes LC
    - Genus: Neotomys
      - Andean swamp rat, Neotomys ebriosus LC
    - Genus: Nephelomys
      - Tomes's rice rat, Nephelomys albigularis LC
      - Nephelomys auriventer LC
      - Costa Central rice rat, Nephelomys caracolus LC
      - Nephelomys childi
      - Keays's rice rat, Nephelomys keaysi LC
      - Light-footed rice rat, Nephelomys levipes LC
      - Nephelomys maculiventer
      - Mérida rice rat, Nephelomys meridensis LC
      - Nephelomys moerex
      - Nephelomys nimbosus
      - Nephelomys pectoralis
    - Genus: Nesoryzomys
      - Darwin's rice rat, †Nesoryzomys darwini EX
      - Fernandina rice rat, Nesoryzomys fernandinae VU
      - Indefatigable Galápagos mouse, †Nesoryzomys indefessus EX
      - Fernandina Island Galápagos mouse, Nesoryzomys narboroughi VU
      - Santiago Galápagos mouse, Nesoryzomys swarthi VU
    - Genus: Neusticomys
      - Ferreira's fish-eating rat, Neusticomys ferreirai DD
      - Montane fish-eating rat, Neusticomys monticolus LC
      - Musso's fish-eating rat, Neusticomys mussoi EN
      - Oyapock's fish-eating rat, Neusticomys oyapocki DD
      - Peruvian fish-eating rat, Neusticomys peruviensis LC
      - Venezuelan fish-eating rat, Neusticomys venezuelae VU
    - Genus: Noronhomys
      - Vespucci's rodent, †Noronhomys vespuccii EX
    - Genus: Notiomys
      - Edward's long-clawed mouse, Notiomys edwardsii LC
    - Genus: Oecomys
      - Guianan arboreal rice rat, Oecomys auyantepui LC
      - Bicolored arboreal rice rat, Oecomys bicolor LC
      - Atlantic Forest arboreal rice rat, Oecomys catherinae LC
      - Cleber's arboreal rice rat, Oecomys cleberi DD
      - Unicolored arboreal rice rat, Oecomys concolor LC
      - Yellow arboreal rice rat, Oecomys flavicans LC
      - Mamore arboreal rice rat, Oecomys mamorae LC
      - Brazilian arboreal rice rat, Oecomys paricola DD
      - Dusky arboreal rice rat, Oecomys phaeotis LC
      - King arboreal rice rat, Oecomys rex LC
      - Robert's arboreal rice rat, Oecomys roberti LC
      - Red arboreal rice rat, Oecomys rutilus LC
      - Venezuelan arboreal rice rat, Oecomys speciosus LC
      - Foothill arboreal rice rat, Oecomys superans LC
      - Oecomys sydandersoni
      - Trinidad arboreal rice rat, Oecomys trinitatis LC
    - Genus: Oligoryzomys
      - Andean pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys andinus LC
      - Sandy pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys arenalis LC
      - Brenda's colilargo, Oligoryzomys brendae DD
      - Chacoan pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys chacoensis LC
      - Destructive pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys destructor LC
      - Yellow pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys flavescens LC
      - Fornes' colilargo, Oligoryzomys fornesi LC
      - Fulvous pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys fulvescens LC
      - Grayish pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys griseolus LC
      - Long-tailed pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus LC
      - Magellanic pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys magellanicus LC
      - Small-eared pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys microtis LC
      - Moojen's pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys moojeni DD
      - Black-footed pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys nigripes LC
      - Rock pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys rupestris DD
      - Straw-colored pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys stramineus LC
    - Genus: Oreoryzomys
      - Peruvian rice rat, Oreoryzomys balneator DD
    - Genus: Oryzomys
      - Coues's rice rat, Oryzomys couesi LC
      - Gorgas's rice rat, Oryzomys gorgasi EN
    - Genus: Oxymycterus
      - Argentine hocicudo, Oxymycterus akodontius DD
      - Amazonian hocicudo, Oxymycterus amazonicus LC
      - Angular hocicudo, Oxymycterus angularis LC
      - Caparaó hocicudo, Oxymycterus caparoae LC
      - Atlantic Forest hocicudo, Oxymycterus dasytrichus LC
      - Spy hocicudo, Oxymycterus delator LC
      - Small hocicudo, Oxymycterus hiska LC
      - Hispid hocicudo, Oxymycterus hispidus LC
      - Quechuan hocicudo, Oxymycterus hucucha EN
      - Incan hocicudo, Oxymycterus inca LC
      - Cook's hocicudo, Oxymycterus josei EN
      - Long-nosed hocicudo, Oxymycterus nasutus LC
      - Paramo hocicudo, Oxymycterus paramensis LC
      - Quaestor hocicudo, Oxymycterus quaestor LC
      - Robert's hocicudo, Oxymycterus roberti LC
      - Red hocicudo, Oxymycterus rufus LC
    - Genus: Paralomys
      - Gerbil leaf-eared mouse, Paralomys gerbillus LC
    - Genus: Pearsonomys
      - Pearson's long-clawed mouse, Pearsonomys annectens VU
    - Genus: Phaenomys
      - Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat, Phaenomys ferrugineus VU
    - Genus: Phyllotis
      - Friendly leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis amicus LC
      - Andean leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis andium LC
      - Anita's leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis anitae DD
      - Buenos Aires leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis bonariensis NT
      - Capricorn leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis caprinus LC
      - Darwin's leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis darwini LC
      - Definitive leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis definitus EN
      - Haggard's leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis haggardi LC
      - Lima leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis limatus LC
      - Master leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis magister LC
      - Osgood's leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis osgoodi DD
      - Bunchgrass leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis osilae LC
      - Wolffsohn's leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis wolffsohni LC
      - Yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse, Phyllotis xanthopygus LC
    - Genus: Podoxymys
      - Roraima mouse, Podoxymys roraimae VU
