List of wars involving Egypt

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Ayyubid Sultanate (1174-1250)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Third Crusade (1189–1192)	Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Rum	Angevin Empire Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa	Stalemate Treaty of Jaffa Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories. Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States. The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant. The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims	Saladin	?
Crusade of 1197 (1197–1198)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire	Defeat Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem	Al-Aziz Uthman	?
Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of France Papal states Kingdom of Jerusalem Kingdom of Cyprus Latin Empire Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller Sultanate of Rum	Victory Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Sixth Crusade (1228–1229)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Teutonic Order Kingdom of Sicily	Stalemate Diplomatic Crusader victory Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Baron's Crusade (1239–1241)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller	Defeat Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187	As-Salih Ayyub	?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Seventh Crusade (1248–1254)	Ayyubid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of France Knights Templar	Stalemate Fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt.	Aybak	?
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid Sultanate Golden Horde	Ilkhanate Armenian Cicilia Kingdom of Georgia Sultanate of Rum Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Golden Horde Kingdom of England Knights Templar	Victory Treaty of Aleppo	Qutuz	?
Ninth Crusade (1271–1272)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Cicilian Armenia Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Ilkhanate	Victory Ten-year truce between warring sides.	Baibars	?
Alexandrian Crusade (1365)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice	Defeat Alexandria sacked.	Al-Ashraf Sha'ban	?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Victory Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.	Qaitbay	?
Mamluk-Portuguese War (1505–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Ended with the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.	Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri	?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.	Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri	?

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Fraser Expedition (1807)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	British Empire	Victory Defeat of the British forces.	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	?
Egyptian–Saudi War (1811–1818)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Emirate of Diriyah	Victory Execution of Abdullah bin Saud.		~2,000^[1]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)	Ottoman Egypt	Funj Sudan	Victory Invasion of Egypt into Sudan adding it to Egypt Eyalet.		?
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Kingdom of Greece	Defeat Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece.		?
First Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire	Victory Egypt gained the Aleppo Vilayet and the Syria Vilayet.		792^[2]
1838 Druze revolt (1838)	Egypt Eyalet Chehab's Christian forces	Druze clans	Victory Peace agreement signed Egyptian rule restored Druze exempted from conscriptions		~400^[3]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire British Empire Austrian Empire	Defeat Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.		1,100+
Crimean War (1853–1856)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt French Empire British Empire Sardinia	Russian Empire	Victory Treaty of Paris.	Abbas I of Egypt	?
Cretan revolt (1866–1869)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt	Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece	Victory	Isma'il Pasha	?
Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874–1876)	Khedivate of Egypt	Ethiopian Empire	Defeat Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled		2,000^[4]
Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt	Serbia Russia (from 1877)	Defeat Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans		?
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt Polish Legion	Russia Romania Serbia Montenegro Opalchentsi	Defeat Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states. Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin		?
‘Urabi Revolt (1879–1882)	Tewfik Pasha Forces British Empire	Ahmed ‘Urabi Forces	Defeat of ‘Urabi Exile of ‘Urabi, British occupation of Egypt.	Tewfik of Egypt	?
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation) British Empire Italian Empire Belgium Ethiopia	Mahdist Sudan	Victory Formation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.	Tewfik of Egypt	?

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War I (1914–1918)	France French Protectorate of Morocco French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia British Empire United Kingdom British Sultanate of Egypt Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand India South Africa Russia United States Italy Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan China Romania Portugal Brazil Hejaz Greece Armenia Nejd and Hasa Siam	German Empire German Cameroon German Togo German East Africa German South West Africa Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Emirate of Jabal Shammar Bulgaria	Victory End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires New countries formed in Europe and the Middle East Establishment of the League of Nations	Hussein Kamel	14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)	British Empire Sultanate of Egypt	Sultanate of Darfur	Victory Darfur becomes a province of Sudan	Hussein Kamel	5
Egyptian Revolution (1919)	British Empire British Egypt British Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Australia	Rebels Wafd Party	Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory British Recognition of Egyptian Independence and establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922 Continued British presence in Egypt and Sudan	Fuad I	800

Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)[]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War II (1939–1945)	Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Denmark Norway Czechoslovakia Canada Australia Kingdom of Egypt New Zealand India South Africa Philippines Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Mongolia	Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Croatia Finland Iraq Thailand	Victory Collapse of the German Reich and the Empire of Japan Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War	Farouk I	1,125^[5]
First Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)	Kingdom of Egypt Kingdom of Iraq Holy War Army Emirate of Transjordan Republic of Syria Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Kingdom of North Yemen Republic of Lebanon Arab Liberation Army	Israel	Defeat Tactical and strategic Arab failure 1949 Armistice Agreements Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip		1,200- 2,000
Egyptian Revolution (1952)	Kingdom of Egypt	Free Officers	Free Officers' Victory End of rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty Establishment of the Republic of Egypt End of the Kingdom of Egypt		None

Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)[]

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
Suez Crisis (1956)	Republic of Egypt	Israel United Kingdom France	Inconclusive Coalition military victory^[6]^[7]^[8] Egyptian political victory^[6] Anglo-French withdrawal from the Suez Canal following international pressure (December 1956) Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957) UNEF demilitarized zone established End of Britain's role as a Superpower	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Hakim Amer	1,650– 3,000	~1,000

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)[]

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
North Yemen Civil War (1962–1967)	Yemen Arab Republic United Arab Republic	Kingdom of Yemen Saudi Arabia	Stalemate Khartoum Resolution, Egyptian withdrawal Eventual Republican victory in 1970.	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	26,000 dead^[9]	None
Sand War (1963)	Algeria United Arab Republic	Morocco	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig		Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	Unknown	None
Six-Day War (1967)	United Arab Republic Syria Jordan Iraq Lebanon	Israel	Defeat Israel captured the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank and the Golan Heights		Shams Badran	9,800–15,000 killed or missing^[10]^[11]	Unknown
War of Attrition (1967–1970)	United Arab Republic Soviet Union PLO Jordan	Israel	Both sides claimed victory Israeli invasion of Port Fuad repelled; creation of the Bar Lev Line Continued Israeli occupation of Sinai Peninsula		Mohamed Fawzi	2,882^[12]–10,000^[13]
Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)	Nigeria United Arab Republic	Biafra	Victory (Limited Involvement) Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria.		Mohamed Fawzi	Unknown	None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)[]

