List of wars involving Morocco

List of wars involving Morocco and the former entities that ruled the current Morocco.

Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Battle of Salé (1260)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory	Abu Yusuf Yaqub	Several killed 3,000 captured and taken as slaves in Seville^[1]
Siege of Tlemcen (1299-1307)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Emirate	Defeat Zayyanid victory Marinids retreat	Abu Yaqub an-Nasr †	Unknown
Gibraltar campaigns (1333-1334)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile Other Christian kingdoms	Victory	Abu al-Hasan Ali	Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen (1335-1337)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Emirate	Victory Central Maghreb (Algeria) temporarily occupied		Unknown
Andalusian campaigns (1340-1350)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile Other christian kingdoms	Defeat Marinid grip over Andalusia weakened		Unknown
(1347)	Marinid Sultanate	Hafsid Kingdom	Victory Eastern Maghreb (Tunisia) temporarily occupied		Unknown
Conquest of Ceuta (1415)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Conquest of Ceuta by Portugal	Abu Said Uthman III	Several thousands killed or taken prisoners 1 cannon captured^[2]
Battle of Tangier (1437)	Marinid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory	Abu Zakariya Yahya	Unknown

Wattasid Sultanate (1472–1554)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Conquest of Melilla (1497)	Wattasid Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Defeat Spain captured Melilla.		Unknown

Saadi Sultanate (1510–1659)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Fall of Agadir (1541)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Moroccan victory Morocco annexes Agadir	Muhammad al-Shaykh	Unknown
(1550)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Victory Morocco captures Tlemcen without a fight^[3]		Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Defeat Algerian victory Ottoman Algeria recaptures Tlemcen		Unknown
Capture of Fez (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku	Defeat Algerian victory^[4] Algerian army conquer Fez		Unknown
Battle of Tadla (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Wattasid Sultanate	Victory Saadian capture of Fez Fez is no longer an Ottoman vassal^[5]^[6]		Unknown
Battle of Tlemcen (1557)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Defeat Algerian victory End of the Tlemcen campaign		Unknown
Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Inconclusive Mohammed al-Shaykh assassinated by the commands of Algerian Hasan Pasha. Hasan Pasha fails to capture Fez and suffers a rout.^[7]	Abdallah al-Ghalib	Unknown
Capture of Fes (1576)	Saadi Sultanate Muhammad Abu Abdallah Forces	Saadi Sultanate Abd al-Malek Forces Ottoman Empire	Defeat Ottoman Forces conquer Fes then Marrakesh.^[8] Abd al-Malek assumes rule over Saadi Sultanate as an Ottoman Vassal.^[9]	Muhammad Abu Abdallah	Unknown
Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory 1580 Portuguese succession crisis	Abu Marwan I	7,000 dead (Portuguese source) 1,500 dead (Spanish source)
Battle of Tondibi (1591)	Saadi Sultanate	Songhai Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory Collapse of the Songhai Empire Formation of the Pashalik of Timbuktu	Ahmad al-Mansur	Unknown
Battle of Jenné (1599)	Saadi Sultanate Timbuktu	Mali Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory. Collapse of the Mali Empire.	Ahmad al-Mansur	Unknown
Succession War (1603–1627)	Saadi Sultanate Marrakesh Forces	Saadi Sultanate Fes Forces	Marrakesh Forces victory Saadi Sultanate is reunified under the rule of Abu Marwan.	Abu Marwan II	Unknown