    - Genus: Pseudoryzomys
      - Brazilian false rice rat, Pseudoryzomys simplex LC
    - Genus: Punomys
      - Eastern puna mouse, Punomys kofordi VU
      - Puna mouse, Punomys lemminus VU
    - Genus: Reithrodon
      - Bunny rat, Reithrodon auritus LC
      - Naked-soled conyrat, Reithrodon typicus LC
    - Genus: Rhagomys
      - Long-tongued arboreal mouse, Rhagomys longilingua LC
      - Brazilian arboreal mouse, Rhagomys rufescens NT
    - Genus: Rhipidomys
      - Southern climbing mouse, Rhipidomys austrinus LC
      - Cariri climbing mouse, Rhipidomys cariri DD
      - Cauca climbing mouse, Rhipidomys caucensis DD
      - Coues's climbing mouse, Rhipidomys couesi LC
      - Eastern Amazon climbing mouse, Rhipidomys emiliae LC
      - Buff-bellied climbing mouse, Rhipidomys fulviventer LC
      - Gardner's climbing mouse, Rhipidomys gardneri LC
      - Broad-footed climbing mouse, Rhipidomys latimanus LC
      - White-footed climbing mouse, Rhipidomys leucodactylus LC
      - MacConnell's climbing mouse, Rhipidomys macconnelli LC
      - Cerrado climbing mouse, Rhipidomys macrurus LC
      - Atlantic Forest climbing mouse, Rhipidomys mastacalis LC
      - Peruvian climbing mouse, Rhipidomys modicus LC
      - Splendid climbing mouse, Rhipidomys nitela LC
      - Yellow-bellied climbing mouse, Rhipidomys ochrogaster DD
      - Venezuelan climbing mouse, Rhipidomys venezuelae LC
      - Charming climbing mouse, Rhipidomys venustus LC
      - Wetzel's climbing mouse, Rhipidomys wetzeli LC
    - Genus: Salinomys
      - Delicate salt flat mouse, Salinomys delicatus DD
    - Genus: Scapteromys
      - Argentine swamp rat, Scapteromys aquaticus LC
      - ,
      - Waterhouse's swamp rat, Scapteromys tumidus LC
    - Genus: Scolomys
      - South American spiny mouse, Scolomys melanops LC
      - Ucayali spiny mouse, Scolomys ucayalensis LC
    - Genus: Sigmodon
      - Alston's cotton rat, Sigmodon alstoni LC
      - Southern cotton rat, Sigmodon hirsutus LC
      - Unexpected cotton rat, Sigmodon inopinatus VU
      - Peruvian cotton rat, Sigmodon peruanus LC
    - Genus: Sigmodontomys
      - Alfaro's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys alfari LC
      - Harris's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys aphrastus DD
    - Genus: Sooretamys
      - Paraguayan rice rat, Sooretamys angouya LC
    - Genus: Tapecomys
      - Primordial tapecua, Tapecomys primus LC
    - Genus: Thalpomys
      - Cerrado mouse, Thalpomys cerradensis LC
      - Hairy-eared cerrado mouse, Thalpomys lasiotis LC
    - Genus: Thaptomys
      - Blackish grass mouse, Thaptomys nigrita LC
    - Genus: Thomasomys
      - Anderson's Oldfield mouse,
      - Apeco Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys apeco VU
      - Golden Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys aureus LC
      - Beady-eyed mouse, Thomasomys baeops LC
      - Silky Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys bombycinus DD
      - White-tipped Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys caudivarius LC
      - Ashy-bellied Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys cinereiventer LC
      - Ash-colored Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys cinereus LC
      - Cinnamon-colored Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys cinnameus LC
      - Daphne's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys daphne LC
      - Peruvian Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys eleusis LC
      - Wandering Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys erro LC
      - Slender Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys gracilis NT
      - Hudson's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys hudsoni DD
      - Woodland Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys hylophilus EN
      - Inca Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys incanus VU
      - Strong-tailed Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys ischyurus VU
      - Kalinowski's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys kalinowskii VU
      - Ladew's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys ladewi LC
      - Soft-furred Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys laniger LC
      - Large-eared Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys macrotis VU
      - Unicolored Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys monochromos EN
      - Snow-footed Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys niveipes LC
      - Distinguished Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys notatus LC
      - Ashaninka Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys onkiro VU
      - Montane Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys oreas LC
      - Paramo Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys paramorum LC
      - Popayán Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys popayanus DD
      - Cajamarca Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys praetor DD
      - Thomas's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys pyrrhonotus VU
      - Rhoads's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys rhoadsi LC
      - Rosalinda's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys rosalinda DD
      - Forest Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys silvestris LC
      - Taczanowski's Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys taczanowskii LC
      - Ucucha Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys ucucha VU
      - Dressy Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys vestitus LC
      - Pichincha Oldfield mouse, Thomasomys vulcani DD
    - Genus: Transandinomys
      - Bolivar rice rat, Transandinomys bolivaris LC
      - Talamancan rice rat, Transandinomys talamancae LC
    - Genus: Wiedomys
      - Cerrado red-nosed mouse, Wiedomys cerradensis DD
      - Red-nosed mouse, Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos LC
    - Genus: Wilfredomys
      - Greater Wilfred's mouse, Wilfredomys oenax EN
    - Genus: Zygodontomys
      - Short-tailed cane mouse, Zygodontomys brevicauda LC
      - Brown cane mouse, Zygodontomys brunneus LC

Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)[]

Andean cottontail

Eastern cottontail

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. South America's meager lagomorph diversity (6 species compared to 18 for North America north of Mexico) reflects their recent arrival and failure (so far) to diversify much. Only the tapeti is present south of northern South America; lagomorphs are absent from most of South America's southern cone.

Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares)
- Genus: Sylvilagus
  - Andean cottontail, Sylvilagus andinus NE
  - Tapeti, Sylvilagus brasiliensis LC
  - Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus LC
  - Suriname lowland forest cottontail, Sylvilagus parentum NE
  - Rio de Janeiro dwarf rabbit, Sylvilagus tapetillus NE
  - Venezuelan lowland rabbit, Sylvilagus varynaensis DD

Superorder: Laurasiatheria[]

Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)[]

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. In South America, shrews are only found in the north (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru), a legacy of their relatively recent immigration to the continent by way of Central America (where shrew species are considerably more diverse). Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico.

Family: Soricidae (shrews)
- Subfamily: Soricinae
  - Tribe:
    - Genus: Cryptotis
      - C. nigrescens group
        Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew, Cryptotis brachyonyx DD
        
        Colombian small-eared shrew, Cryptotis colombiana LC
        
        Darién small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mera EN
      - C. thomasi group
        Ecuadoran small-eared shrew, Cryptotis equatoris LC
        
        Medellín small-eared shrew, Cryptotis medellinia LC
        
        Merida small-eared shrew, Cryptotis meridensis LC
        
        Wandering small-eared shrew, Cryptotis montivaga LC
        
        Peruvian small-eared shrew, Cryptotis peruviensis DD
        
        Scaly-footed small-eared shrew, Cryptotis squamipes LC
        
        Tamá small-eared shrew, Cryptotis tamensis LC
        
        Thomas' small-eared shrew, Cryptotis thomasi LC

Order: Chiroptera (bats)[]

Greater bulldog bat

Big brown bat

Desert red bat

Hoary bat

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

Family: Noctilionidae (bulldog bats)
- Genus: Noctilio
  - Lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris LC
  - Greater bulldog bat, Noctilio leporinus LC
Family: Vespertilionidae
- Subfamily: Myotinae
  - Genus: Myotis
    - Southern myotis, Myotis aelleni DD
    - Silver-tipped myotis, Myotis albescens LC
    - Atacama myotis, Myotis atacamensis NT
    - Chilean myotis, Myotis chiloensis LC
    - LC
    - Hairy-legged myotis, Myotis keaysi LC
    - Yellowish myotis, Myotis levis LC
    - Myotis midastactus NE
    - Curacao myotis, Myotis nesopolus LC
    - Black myotis, Myotis nigricans LC
    - Montane myotis, Myotis oxyotus LC
    - Riparian myotis, Myotis riparius LC
    - Red myotis, Myotis ruber NT
    - Velvety myotis, Myotis simus DD
- Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
  - Genus: Eptesicus
    - Little black serotine, Eptesicus andinus LC
    - Brazilian brown bat, Eptesicus brasiliensis LC
    - Chiriquinan serotine, Eptesicus chiriquinus LC
    - Diminutive serotine, Eptesicus diminutus DD
    - Argentine brown bat, Eptesicus furinalis LC
    - Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus LC
    - Harmless serotine, Eptesicus innoxius NT
    - Eptesicus taddeii
  - Genus: Histiotus
    - Strange big-eared brown bat, Histiotus alienus DD
    - Humboldt big-eared brown bat, Histiotus humboldti DD
    - Thomas's big-eared brown bat, Histiotus laephotis NT
    - Big-eared brown bat, Histiotus macrotus LC
    - Southern big-eared brown bat, Histiotus magellanicus LC
    - Small big-eared brown bat, Histiotus montanus LC
    - Tropical big-eared brown bat, Histiotus velatus DD
  - Genus: Lasiurus
    - Lasiurus atratus LC
    - Desert red bat, Lasiurus blossevillii LC
    - Tacarcuna bat, Lasiurus castaneus DD
    - Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus LC
    - Hairy-tailed bat, Lasiurus ebenus DD
    - Southern yellow bat, Lasiurus ega LC
    - Big red bat, Lasiurus egregius DD
    - Pfeiffer's red bat, Lasiurus pfeifferi
    - Saline red bat, Lasiurus salinae
    - Cinnamon red bat, Lasiurus varius LC
  - Genus: Rhogeessa
    - Husson's yellow bat, Rhogeessa hussoni DD
    - Thomas's yellow bat, Rhogeessa io LC
    - Tiny yellow bat, Rhogeessa minutilla VU
- Subfamily: Tomopeatinae
  - Genus: Tomopeas
    - Blunt-eared bat, Tomopeas ravus VU

Western mastiff bat

Big free-tailed bat

Greater or lesser sac-winged bat

Greater sac-winged bat

Family: Molossidae (free-tailed bats)
- Genus: Cynomops
  - Cinnamon dog-faced bat, Cynomops abrasus DD
  - Greenhall's dog-faced bat, Cynomops greenhalli LC
  - Para dog-faced bat, Cynomops paranus DD
  - Southern dog-faced bat, Cynomops planirostris LC
- Genus: Eumops
  - Black bonneted bat, Eumops auripendulus LC
  - Dwarf bonneted bat, Eumops bonariensis LC
  - Big bonneted bat, Eumops dabbenei LC
  - Wagner's bonneted bat, Eumops glaucinus LC
  - Sanborn's bonneted bat, Eumops hansae LC
  - Guianan bonneted bat, Eumops maurus DD
  - Patagonian bonneted bat, Eumops patagonicus LC
  - Western mastiff bat, Eumops perotis LC
  - Colombian bonneted bat, Eumops trumbulli LC
  - Wilson's bonneted bat, Eumops wilsoni
- Genus: Molossops
  - Equatorial dog-faced bat, Molossops aequatorianus VU
  - Mato Grosso dog-faced bat, Molossops mattogrossensis LC
  - Rufous dog-faced bat, Molossops neglectus DD
  - Dwarf dog-faced bat, Molossops temminckii LC
- Genus: Molossus
  - Barnes's mastiff bat, Molossus barnesi DD
  - Coiban mastiff bat, Molossus coibensis LC
  - Bonda mastiff bat, Molossus currentium LC
  - Velvety free-tailed bat, Molossus molossus LC
  - Miller's mastiff bat, Molossus pretiosus LC
  - Black mastiff bat, Molossus rufus LC
  - Sinaloan mastiff bat, Molossus sinaloae LC
- Genus: Mormopterus
  - Kalinowski's mastiff bat, Mormopterus kalinowskii LC
  - Incan little mastiff bat, Mormopterus phrudus VU
- Genus: Nyctinomops
  - Peale's free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops aurispinosus LC
  - Broad-eared bat, Nyctinomops laticaudatus LC
  - Big free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops macrotis LC
- Genus: Promops
  - Big crested mastiff bat, Promops centralis LC
  - Brown mastiff bat, Promops nasutus LC
- Genus: Tadarida
  - Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis LC
Family: Emballonuridae (ghost bats, sac-winged bats and allies)
- Genus: Balantiopteryx
  - Ecuadorian sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx infusca EN
  - Gray sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx plicata LC
- Genus: Centronycteris
  - Thomas's shaggy bat, Centronycteris centralis LC
  - Shaggy bat, Centronycteris maximiliani LC
- Genus: Cormura
  - Chestnut sac-winged bat, Cormura brevirostris LC
- Genus: Cyttarops
  - Short-eared bat, Cyttarops alecto LC
- Genus: Diclidurus
  - Northern ghost bat, Diclidurus albus LC
  - Greater ghost bat, Diclidurus ingens DD
  - Isabelle's ghost bat, Diclidurus isabella LC
  - Lesser ghost bat, Diclidurus scutatus LC
- Genus: Peropteryx
  - Greater dog-like bat, Peropteryx kappleri LC
  - White-winged dog-like bat, Peropteryx leucoptera LC
  - Lesser doglike bat, Peropteryx macrotis LC
  - Trinidad dog-like bat, Peropteryx trinitatis DD
  - ,
- Genus: Rhynchonycteris
  - Proboscis bat, Rhynchonycteris naso LC
- Genus: Saccopteryx
  - Antioquian sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx antioquensis DD
  - Greater sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx bilineata LC
  - Frosted sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx canescens LC
  - Amazonian sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx gymnura DD
  - Lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura LC

