List of people who have opened the Olympic Games

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Emperor Naruhito is the most recent person to have opened a Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 2020 (held in 2021)
President Moon Jae-in is the most recent person to have opened a Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang in 2018
President Simonetta Sommaruga is the most recent person to have opened a Youth Olympics in Lausanne in 2020

The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. During Olympic Games opening ceremonies, the sitting president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will make a speech before inviting a representative from the host country to officially declare that particular Games open. The current Olympic Charter requires this person to be the head of state of the host country,[1] although this has not always been the case. This article lists the people who have had the ceremonial duty to declare each Olympic Games open.

Opening ceremony[]

The IOC factsheet on the opening ceremony states: "According to the Olympic Charter protocol, the duty of declaring the Games officially open falls to the head of state of the host country. Those who have performed this task are royalty and presidents, or their representatives, whether it was a vice-president, a member of the royal family, or a governor-general".[2][3] Rule 56 of Chapter 5 of the Olympic Charter sets out the exact words that are to be declared by the person opening the Games. If at a Summer Olympic Games, the words to be said are:

I declare open the Games of [name of host city] celebrating the [number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.[1]

When at a Winter Olympic Games, the dignitary opening the Games is to proclaim:

I declare open the [number of the Olympic Winter Games] Olympic Winter Games of [name of host city].[1]

However, this has not always been followed strictly;

In 1960, Giovanni Gronchi, President of the Italian Republic, declares the Summer Olympics in Rome open by speaking in Italian:

"I proclaim the opening of the Olympic Games of Rome, celebrating the XVII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1964, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, opened the Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese:

"Celebrating the XVIII modern Olympiad, we hereby declare the opening of the Tokyo Olympic Games."

In 1968, Mexican president Gustavo Diaz Ordaz opened the Games of Mexico City in Spanish:

"Today, 12 October 1968, I declare inaugurated the Olympic Games in Mexico, that commemorate the XIX Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1972, German president Gustav Heinmann opened the Games of Munich speaking in German:

"I declare the Olympic Games Munich 1972, celebrating the XX Olympiad of the modern era, open."

In 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French followed by the English) with:

"I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1980, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev opened the Moscow Summer Olympics speaking in Russian:

"Mr. President of International Olympic Committee! Comrades! I declare open the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:

"Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles."

In 1988, President of the Republic of Korea, Roh Tae-woo opened the Summer Olympics in Seoul by speaking in Korean:

"In celebration of the 24th modern Olympic Games, I declare the Seoul Olympic Games open."

In 1992, King Juan Carlos I of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics with:

"(In Catalan) Welcome all to Barcelona. (In Spanish) Today, 25 July of the Year 1992, I declare open the Barcelona Olympic Games that celebrate the XXV Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1994, King Harald V of Norway opened the Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer by speaking in Norwegian:

"I hereby declare opened the XVII Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer."[4]

In 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton opened the Atlanta Summer Olympics with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of Atlanta, celebrating the XXVI Olympiad of the modern era."

In 1998, Emperor Akihito of Japan opened the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano by speaking in Japanese:

"Here, I will declare the opening of the XVIII Olympic Winter Games in Nagano."

In 2000, Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia Sir William Deane opened the Sydney Summer Olympics with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of Sydney, celebrating the XXVII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City using the format of the Summer Games declaration (which took place five months after the September 11 attacks) with:

"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."

In 2004, Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President of the Hellenic Republic, opened the Athens Summer Olympics by speaking in Greek:

"I declare the opening of the Olympic Games of Athens and the celebration of the XXVIII Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2006, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of the Italian Republic, opened the Turin Olympic Winter Games using the format of the Summer Games declaration by speaking in Italian:

"I declare open, in Turin, the celebration of the XX Winter Olympic Games."

In 2008, Hu Jintao, the President of the People's Republic of China, opened the Beijing Summer Olympics by speaking in Mandarin:

"I declare, the XXIX Olympic Games of Beijing, open."