Alaouite Sultanate (1668–1912)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
(1641)	Alaouite Sultanate	Pashalik of Algiers	Victory Morocco captures Oujda.^[10] The latter raided the region of Tlemcen and even pushed as far as Laghouat.^[11] Peace treaty negotiated with the Pasha of Algiers in 1647.^[11]	Mohammed I Ibn Sharif	Unknown
(1659–1668)	Alaouite Sultanate	Zaouia of Dila Khadir Ghailan Domains Republic of Sale	Victory Morocco is reunified under the Alaouite dynasty^[12]^[13]	Mohammed I Ibn Sharif	Unknown
(1680–1684)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of England English Tangier	Victory Morocco annexes Tangier^[14]	Ismail Ibn Sharif	Unknown
(1681)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Mehdya		Unknown
Siege of Larache (1689)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Larache^[15]		Unknown
Battle of Moulouya (1692)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Defeat Algerian victory^[16] The Algerian army pursued the Moroccan army to the walls of Fez.^[16]		5,000 killed
Siege of Oran (1693)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire	Defeat Algerian-Spanish victory Rout of Morrocan troops^[17]		Unknown
Maghrebi war (1699-1702)	Muradid Tunis Alaouite Sultanat Pashalik of Tripolitania	Deylik of Algiers	Stalemate Algerian ambitions halted Morocco fails to expand Fall of the Muradid dynasty		3,050 killed (Battle of Chelif)
Larache Expedition (1765)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of France	Victory The French expedition is defeated	Mohammed III Ibn Abdallah	Unknown
Siege of Melilla (1774)	Alaouite Sultanate Supported by: Great Britain	Spanish Empire	Defeat Treaty of Aranjuez Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Melilla.	Mohammed III Ibn Abdallah	600 dead or wounded
(1795)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Victory Morocco recaptures Oujda The end of the conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco.^[18] Fixing of the boundaries between the two at .^[18]	Slimane Ibn Mohammed	Unknown
First Barbary War (1801–1805)	Alaouite Sultanate (1802) Karamanli Tripolitania Deylik of Algiers	United States Sweden (1801–1802) Sicily	Peace treaty Pasha of Tripolitania Yusuf Karamanli doesn't get deposed.	Slimane Ibn Mohammed	None
Franco-Moroccan War (1844)	Alaouite Sultanate Emirate of Mascara	France French Algeria	Defeat Treaty of Tangiers Morocco agrees to recognise Algeria as part of the French Empire.	Abd al-Rahman Ibn Hisham	870 killed 28 cannons lost unknown wounded
Bombardment of Sale (1851)	Alaouite Sultanate	France	Both sides claimed victory French military victory^[19] French political failure^[19]	Abd al-Rahman Ibn Hisham	24 killed 47 injured
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of Spain	Defeat Morocco recognises Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta and Melilla Morocco cedes Sidi Ifni to Spain.	Mohammed IV Ibn Abd al-Rahman	6,000 dead
(1902–1909)	Alaouite Sultanate	Bou Hmara's Domains	Victory The Bou Hmara Rebellion is suppressed	Abdelaziz Ibn Hassan	Unknown
French conquest of Morocco (1907–1934)	Alaouite Sultanate (Until 1912, Treaty of Fes) Resistance Forces Ahmed al-Hiba Bou Hmara	France French Morocco (After 1912) French Algeria	Defeat Morocco signs the Treaty of Fes in 1912. Resistance forces pacified.	Abdelaziz Ibn Hassan	Unknown

Kingdom of Morocco (1956–present)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Military	Civilians
Ifni War (1957–1958)	Morocco	Spain Ifni France	Defeat • No longer tied down in conflicts with the French, committed a significant portion of its resources and manpower to gain independence from Spain.	Mohammed V	1,000 killed^[20]	7 killed
Sand War (1963)	Morocco Support: France	Algeria Cuba^[21] Support: United Arab Republic	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig	Hassan II	39 killed, 57 captured or 200 killed^[22]	Unknown
October War (1973)	Federation of Arab Republics Arab Republic of Egypt Arab Republic of Syria Iraq Jordan Algeria Morocco Saudi Arabia Cuba North Korea^[23]^[24]	Israel	Defeat^[25] (Strategic Political Gains)^[26] Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty^[27]		6 captured	None
Green March (1975)	Morocco	Spain Spanish Sahara	Victory Spain leaves the territory		Unknown	Unknown
Western Sahara War (1975–1991)	Morocco Mauritania (1975–1979) France (1977–1978) Support: Saudi Arabia United States	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front Algeria (Amgala Battle^[28], From 1976) Support: Libya (Until 1984) North Korea (From 1978)	Stalemate Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991) Morocco controls 75% of the Western Sahara, the Polisario Front controls 25%		Unknown 2,155– 2,300 captured	Unknown
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNCL expelled from Katanga		8 killed	None
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Qatar Australia	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Unknown	None
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–)	Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Mauritania Mali Niger Chad France Supported by: United States United Kingdom	Al-Qaeda	Ongoing Islamists capture Northern Mali Islamists capture territory in Libya as a result of the Libyan Civil War	Mohammed VI	Unknown	Unknown
Intervention In Yemen (2015–)	Hadi Government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.		10 killed 1 F-16 shot down	None
Western Saharan clashes (2020–)	Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front	Ongoing Morocco secured the Guerguerat border crossing.		At least 2 soldiers killed^[29]^[30]	Unknown