Ghost-faced bat

Parnell's mustached bat

Family: Mormoopidae (mustached bats)
- Genus: Mormoops
  - Ghost-faced bat, Mormoops megalophylla LC
- Genus: Pteronotus
  - Davy's naked-backed bat, Pteronotus davyi LC
  - Big naked-backed bat, Pteronotus gymnonotus LC
  - Paraguana moustached bat, Pteronotus paraguanensis EN
  - Parnell's mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii LC
  - Wagner's mustached bat, Pteronotus personatus LC

White-throated round-eared bat

Pale spear-nosed bat

Greater spear-nosed bat

Geoffroy's tailless bat

Pallas's long-tongued bat

Southern long-nosed bat

Orange nectar bat

Long-snouted bat

Silky short-tailed bat

Jamaican fruit bat

Wrinkle-faced bats

Salvin's big-eyed bat

Little yellow-shouldered bat

Platyrrhinus species

Tent-making bats

Southern little yellow-eared bat

Common vampire bat

White-winged vampire bat

Cuban funnel-eared bat

Family: Phyllostomidae (leaf-nosed bats)
- Subfamily: Phyllostominae
  - Genus: Chrotopterus
    - Big-eared woolly bat, Chrotopterus auritus LC
  - Genus: Glyphonycteris
    - Behn's bat, Glyphonycteris behnii DD
    - Davies's big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris daviesi LC
    - Tricolored big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris sylvestris LC
  - Genus: Lampronycteris
    - Yellow-throated big-eared bat, Lampronycteris brachyotis LC
  - Genus: Lonchorhina
    - Tomes's sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina aurita LC
    - Fernandez's sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina fernandezi EN
    - Northern sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina inusitata DD
    - Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina marinkellei EN
    - Orinoco sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina orinocensis VU
  - Genus: Lophostoma
    - Lophostoma aequatorialis DD
    - Pygmy round-eared bat, Lophostoma brasiliense LC
    - Carriker's round-eared bat, Lophostoma carrikeri LC
    - Schultz's round-eared bat, Lophostoma schulzi LC
    - White-throated round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum LC
    - Lophostoma yasuni DD
  - Genus: Macrophyllum
    - Long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum LC
  - Genus: Micronycteris
    - Brosset's big-eared bat, Micronycteris brosseti DD
    - Micronycteris giovanniae
    - Hairy big-eared bat, Micronycteris hirsuta LC
    - Pirlot's big-eared bat, Micronycteris homezi
    - Matses' big-eared bat, Micronycteris matses DD
    - Little big-eared bat, Micronycteris megalotis LC
    - Common big-eared bat, Micronycteris microtis LC
    - White-bellied big-eared bat, Micronycteris minuta LC
    - Sanborn's big-eared bat, Micronycteris sanborni DD
    - Schmidts's big-eared bat, Micronycteris schmidtorum LC
  - Genus: Mimon
    - Golden bat, Mimon bennettii LC
    - Cozumelan golden bat, Mimon cozumelae LC
    - Striped hairy-nosed bat, Mimon crenulatum LC
    - Koepcke's hairy-nosed bat, Mimon koepckeae DD
  - Genus: Neonycteris
    - Least big-eared bat, Neonycteris pusilla VU
  - Genus: Phylloderma
    - Pale-faced bat, Phylloderma stenops LC
  - Genus: Phyllostomus
    - Pale spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor LC
    - Lesser spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus elongatus LC
    - Greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus LC
    - Guianan spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus latifolius LC
  - Genus: Tonatia
    - Greater round-eared bat, Tonatia bidens DD
    - Stripe-headed round-eared bat, Tonatia saurophila LC
  - Genus: Trachops
    - Fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus LC
  - Genus: Trinycteris
    - Niceforo's big-eared bat, Trinycteris nicefori LC
  - Genus: Vampyrum
    - Spectral bat, Vampyrum spectrum NT
- Subfamily: Glossophaginae
  - Genus: Anoura
    - Anoura aequatoris
    - Cadena's tailless bat, Anoura cadenai
    - Tailed tailless bat, Anoura caudifer LC
    - Handley's tailless bat, Anoura cultrata NT
    - Tube-lipped nectar bat, Anoura fistulata DD
    - Geoffroy's tailless bat, Anoura geoffroyi LC
    - Broad-toothed tailless bat, Anoura latidens LC
    - Luis Manuel's tailless bat, Anoura luismanueli LC
  - Genus: Choeroniscus
    - Godman's long-tailed bat, Choeroniscus godmani LC
    - Minor long-nosed long-tongued bat, Choeroniscus minor LC
    - Greater long-tailed bat, Choeroniscus periosus VU
  - Genus: Glossophaga
    - Commissaris's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga commissarisi LC
    - Miller's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga longirostris DD
    - Pallas's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga soricina LC
  - Genus: Leptonycteris
    - Southern long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae VU
  - Genus: Lichonycteris
    - Dark long-tongued bat, Lichonycteris obscura LC
  - Genus: Lionycteris
    - Chestnut long-tongued bat, Lionycteris spurrelli LC
  - Genus: Lonchophylla
    - Bokermann's nectar bat, Lonchophylla bokermanni DD
    - Chocoan long-tongued bat, Lonchophylla chocoana DD
    - Goldman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla concava NT
    - Dekeyser's nectar bat, Lonchophylla dekeyseri NT
    - Lonchophylla fornicata
    - Handley's nectar bat, Lonchophylla handleyi LC
    - Western nectar bat, Lonchophylla hesperia VU
    - Godman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla mordax LC
    - Orcés's long-tongued bat, Lonchophylla orcesi DD
    - Orange nectar bat, Lonchophylla robusta LC
    - Thomas's nectar bat, Lonchophylla thomasi LC
  - Genus: Platalina
    - Long-snouted bat, Platalina genovensium NT
  - Genus: Scleronycteris
    - Ega long-tongued bat, Scleronycteris ega LC
- Subfamily: Carolliinae
  - Genus: Carollia
    - Benkeith's short-tailed bat, Carollia benkeithi
    - Silky short-tailed bat, Carollia brevicauda LC
    - Chestnut short-tailed bat, Carollia castanea LC
    - Colombian short-tailed bat, Carollia colombiana
    - Manu short-tailed bat, Carollia manu LC
    - Mono's short-tailed bat, Carollia monohernandezi
    - Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata LC
  - Genus: Rhinophylla