In 2010, the Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, opened the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver using the format of the Summer Games declaration by saying in French and English:

"I declare open the Games of Vancouver, celebrating the 21st Olympic Winter Games."[5]

In 2012, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, declares the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics, following the 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne, with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of London, celebrating the XXX Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2014, Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, declares the opening of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics by speaking in Russian:

"The XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi I declare open."

In 2016, Brazilian vice president Michel Temer, as acting president during the suspension of President Dilma Rousseff, opened the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by speaking in Brazilian Portuguese:

"After this wonderful spectacle, I declare open the Rio Olympic Games, celebrating the XXXI Olympiad of the modern era."

In 2018, Moon Jae-in, President of the Republic of Korea declares the opening of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics by speaking in Korean:

"I declare the 23rd Winter Olympic Games, the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, open."

In 2021, Emperor Naruhito opened the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese:

"I hereby declare the opening of the Tokyo Games to commemorate the 32nd Modern Olympiad."

Records[]

Adolf Hitler
Hirohito
Elizabeth II

As of 2020, there have been 48 different individuals who opened either the Summer or Winter Olympic Games. Four of them have done so more than once. German führer Adolf Hitler was the first person to open more than one Olympic Games; he opened the 1936 Winter and Summer Olympics, both of which were hosted in Germany. He remains the only one to open more than one Games in the same year.

Italian president Giovanni Gronchi opened the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo and the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He was the first democratically elected head of state to open more than one Olympic Games.

Japanese emperor Hirohito opened the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. He was the first non-European to open more than one Olympic Games.

Queen Elizabeth II opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain. She is the first woman to open more than one Olympic Games, first person to open more than one Summer Olympics, and the only one to do so in different host countries. Aside from declaring open the Games by herself, she was represented during the declaration four times: in the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics – both were held in Australia – as well as the 1988 and 2010 Winter Olympics – both were held in Canada.

In 1952, Princess Ragnhild of Norway became the first woman to open any Olympic Games.

Dignitaries who have opened the Summer Olympics[]

Year Games Host city Officially opened by[a] Office of opener[a] Notes
1896 I Olympiad Greece Athens, Greece George I King of the Hellenes [6]
1900 II Olympiad France Paris, France No official opening No official opening [7]
1904 III Olympiad United States St. Louis, United States David R. Francis President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition[b] [8]
1908 IV Olympiad United Kingdom London, Great Britain Edward VII King of Great Britain [9]
1912 V Olympiad Sweden Stockholm, Sweden Gustaf V King of Sweden [10]
1920 VII Olympiad Belgium Antwerp, Belgium Albert I King of the Belgians [11]
1924 VIII Olympiad France Paris, France Gaston Doumergue President of the French Republic [12]
1928 IX Olympiad Netherlands Amsterdam, Netherlands HendrikPrince Hendrik Prince Consort of the Netherlands[c] [13]
1932 X Olympiad United States Los Angeles, United States Charles Curtis Vice President of the United States[d] [14]
1936 XI Olympiad Germany Berlin, Germany Adolf Hitler Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German People[e] [15]
1948 XIV Olympiad United Kingdom London, Great Britain George VI King of Great Britain [16]
1952 XV Olympiad Finland Helsinki, Finland Juho Kusti Paasikivi President of the Republic of Finland [17]
1956 XVI Olympiad Australia Melbourne, Australia PhilipPrince Philip Consort of the Queen of Australia[f] [18]
1956 XVI Olympiad (equestrian) Sweden Stockholm, Sweden Gustaf VI Adolf King of Sweden [19]
1960 XVII Olympiad Italy Rome, Italy Giovanni Gronchi President of the Italian Republic [20]
1964 XVIII Olympiad Japan Tokyo, Japan Hirohito Emperor of Japan [21]
1968 XIX Olympiad Mexico Mexico City, Mexico Gustavo Díaz Ordaz President of the United Mexican States [22]
1972 XX Olympiad West Germany Munich, West Germany Gustav Heinemann President of the Federal Republic of Germany [23]
1976 XXI Olympiad Canada Montreal, Canada Elizabeth II Queen of Canada [24]
1980 XXII Olympiad Soviet Union Moscow, Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[g] [25]
1984 XXIII Olympiad United States Los Angeles, United States Ronald Reagan President of the United States [26]
1988 XXIV Olympiad South Korea Seoul, Republic of Korea Roh Tae-woo President of the Republic of Korea [27]
1992 XXV Olympiad Spain Barcelona, Spain Juan Carlos I King of Spain [28]
1996 XXVI Olympiad United States Atlanta, United States Bill Clinton President of the United States [29]
2000 XXVII Olympiad Australia Sydney, Australia William Deane Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia[h] [30][31][32][33][34]
2004 XXVIII Olympiad Greece Athens, Greece Konstantinos Stephanopoulos President of the Hellenic Republic [35]
2008 XXIX Olympiad China Beijing, China PR Hu Jintao President of the People's Republic of China[i] [36]
2012 XXX Olympiad United Kingdom London, Great Britain Elizabeth II Queen of Great Britain [37]
2016 XXXI Olympiad Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Michel Temer Vice President of the Federative Republic of Brazil[j]
2020 XXXII Olympiad Japan Tokyo, Japan Naruhito Emperor of Japan [38]
2024 XXXIII Olympiad France Paris, France Emmanuel Macron or his successor President of the French Republic
2028 XXXIV Olympiad United States Los Angeles, United States Joe Biden or his successor President of the United States
2032 XXXV Olympiad Australia Brisbane, Australia David Hurley or his successor (expected) Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia[k]