References[]

^ Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismaïl (1997). Salé: Cité Millénaire (in French). Editions Eclat, Rabat. pp. 45–46.
^ Chase, p. 109
^ Boyer, Pierre (1966). "Contribution à l'étude de la politique religieuse des Turcs dans la Régence d'Alger (XVIe-XIXe siècles)". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée (in French). 1 (1): 23. doi:10.3406/remmm.1966.910. ISSN 0035-1474.
^ Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux.
^ "The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals", Discovering Islam, Routledge, pp. 85–109, 2002-11-01, doi:10.4324/9780203406304-9, ISBN 978-0-203-40630-4, retrieved 2021-05-04
^ Spear, Thomas (2011-12-08), "Ogot, Bethwell Allan", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49688, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2021-05-04
^ De La Veronne, Chantal (1973). "Relations entre le Maroc et la Turquie dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIe siècle (1554-1616)". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée. 15 (1): 391–401. doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1258. ISSN 0035-1474.
^ Charles, Eunice A.; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1979). "Dictionary of African Historical Biography". ASA Review of Books. 5: 97. doi:10.2307/532419. ISSN 0364-1686. JSTOR 532419.
^ Barletta, Vincent (2010). Death in Babylon. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226037394.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03736-3.
^ Julien 1994, p. 595.
^ ^a ^b Rahimi, Mounia (2014). "Le conflit du Sahara occidental devant l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies : un point de vue Marocain". Maghreb - Machrek. 219 (1): 11. doi:10.3917/machr.219.0011. ISSN 1762-3162.
^ Lévi-Provençal, É. (October 2010). "al-NĀṢIRĪ al-SALĀWĪ". Encyclopédie de l'Islam. doi:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_5828. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
^ "Fichier PDF Marocanité de Touat_1660_Carte Politique du Maroc, Sources Inédites de l'Histoire du Maroc, Série 1, Vol.2, 1920, planche V.pdf". Fichier PDF (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-04.
^ Roudaut, Jean (2011), "Avenir et souvenir", Saint-Pol-Roux, Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 15–20, doi:10.4000/books.pur.38172, ISBN 978-2-7535-1346-4
^ Pereyra, M. L. (November 1927). "Les Livres de Virginal de la Bibliotheque du Conservatoire de Paris (IIIe)". Revue de musicologie. 8 (24): 205. doi:10.2307/926215. ISSN 0035-1601. JSTOR 926215.
^ ^a ^b Galibert, Léon (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois (in French). Furne.
^ Hamet, Ismaël (1857-1932) Auteur du texte (1923). Histoire du Maghreb : cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines / Ismaël Hamet,...
^ ^a ^b Chenntouf, Tayeb (1981). "L'évolution du travail en Algérie au XIXe siècle". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée. 31 (1): 85–103. doi:10.3406/remmm.1981.1906. ISSN 0035-1474.
^ ^a ^b 1960-, Brown, Chester. Chester Brown : conversations. ISBN 978-1-62103-969-3. OCLC 841518502.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Jung, Dietrich; Schlichte, Klaus; Siegelberg, Jens; Bach, Jonathan P.G. (2018-04-24), "Evaluating War Since 1945", Warfare Since the Second World War, Routledge, pp. 73–168, doi:10.4324/9781351289726-4, ISBN 978-1-351-28972-6, retrieved 2021-03-14
^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3.
^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
^
References:
- Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
- Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
- Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
- Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
- Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
- Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
- Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society^{[permanent dead link]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Argelia acusa la derrota de Angola". ABC (in Spanish): 41. 1976-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
^ "Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara". Crisis Group. 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ "Algeria and Morocco: The Conflict on Europe's Doorstep". 2 November 2021.