    - Hairy little fruit bat, Rhinophylla alethina NT
    - Fischer's little fruit bat, Rhinophylla fischerae LC
    - Dwarf little fruit bat, Rhinophylla pumilio LC
- Subfamily: Stenodermatinae
  - Genus: Ametrida
    - Little white-shouldered bat, Ametrida centurio LC
  - Genus: Artibeus
    - Large fruit-eating bat, Artibeus amplus LC
    - Brown fruit-eating bat, Artibeus concolor LC
    - Fringed fruit-eating bat, Artibeus fimbriatus LC
    - Fraternal fruit-eating bat, Artibeus fraterculus LC
    - Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis LC
    - Great fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus LC
    - Dark fruit-eating bat, Artibeus obscurus LC
    - Flat-faced fruit-eating bat, Artibeus planirostris LC
  - Genus: Centurio
    - Wrinkle-faced bat, Centurio senex LC
  - Genus: Chiroderma
    - Brazilian big-eyed bat, Chiroderma doriae LC
    - Salvin's big-eyed bat, Chiroderma salvini LC
    - Little big-eyed bat, Chiroderma trinitatum LC
    - Hairy big-eyed bat, Chiroderma villosum LC
  - Genus: Dermanura
    - Andersen's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura anderseni LC
    - Bogota fruit-eating bat, Dermanura bogotensis LC
    - Gervais's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura cinerea LC
    - Silver fruit-eating bat, Dermanura glauca LC
    - Gnome fruit-eating bat, Dermanura gnoma LC
    - Pygmy fruit-eating bat, Dermanura phaeotis LC
    - Dermanura rava NE
    - Rosenberg's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura rosenbergi DD
    - Toltec fruit-eating bat, Dermanura tolteca LC
    - Thomas's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura watsoni LC
  - Genus: Enchisthenes
    - Velvety fruit-eating bat, Enchisthenes hartii LC
  - Genus: Mesophylla
    - MacConnell's bat, Mesophylla macconnelli LC
  - Genus: Platyrrhinus
    - , LC
    - Slender broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus angustirostris
    - Eldorado broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus aurarius LC
    - Short-headed broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus brachycephalus LC
    - Choco broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus chocoensis EN
    - Thomas's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus dorsalis LC
    - Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus fusciventris
    - Heller's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus helleri LC
    - Buffy broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus infuscus LC
    - Ismael's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus ismaeli VU
    - White-lined broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus lineatus LC
    - , LC
    - Matapalo broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus matapalensis NT
    - , LC
    - Recife broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus recifinus LC
    - Shadowy broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus umbratus DD
    - Greater broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus vittatus LC
  - Genus: Sphaeronycteris
    - Visored bat, Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum DD
  - Genus: Pygoderma
    - Ipanema bat, Pygoderma bilabiatum LC
  - Genus: Sturnira
    - Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira aratathomasi NT
    - Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira bidens LC
    - Bogota yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira bogotensis LC
    - Hairy yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira erythromos LC
    - Chocó yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira koopmanhilli
    - Little yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira lilium LC
    - Highland yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira ludovici LC
    - Louis's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira luisi LC
    - Greater yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira magna LC
    - Mistratoan yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira mistratensis DD
    - Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira mordax NT
    - Lesser yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira nana EN
    - Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira oporaphilum NT
    - Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira sorianoi DD
    - Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira tildae LC
  - Genus: Uroderma
    - Tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum LC
    - Brown tent-making bat, Uroderma magnirostrum LC
  - Genus: Vampyressa
    - Bidentate yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa bidens LC
    - Brock's yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa brocki LC
    - Melissa's yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa melissa VU
    - Striped yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa nymphaea LC
    - Southern little yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa pusilla DD
    - Northern little yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa thyone LC
  - Genus: Vampyrodes
    - Great stripe-faced bat, Vampyrodes caraccioli LC
- Subfamily: Desmodontinae
  - Genus: Desmodus
    - Common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus LC
  - Genus: Diaemus
    - White-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi LC
  - Genus: Diphylla
    - Hairy-legged vampire bat, Diphylla ecaudata LC
Family: Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)
- Genus: Chilonatalus
  - Cuban funnel-eared bat, Chilonatalus micropus NT
- Genus: Natalus
  - Brazilian funnel-eared bat, Natalus espiritosantensis NT
  - Trinidadian funnel-eared bat, Natalus tumidirostris LC
Family: Furipteridae (thumbless bats)
- Genus: Amorphochilus
  - Smoky bat, Amorphochilus schnablii EN
- Genus: Furipterus
  - Thumbless bat, Furipterus horrens LC
Family: Thyropteridae (disc-winged bats)
- Genus: Thyroptera
  - Peters's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera discifera LC
  - de Vivo's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera devivoi DD
  - LaVal's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera lavali DD
  - Spix's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor LC

Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)[]

Geoffroy's cat

Margay

Jaguarundi

Jaguar

Culpeo

Darwin's fox

Bush dog

Maned wolf

Spectacled bear

Crab-eating raccoon

White-nosed coati

Olinguito

Tayra

Giant otter

South American sea lions

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. South America is notable for its diversity of canids, having more genera than any other continent in spite of their relatively brief history there. South America's felid diversity is also greater than that of North America north of Mexico, while its mustelid diversity is comparable and its mephitid and ursid diversities are lower. Its procyonid diversity is somewhat less than that of Central America, the center of the family's recent evolution. The diversification of canids and felids in South America was partly a consequence of the inability of the continent's native avian and metatherian predators to compete effectively following the Great American Interchange.

Suborder: Feliformia
- Family: Felidae (cats)
  - Subfamily: Felinae
    - Genus: Herpailurus
      - Jaguarundi, Herpailurus yagouaroundi LC
    - Genus: Puma
      - Cougar, Puma concolor LC
    - Genus: Leopardus
      - Pampas cat, Leopardus colocolo NT
      - Geoffroy's cat, Leopardus geoffroyi LC
      - Kodkod, Leopardus guigna VU
      - Southern tigrina, Leopardus guttulus VU
      - Andean mountain cat, Leopardus jacobita EN
      - Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis LC
      - Oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus VU
      - Margay, Leopardus wiedii NT
  - Subfamily: Pantherinae
    - Genus: Panthera
      - Jaguar, Panthera onca NT
Suborder: Caniformia
- Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)
  - Genus: Dusicyon
    - Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis EX
    - Dusicyon avus EX
  - Genus: Lycalopex
    - Culpeo, Lycalopex culpaeus LC
    - Darwin's fox, Lycalopex fulvipes EN
    - South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus LC
    - Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus LC
    - Sechuran fox, Lycalopex sechurae NT
    - Hoary fox, Lycalopex vetulus LC
  - Genus: Cerdocyon
    - Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous LC
  - Genus: Atelocynus
    - Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis NT
  - Genus: Speothos
    - Bush dog, Speothos venaticus NT
  - Genus: Chrysocyon
    - Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus NT
  - Genus: Urocyon
    - Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus LC
- Family: Ursidae (bears)
  - Genus: Tremarctos
    - Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus VU
- Family: Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and allies)
  - Genus: Procyon
    - Crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus LC
  - Genus: Nasua
    - White-nosed coati, Nasua narica LC
    - South American coati, Nasua nasua LC
  - Genus: Nasuella
    - Eastern mountain coati, Nasuella meridensis EN
    - Western mountain coati, Nasuella olivacea NT
  - Genus: Potos
    - Kinkajou, Potos flavus LC
  - Genus: Bassaricyon
    - Eastern lowland olingo, Bassaricyon alleni LC
    - Western lowland olingo, Bassaricyon medius LC
    - Olinguito, Bassaricyon neblina NT
- Family: Mustelidae (weasels, otters)
  - Genus: Neogale
    - Amazon weasel, Neogale africana LC
    - Colombian weasel, Neogale felipei VU
    - Long-tailed weasel, Neogale frenata LC
  - Genus: Eira
    - Tayra, Eira barbara LC
  - Genus: Galictis
    - Lesser grison, Galictis cuja LC
    - Greater grison, Galictis vittata LC
  - Genus: Lyncodon
    - Patagonian weasel, Lyncodon patagonicus LC
  - Genus: Lontra
    - Marine otter, Lontra felina EN
    - Neotropical river otter, Lontra longicaudis NT
    - Southern river otter, Lontra provocax EN
  - Genus: Pteronura
    - Giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis EN
- Family: Mephitidae (skunks)
  - Genus: Conepatus
    - Molina's hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus chinga LC
    - Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus humboldtii LC
    - Striped hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus semistriatus LC
- Clade: Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions and walruses)
  - Family: Otariidae (eared seals, sea lions)
    - Genus: Arctocephalus
      - South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis LC
      - Galápagos fur seal, Arctocephalus galapagoensis EN
      - Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella LC
      - Juan Fernández fur seal, Arctocephalus philippii LC
      - Subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis LC
    - Genus: Otaria
      - South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens LC
    - Genus: Zalophus
      - Galápagos sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki EN
  - Family: Phocidae (earless seals)
    - Genus: Hydrurga
      - Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx LC
    - Genus: Leptonychotes
      - Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii LC
    - Genus: Lobodon
      - Crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophaga LC
    - Genus: Mirounga
      - Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina LC
    - Genus: Monachus
      - Caribbean monk seal, †Monachus tropicalis EX

Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)[]

Mountain tapir

Lowland tapir

The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. Following the interchange with North America, South America's odd-toed ungulates included equids of genus Equus as well as tapirs. Equids died out in both North and South America around the time of the first arrival of humans, while tapirs died out in most of North America but survived in Central and South America. South America also once had a great diversity of ungulates of native origin, but these dwindled after the interchange with North America, and disappeared entirely following the arrival of humans. Sequencing of collagen from fossils of one recently extinct species each of notoungulates and litopterns has indicated that these orders comprise a sister group to the perissodactyls.^[13] If, as some evidence suggests, perissodactyls originated in India,^[14] both ungulate groups may have been of Gondwanan origin, despite being laurasiatheres.

Family: Tapiridae (tapirs)
- Genus: Tapirus
  - Baird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii EN
  - Mountain tapir, Tapirus pinchaque EN
  - Lowland tapir, Tapirus terrestris VU

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)[]

Chacoan peccary

White-lipped peccary

Guanaco

Vicuña

Marsh deer

Southern pudú

The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. South America's considerable cervid diversity belies their relatively recent arrival. The presence of camelids in South America but not North America today is ironic, given that they have a 45-million-year-long history in the latter continent (where they originated), and only a 3-million-year history in the former.