Notes:

  1. ^ a b Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when he or she opened the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.
  2. ^ Representing President Theodore Roosevelt.
  3. ^ Representing his wife, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
  4. ^ Representing President Herbert Hoover.
  5. ^ IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".[2]
  6. ^ Representing his wife, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.
  7. ^ IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) Though Brezhnev was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[2]
  8. ^ Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.
  9. ^ IOC records state Hu Jintao opened the Beijing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Hu was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[2]
  10. ^ As acting president, discharging the powers and duties of the office of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil in place of incumbent President Dilma Rousseff, who was suspended from her duties as President during her impeachment trial.
  11. ^ Representing the Australian monarch

Dignitaries who have opened the Winter Olympics[]

Year Games Host city Officially opened by[a] Office of opener[a] Notes
1924 I Winter France Chamonix, France Gaston Vidal Undersecretary for Physical Education of the French Republic[b] [39]
1928 II Winter Switzerland St. Moritz, Switzerland Edmund Schulthess President of the Swiss Confederation[c] [40]
1932 III Winter United States Lake Placid, United States Franklin D. Roosevelt Governor of the State of New York[d] [41]
1936 IV Winter Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Adolf Hitler Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German People[e] [42]
1948 V Winter Switzerland St. Moritz, Switzerland Enrico Celio President of the Swiss Confederation[c] [43]
1952 VI Winter Norway Oslo, Norway RagnhildPrincess Ragnhild Princess of Norway[f] [44]
1956 VII Winter Italy Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy Giovanni Gronchi President of the Italian Republic [45]
1960 VIII Winter United States Squaw Valley, United States Richard Nixon Vice President of the United States[g] [46]
1964 IX Winter Austria Innsbruck, Austria Adolf Schärf Federal President of the Republic of Austria [47]
1968 X Winter France Grenoble, France Charles de Gaulle President of the French Republic [48]
1972 XI Winter Japan Sapporo, Japan Hirohito Emperor of Japan [49]
1976 XII Winter Austria Innsbruck, Austria Rudolf Kirchschläger Federal President of the Republic of Austria [50]
1980 XIII Winter United States Lake Placid, United States Walter Mondale Vice President of the United States[h] [51]
1984 XIV Winter Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo, Yugoslavia Mika Špiljak President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia [52]
1988 XV Winter Canada Calgary, Canada Jeanne Sauvé Governor General of Canada[i] [53]
1992 XVI Winter France Albertville, France François Mitterrand President of the French Republic [54]
1994 XVII Winter Norway Lillehammer, Norway Harald V King of Norway [55]
1998 XVIII Winter Japan Nagano, Japan Akihito Emperor of Japan [56]
2002 XIX Winter United States Salt Lake City, United States George W. Bush President of the United States [57]
2006 XX Winter Italy Turin, Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi President of the Italian Republic [58]
2010 XXI Winter Canada Vancouver, Canada Michaëlle Jean Governor General of Canada[i] [59]
2014 XXII Winter Russia Sochi, Russian Federation Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation [60]
2018 XXIII Winter South Korea Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in President of the Republic of Korea
2022 XXIV Winter China Beijing, China PR Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China[j]
2026 XXV Winter Italy Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy TBD President of the Italian Republic
  1. ^ a b Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when he or she opened the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.
  2. ^ Representing President Alexandre Millerand.
  3. ^ a b This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.
  4. ^ Representing President Herbert Hoover.
  5. ^ IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".[3]
  6. ^ Representing her grandfather, King Haakon VII of Norway.
  7. ^ Representing President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
  8. ^ Representing President Jimmy Carter.
  9. ^ a b Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.
  10. ^ Xi Jinping is the "Chinese President", de jure head of state. Xi is also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.