[1] Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismaïl (1997). Salé: Cité Millénaire (in French). Editions Eclat, Rabat. pp. 45–46.

[2] Chase, p. 109

[3] Boyer, Pierre (1966). "Contribution à l'étude de la politique religieuse des Turcs dans la Régence d'Alger (XVIe-XIXe siècles)". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée (in French). 1 (1): 23. doi:10.3406/remmm.1966.910. ISSN 0035-1474.

[4] Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux.

[5] "The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals", Discovering Islam, Routledge, pp. 85–109, 2002-11-01, doi:10.4324/9780203406304-9, ISBN 978-0-203-40630-4, retrieved 2021-05-04

[6] Spear, Thomas (2011-12-08), "Ogot, Bethwell Allan", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49688, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2021-05-04

[7] De La Veronne, Chantal (1973). "Relations entre le Maroc et la Turquie dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIe siècle (1554-1616)". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée. 15 (1): 391–401. doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1258. ISSN 0035-1474.

[8] Charles, Eunice A.; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1979). "Dictionary of African Historical Biography". ASA Review of Books. 5: 97. doi:10.2307/532419. ISSN 0364-1686. JSTOR 532419.

[9] Barletta, Vincent (2010). Death in Babylon. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226037394.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03736-3.

[FOOTNOTEJulien1994595-10] Julien 1994, p. 595.

[:1-11] Rahimi, Mounia (2014). "Le conflit du Sahara occidental devant l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies : un point de vue Marocain". Maghreb - Machrek. 219 (1): 11. doi:10.3917/machr.219.0011. ISSN 1762-3162.

[12] Lévi-Provençal, É. (October 2010). "al-NĀṢIRĪ al-SALĀWĪ". Encyclopédie de l'Islam. doi:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_5828. Retrieved 2021-05-04.

[13] "Fichier PDF Marocanité de Touat_1660_Carte Politique du Maroc, Sources Inédites de l'Histoire du Maroc, Série 1, Vol.2, 1920, planche V.pdf". Fichier PDF (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-04.

[14] Roudaut, Jean (2011), "Avenir et souvenir", Saint-Pol-Roux, Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 15–20, doi:10.4000/books.pur.38172, ISBN 978-2-7535-1346-4

[15] Pereyra, M. L. (November 1927). "Les Livres de Virginal de la Bibliotheque du Conservatoire de Paris (IIIe)". Revue de musicologie. 8 (24): 205. doi:10.2307/926215. ISSN 0035-1601. JSTOR 926215.

[:2-16] Galibert, Léon (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois (in French). Furne.

[17] Hamet, Ismaël (1857-1932) Auteur du texte (1923). Histoire du Maghreb : cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines / Ismaël Hamet,...

[:0-18] Chenntouf, Tayeb (1981). "L'évolution du travail en Algérie au XIXe siècle". Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée. 31 (1): 85–103. doi:10.3406/remmm.1981.1906. ISSN 0035-1474.

[worldcat.org-19] 1960-, Brown, Chester. Chester Brown : conversations. ISBN 978-1-62103-969-3. OCLC 841518502.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[20] Jung, Dietrich; Schlichte, Klaus; Siegelberg, Jens; Bach, Jonathan P.G. (2018-04-24), "Evaluating War Since 1945", Warfare Since the Second World War, Routledge, pp. 73–168, doi:10.4324/9781351289726-4, ISBN 978-1-351-28972-6, retrieved 2021-03-14

[Latell2012-21] Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.

[22] Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3.

[23] Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."

[24] Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."

[25] References:
Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward

Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450

Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983

Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498

Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4

Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177

Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society^{[permanent dead link]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.

[26] Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward

[27] Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450

[28] Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983

[29] Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498

[30] Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4

[31] Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177

[32] Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society^{[permanent dead link]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.

[26] Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[27] Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[28] "Argelia acusa la derrota de Angola". ABC (in Spanish): 41. 1976-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24.

[29] "Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara". Crisis Group. 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-02.

[30] "Algeria and Morocco: The Conflict on Europe's Doorstep". 2 November 2021.

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v t Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	/ / (Spain) (Portugal) / (France) / / (United Kingdom)