Family: Tayassuidae (peccaries)
- Genus: Catagonus
  - Chacoan peccary, Catagonus wagneri EN
- Genus: Dicotyles
  - Collared peccary, Dicotyles tajacu LC
- Genus: Tayassu
  - White-lipped peccary, Tayassu pecari VU
Family: Camelidae (camels, llamas)
- Genus: Lama
  - Guanaco, Lama guanicoe LC
  - Vicuña, Lama vicugna LC
Family: Cervidae (deer)
- Subfamily: Capreolinae
  - Genus: Blastocerus
    - Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus VU
  - Genus: Hippocamelus
    - Taruca, Hippocamelus antisensis VU
    - South Andean deer, Hippocamelus bisulcus EN
  - Genus: Mazama
    - Red brocket, Mazama americana DD
    - Small red brocket, Mazama bororo VU
    - Merida brocket, Mazama bricenii VU
    - Dwarf brocket, Mazama chunyi VU
    - Gray brocket, Mazama gouazoupira LC
    - Pygmy brocket, Mazama nana VU
    - Amazonian brown brocket, Mazama nemorivaga LC
    - Little red brocket, Mazama rufina VU
    - Central American red brocket, Mazama temama DD
  - Genus: Odocoileus
    - White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus LC
  - Genus: Ozotoceros
    - Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus NT
  - Genus: Pudú
    - Northern pudú, Pudu mephistophiles VU
    - Southern pudú, Pudu puda NT

Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises)[]

Southern right whale

Sei whales

Blue whale

Humpback whale

Pygmy sperm whale

Amazon river dolphin

Commerson's dolphin

Clymene dolphins

Atlantic spotted dolphin

Spinner dolphin

Hourglass dolphins

Dusky dolphin

Risso's dolphin

Orcas

Short-finned pilot whale

Melon-headed whales

The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.

Parvorder: Mysticeti
- Family: Balaenidae (right whales)
  - Genus: Eubalaena
    - Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis LC
- Family: Balaenopteridae (rorquals)
  - Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
    - Genus: Balaenoptera
      - Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata LC
      - Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis NT
      - Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis EN
      - Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera brydei NE
      - Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus EN
      - Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus VU
  - Subfamily: Megapterinae
    - Genus: Megaptera
      - Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae LC
- Family: Neobalaenidae
  - Genus: Caperea
    - Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata LC
Parvorder: Odontoceti
- Family: Physeteridae (sperm whales)
  - Genus: Physeter
    - Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus VU
- Family: Kogiidae (pygmy, dwarf sperm whales)
  - Genus: Kogia
    - Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps DD
    - Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima DD
- Family: Ziphidae (beaked whales)
  - Genus: Ziphius
    - Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris LC
  - Genus: Berardius
    - Arnoux's beaked whale, Berardius arnuxii DD
  - Genus: Tasmacetus
    - Shepherd's beaked whale, Tasmacetus shepherdi DD
  - Subfamily: Hyperoodontinae
    - Genus: Hyperoodon
      - Southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons LC
    - Genus: Mesoplodon
      - Andrews' beaked whale, Mesoplodon bowdoini DD
      - Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris DD
      - Gervais' beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus DD
      - Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD
      - Gray's beaked whale, Mesoplodon grayi DD
      - Hector's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hectori DD
      - Strap-toothed whale, Mesoplodon layardii DD
      - Pygmy beaked whale, Mesoplodon peruvianus DD
      - Spade-toothed whale, Mesoplodon traversii DD
- Superfamily: Inioidea (river dolphins)
  - Family: Iniidae
    - Genus: Inia
      - Araguaian river dolphin, Inia araguaiaensis
      - Amazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis EN
      - Bolivian river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis boliviensis
  - Family: Pontoporiidae
    - Genus: Pontoporia
      - La Plata dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei VU
- Superfamily: Delphinoidea
  - Family: Phocoenidae (porpoises)
    - Genus: Phocoena
      - Spectacled porpoise, Phocoena dioptrica LC
      - Burmeister's porpoise, Phocoena spinipinnis NT
  - Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
    - Genus: Cephalorhynchus
      - Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii LC
      - Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia NT
    - Genus: Steno
      - Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis LC
    - Genus: Sotalia
      - Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis DD
      - Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis NT
    - Genus: Tursiops
      - Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus LC
    - Genus: Stenella
      - Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata LC
      - Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene LC
      - Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba LC
      - Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis LC
      - Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris LC
    - Genus: Delphinus
      - Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis DD
      - Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis LC
    - Genus: Lagenodelphis
      - Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei LC
    - Genus: Sagmatias
      - Peale's dolphin, Sagmatias australis DD
      - Hourglass dolphin, Sagmatias cruciger LC
      - Dusky dolphin, Sagmatias obscurus DD
    - Genus: Lissodelphis
      - Southern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii LC
    - Genus: Grampus
      - Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus LC
    - Genus: Feresa
      - Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata LC
    - Genus: Orcinus
      - Orca, Orcinus orca DD
    - Genus: Pseudorca
      - False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens NT
    - Genus: Globicephala
      - Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus LC
      - Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas LC
    - Genus: Peponocephala
      - Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra LC

Notes[]

^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.
^ This is based on the definition of Sigmodontinae that excludes Neotominae and Tylomyinae.

References[]