Dignitaries who have opened the Youth Olympic Games[]

Year Games Host city Officially opened by Office of opener Notes
2010 I Summer  Singapore S.R. Nathan President of the Republic of Singapore
2012 I Winter Austria Innsbruck, Austria Heinz Fischer Federal President of the Republic of Austria
2014 II Summer China Nanjing, China PR Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China[a]
2016 II Winter Norway Lillehammer, Norway Harald V King of Norway
2018 III Summer Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina Mauricio Macri President of the Argentine Republic
2020 III Winter Switzerland Lausanne, Switzerland Simonetta Sommaruga President of the Swiss Confederation[b]
2024 IV Winter South Korea Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea TBD President of the Republic of Korea
2026 IV Summer Senegal Dakar, Senegal TBD President of the Republic of Senegal

Notes:

  1. ^ IOC records state Xi Jinping opened the Nanjing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Xi was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[61]
  2. ^ This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c International Olympic Committee (17 July 2020). Olympic Charter (PDF). p. 95. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2018. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2018. p. 4. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  4. ^ Los Angeles Times article published February 13, 1994
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  13. ^ "Amsterdam 1928 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  14. ^ "Los Angeles 1932 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  19. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "1956 Stockholm Equestrian Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
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  21. ^ "Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  23. ^ "Munich 1972 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  25. ^ "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^ "Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  28. ^ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  32. ^ Harvey, Randy (16 September 2000). "Down Wonders". LA Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  33. ^ Olsen, Lisa (10 September 2000). "History Lesson Despite the stereotypes, don't expect to run into Crocodile Dundee at the Sydney Games". New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Australia: Britain's Queen Elizabeth Visit". AP Archive. Associated Press. 21 March 2000.
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  36. ^ "Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  37. ^ "London 2012 Olympics launches with huge ceremony". BBC News. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  38. ^ Rurika Imahashi; Francesca Regalado (23 July 2021). "Tokyo's Olympic flame burns at last after subdued ceremony". The Nikkei.
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  40. ^ "St Moritz 1928 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  41. ^ "Lake Placid 1932 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  42. ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  44. ^ "Oslo 1952 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  46. ^ "Squaw Valley 1960 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  48. ^ "Grenoble 1968 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  49. ^ "Sapporo 1972 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  51. ^ "Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  52. ^ "Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  53. ^ "Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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  55. ^ "Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  56. ^ "Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  57. ^ "Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  58. ^ "Turin 2006 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  59. ^ "Governor General to Open the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games". Governor General of Canada. February 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  60. ^ Sam Sheringham (February 7, 2014). "Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics opens with glittering ceremony". BBC. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  61. ^ "IOC President meets with Chinese President Xi Jinping". International Olympic Committee. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
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