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Federation of Arab Republics Egypt Syria Iraq Jordan Algeria Morocco Saudi Arabia Cuba North Korea^[14]^[15]	Israel	Defeat^[16] (Strategic Political Gains)^[17] Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire Egypt–Israel peace treaty^[18]	Anwar Sadat	Ahmad Ismail Ali	5,000^[19]–15,000^[20] dead	Unknown
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNCL expelled from Katanga		Mohamed el-Gamasy	None	None
Egyptian–Libyan War (1977)	Egypt	Libya	Ceasefire Libyan Armed Forces expelled from Egypt Egyptian armed forces success Anwar El Sadat declaration of a ceasefire		Mohamed el-Gamasy	~100	Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot (1986)	Egyptian Army	Central Security Forces	Egyptian Army Victory Riot suppressed Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps	Hosni Mubarak	Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala	8,000+^[21]	None
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Qatar Australia	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb	11^[22]^[23]	None
War on terror (2001–present)	United States United Kingdom France Russia NATO members: Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Other participant countries: Algeria Angola Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Chad China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Cyprus Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Ethiopia Finland Gabon Georgia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Honduras India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021) Israel Ivory Coast Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Liberia Libya Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Sudan Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe International missions: NATO—ISAF Resolute Support Mission Operation Enduring Freedom Allies Northern Alliance Multi-National Force – Iraq Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)	ISIL Sinai Province Libya Province Algeria Province Central Africa Province West Africa Province Die Wahre Religion Katibah Nusantara Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Khorasan Province Yemen Province^[25] Boko Haram Ansar Khalifa Philippines Caucasus Province ISS Abu Sayyaf^[26] Al-Khansaa Brigade Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade National Thowheeth Jama'ath Profetens Ummah Islamic Muthanna Movement MIT Afghan Taliban (until 2021) Pakistani Taliban Other groups: East Turkestan Islamic Movement Osbat al-Ansar Haqqani network TNSM Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Lashkar-e-Taiba Lashkar-e-Omar Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Hizbul Mujahideen Ansaru Mullah Dadullah Front Fidai Mahaz Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Hamas Hezbollah Islamic Jihad Union Masked Brigade Jaish-e-Mohammed Ahrar ash-Sham Fatah al-Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jaish al-Islam Indian Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Soldiers of Egypt Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Rajah Sulaiman movement Somali pirates Salafia Jihadia Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) Jemaah Islamiyah^[27] Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) Former groups: Islamic Courts Union (until 2006) JTJ (until 2004) Free Aceh Movement (until 2005) al-Qaeda in Iraq (until 2006) Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (until 2007) Tunisian Combatant Group (until 2011) Islamic State of Iraq (until 2013) MOJWA (until 2013) Ansar al-Islam (until 2014) Jundallah^[28] Tehreek-e-Khilafat^[29] (until November 2014) Hizbul Islam (until 2014) Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until March 2015)^[30] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2016) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016) Caucasus Emirate (until 2016) Al-Nusra Front (until 2017) Harakat Sham al-Islam (until 2017) Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017) Ansar Dine (until March 2017)^[31] Al-Mourabitoun (until March 2017)^[31] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until May 2017)^[32]^[33]^[34] Maute Group (until 2017) Islamic Emirate of Waziristan (until 2017/2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018) Turaifie group (until 2019) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (until 2018) Jund al-Khilafah (2014) Dokumacılar (until 2017) Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016) Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016) IMU (until 2015) Rajah Sulaiman Movement (until ?) Islamic Jihad of Yemen (until ?) Black Banner Organization (until ?) Iraqi Baath Party loyalists (until ?)	Ongoing Ongoing conflict		Mohamed Tantawi	?	?
2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)	Pro-Government: National Democratic Party Central Security Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Police forces State Security Intelligence Supreme Council of the Armed Forces	Opposition Groups: 6 April Youth Movement Muslim Brotherhood Kefaya	Pro-Government Victory Toppling of the Mubarak government Resignation of Prime Ministers Nazif and Shafik^[35] Assumption of power by the military^[36] Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the Parliament^[37] Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service^[38] Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state^[39] Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers^[40]^[41]^[42] 31-year state of emergency lifted^[43] Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president^[44] Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration.		Mohamed Tantawi	* During revolution: 846^[45]^[46] Post-Revolution: 300+^[47]
Sinai Insurgency (2011–)	Egypt Israel United Arab Emirates	Islamic State	Ongoing Ongoing conflict		Mohamed Tantawi	1,050–2,050+ killed ^[48]^[49]^[50]	1,539+ Egyptian,^[51]^[52] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,^[53] 3 South Koreans,^[54] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,^[55] 1 Croatian^[56]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état (2013)	Egyptian Government Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party Islamists Egyptian Islamic Labour Party Pro-Morsi protesters Supported by: Turkey Qatar Jordan	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Egyptian Police Nasserists National Democratic Party Al-Azhar University Al-Nour Party	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army Constitution suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared Adly Mansour becomes interim president Arrests and detention of Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members, including Morsi Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets Dissolution of Shura Council^[57] Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula Increasing unrest and instability in response to coup Temporary suspension of Egypt from the African Union New presidential election held in 2014 Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019	Mohamed Morsi	Abdel Fattah al-Sisi	1,150+^[58]^[59]
Second Libyan Civil War (2015–2020)	Libya Egypt United Arab Emirates	GNC Shura Council Islamic State	Victory (limited involvement) Egyptian military intervention	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	21
Intervention In Yemen (2015–)	Hadi government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	None

Notes[]

^ Ottoman and Egyptian losses combined. However, most of the forces deployed were Egyptian.
^ Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF
^ Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
^ Jesman, Czeslaw (January 1959). "Egyptian Invasion of Ethiopia". African Affairs. Oxford University Press. 58 (230): 75–81. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094619. JSTOR 718057.
^ Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.
^ ^a ^b Tal (2001) p 203
^ Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.
^ Stewart (2013) p 133
^ Pollack (2002), p. 56
^ El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
^ Herzog 1982, p. 165.
^ Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-9604562-2-2.
^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, Random House (1999), page 362. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
^
References:
- Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
- Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
- Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
- Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
- Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
- Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
- Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society^{[permanent dead link]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Garwych, p. 243.
^ Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
^ Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
^ Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). "After the War". The New York Times.
^ "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep". Associated Press. 22 March 1991.
^ Mike Levine; James Gordon Meek; Pierre Thomas; Lee Ferran (23 September 2014). "What Is the Khorasan Group, Targeted By US in Syria?". ABC News. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ "Wilayat al-Yemen: The Islamic State's New Front". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ Penney, Joe (5 October 2011). "The 'War on Terror' rages in the Philippines". Al Jazeera. Qatar. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Abuza, Zachary (September 2005). "Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyag" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
^ "Jemaah Islamiyah". Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
"Profile: Jemaah Islamiah". United Kingdom: BBC News. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
^ "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation". Reuters. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali, pledge allegiance to al-Quaida". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017.
^ Thomas Joscelyn (19 November 2014). "UN recognizes ties between Ansar al Sharia in Libya, al Qaeda". Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
^ Irshaid, Faisal (13 June 2014). "Profile: Libya's Ansar al-Sharia". BBC News.
^ Hashem, Mostafa (27 May 2017). "Libyan Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia says it is dissolving". Reuters.
^ "Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army". Forexyard.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011.
^ "Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution". Haaretz. Reuters. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
^ "Egyptian state security disbanded". 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html
^ "How the mighty have fallen". Al-Ahram Weekly. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Stack, Liam (13 March 2011). "Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters". Reuters. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
^ "Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 May 2012.
^ "Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president". CBS News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ "846 killed in Egypt uprising". Haaretz. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "924 killed in Egyptian Revolution". 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
^ "Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months". Tahrirnews.com. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
^ "Egypt's long, bloody fight against the Islamic State in Sinai is going nowhere". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ Worth, Robert F. (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan. p. 226. ISBN 9780374710712. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2016. The insurgency in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula was growing fiercer. At least two thousand soldiers and police had been killed in the preceding two year [up to the Summer of 2015].
^ "Many Egyptian troops killed or wounded in North Sinai". Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "The Heavy Civilian Toll in Sinai". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to more than 300". 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "Russian plane crash in Egypt: It's too early to determine cause, officials say". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "South Korean church mourns after Egypt bombing". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "Three Vietnamese tourists, guide killed by Egypt roadside bomb". The Straits Times. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
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[1] Ottoman and Egyptian losses combined. However, most of the forces deployed were Egyptian.

[2] Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF

[3] Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75

[4] Jesman, Czeslaw (January 1959). "Egyptian Invasion of Ethiopia". African Affairs. Oxford University Press. 58 (230): 75–81. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094619. JSTOR 718057.

[5] Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.

[Tal-6] Tal (2001) p 203

[7] Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.

[8] Stewart (2013) p 133

[pollack56-9] Pollack (2002), p. 56

[10] El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.

[11] Herzog 1982, p. 165.

[12] Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-9604562-2-2.

[13] Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, Random House (1999), page 362. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.

[14] Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."

[15] Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."

[16] References:
Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward

Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450

Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983

Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498

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