^ Poux, C.; Chevret, P.; Huchon, D.; de Jong, W. W.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2006). "Arrival and Diversification of Caviomorph Rodents and Platyrrhine Primates in South America" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 55 (2): 228–244. doi:10.1080/10635150500481390. PMID 16551580. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D. A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M. J.; et al. (2011). "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1732): 1319–1326. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1732. PMC 3282368. PMID 21993503.
^ Bond, M.; Tejedor, M. F.; Campbell, K. E.; Chornogubsky, L.; Novo, N.; Goin, F. (2015-02-04). "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys". Nature. 520 (7548): 538–541. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B. doi:10.1038/nature14120. PMID 25652825. S2CID 4456556.
^ Marshall, L. G. (July–August 1988). "Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange" (PDF). American Scientist. Sigma Xi. 76 (4): 380–388. Bibcode:1988AmSci..76..380M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. OCLC 313368423.
^ Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 1. Discovering the Last Lost World". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 978-0-520-23141-2. OCLC 58055404. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
^ ^a ^b Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Tran, N. V.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). Penny, D. (ed.). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7): e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
^ Flynn, J. J.; Wyss, A. R. (1998). "Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (11): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01457-8. PMID 21238387.
^ Steppan, Scott J. (1996). "Sigmodontinae: Neotropical mice and rats". Tree of Life web project. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
^ Marshall, L. G.; Butler, R. F.; Drake, R. E.; Curtis, G. H.; Tedford, R. H. (1979-04-20). "Calibration of the Great American Interchange". Science. 204 (4390): 272–279. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..272M. doi:10.1126/science.204.4390.272. PMID 17800342. S2CID 8625188.
^ Engel, S. R.; Hogan, K. M.; Taylor, J. F.; Davis, S. K. (1998). "Molecular Systematics and Paleobiogeography of the South American Sigmodontine Rodents". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025845. PMID 9491603.
^ Smith, M. F.; Patton, J. L. (1999). "Phylogenetic Relationships and the Radiation of Sigmodontine Rodents in South America: Evidence from Cytochrome b". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 6 (2): 89–128. doi:10.1023/A:1020668004578. S2CID 22355532.
^ Welker, F.; Collins, M. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S. T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J. N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Ashford, D. A.; Ashton, P. D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D. M.; Kessler, B.; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J. V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J. A.; Kelstrup, C. D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.; Willerslev, E.; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I.; MacPhee, R. D. E. (2015-03-18). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
^ Rose, K. D.; Holbrook, L. T.; Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Jones, K. E.; Ahrens, H. E.; Missiaen, P.; Sahni, A.; Smith, T. (20 November 2014). "Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India". Nature Communications. 5: 5570. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5570R. doi:10.1038/ncomms6570. PMID 25410701.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

Croft, D. A. (29 August 2016). Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02094-9. OCLC 964782185.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 May 1989). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 1: The Northern Neotropics: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19540-7. OCLC 772478260.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 April 1992). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70682-5. OCLC 180385879.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 May 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394.
Emmons, Louise; Feer, François (January 1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20721-6. OCLC 20296862.
Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (22 May 2013). Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00719-3. OCLC 779244424.
Gardner, Alfred L., ed. (1 March 2008). Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28240-4. OCLC 644361912.
Lord, Rexford D. (30 January 2007). Mammals of South America. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8494-8. OCLC 64442921.
Patton, James L.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J.; D’Elía, Guillermo, eds. (9 March 2015). Mammals of South America, Volume 2: Rodents. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16957-6. OCLC 921432000.
Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. (Google books link)
"Animal Diversity Web". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south[]

List of mammals of Greenland

List of mammals of Mexico

List of mammals of Antarctica

[7] This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.

[14] This is based on the definition of Sigmodontinae that excludes Neotominae and Tylomyinae.

[Poux-1] Poux, C.; Chevret, P.; Huchon, D.; de Jong, W. W.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2006). "Arrival and Diversification of Caviomorph Rodents and Platyrrhine Primates in South America" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 55 (2): 228–244. doi:10.1080/10635150500481390. PMID 16551580. Retrieved 2016-02-01.

[AntoineMarivaux2011-2] Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D. A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M. J.; et al. (2011). "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1732): 1319–1326. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1732. PMC 3282368. PMID 21993503.

[Bond2015-3] Bond, M.; Tejedor, M. F.; Campbell, K. E.; Chornogubsky, L.; Novo, N.; Goin, F. (2015-02-04). "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys". Nature. 520 (7548): 538–541. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B. doi:10.1038/nature14120. PMID 25652825. S2CID 4456556.

[LandMammals-4] Marshall, L. G. (July–August 1988). "Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange" (PDF). American Scientist. Sigma Xi. 76 (4): 380–388. Bibcode:1988AmSci..76..380M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[Fiedal-5] Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. OCLC 313368423.

[Martin-6] Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 1. Discovering the Last Lost World". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 978-0-520-23141-2. OCLC 58055404. Retrieved 2014-11-11.

[Nilsson-8] Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Tran, N. V.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). Penny, D. (ed.). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7): e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.

[Flynn-9] Flynn, J. J.; Wyss, A. R. (1998). "Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (11): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01457-8. PMID 21238387.

[Steppan-10] Steppan, Scott J. (1996). "Sigmodontinae: Neotropical mice and rats". Tree of Life web project. Retrieved 2010-04-14.

[LGMarshall-11] Marshall, L. G.; Butler, R. F.; Drake, R. E.; Curtis, G. H.; Tedford, R. H. (1979-04-20). "Calibration of the Great American Interchange". Science. 204 (4390): 272–279. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..272M. doi:10.1126/science.204.4390.272. PMID 17800342. S2CID 8625188.

[Engel-12] Engel, S. R.; Hogan, K. M.; Taylor, J. F.; Davis, S. K. (1998). "Molecular Systematics and Paleobiogeography of the South American Sigmodontine Rodents". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025845. PMID 9491603.

[SmithMF-13] Smith, M. F.; Patton, J. L. (1999). "Phylogenetic Relationships and the Radiation of Sigmodontine Rodents in South America: Evidence from Cytochrome b". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 6 (2): 89–128. doi:10.1023/A:1020668004578. S2CID 22355532.

[WelkerCollins2015-15] Welker, F.; Collins, M. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S. T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J. N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Ashford, D. A.; Ashton, P. D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D. M.; Kessler, B.; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J. V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J. A.; Kelstrup, C. D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.; Willerslev, E.; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I.; MacPhee, R. D. E. (2015-03-18). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.

[Rose2014-16] Rose, K. D.; Holbrook, L. T.; Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Jones, K. E.; Ahrens, H. E.; Missiaen, P.; Sahni, A.; Smith, T. (20 November 2014). "Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India". Nature Communications. 5: 5570. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5570R. doi:10.1038/ncomms6570. PMID 25410701.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[n 1]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[n 2]

[13]

[14]

v t List of mammals of North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

v t Mammals of the Caribbean
Bats Sloths and anteaters Rodents Solenodons and Nesophontes		Caribbean portal
Antigua and Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands		Caribbean portal

v t List of mammals of Central America
Sovereign states	Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama
Parts of sovereign states	Mexico¹
¹Physiographically, Mexico east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is sometimes included.

v t List of mammals of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands