List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
This is a list of wars involving Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyz and the predecessor states of Kyrgyzstan to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Kyrgyzstan by the Kyrgyz military.
List of wars[]
Most of the wars in the nomadic history of the Kyrgyz are related to the states' desire to dominate the Great Steppe. The Great Steppe is a region stretching from the Black Sea to Siberia, inhabited predominantly by nomadic peoples. For this reason, the wars in which the Kyrgyz participated are divided into periods in which certain peoples dominated the Great Steppe.
Xiongnu Age (201 BC - 89 AD)[]
In 209 BC, three years before the founding of Han China, the Xiongnu were brought together in a powerful confederation under a new chanyu, Modu Chanyu. After that, a new age of Xiongnu power began in the Great Steppe.
In 201 BC, the Xiongnu Empire took over the Kyrgyz tribes. From then until its weakening, the Kyrgyz fought side by side with the Xiongnu in wars against the Han Empire. Then, during the Xiongnu Civil War, the Kyrgyz briefly regained their independence. The Xiongnu's power over the Kyrgyz finally ended after the destruction of the nomadic empire by the Chinese.
Xiongnu Age | |||||
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Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result | ||
First Kyrgyz-Xiongnu War (201 BC) | Kyrgyz tribes | Xiongnu | Defeat
| ||
Han-Xiongnu Wars (133 BC - 89 AD) | Campaign of emperor Gaozu (200 BC) | Xiongnu Empire
Kyrgyz tribes (as part of Xiongnu) |
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Xiongnu Victory
| |
Battle of Mayi (133 BC) | Xiongnu Victory
| ||||
Skirmishes at the northern frontier (129-127 BC) | Inconclusive | ||||
Ordos campaign (127 BC) | Han Victory
| ||||
Gobi campaign (123 DC) | Han Victory
| ||||
Battle of Hexi (121 BC) | Han Victory
| ||||
Battle of Mobei (119 BC) | Han Victory
| ||||
Battle of Tian Shan (99 BC) | Xiongnu Victory
| ||||
Battle of Jushi (67 BC) | Han Victory
| ||||
Revolt against the Xiongnu (71 BC) | Xiongnu Empire | Rebels: | Xiongnu Victory
| ||
Second Kyrgyz-Xiongnu War (57 BC)
(part of the Xiongnu Civil War) |
Kyrgyz tribes | Xiongnu Empire | Victory
| ||
Third Kyrgyz-Xiongnu War (49 BC)
(part of the Xiongnu Civil War) |
Kyrgyz tribes | Northern Xiongnu | Defeat
| ||
Battle of Zhizhi (36 BC) | Northern Xiongnu
Kyrgyz tribes (as part of the Northern Xiongnu) |
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Han Victory
| ||
Battle of Altai Mountains (89 AD) | Northern Xiongnu
Kyrgyz tribes (as part of the Northern Xiongnu) |
![]() Southern Xiongnu |
Han Victory
|
Turkic Age (89 AD - 744 AD)[]
On the ruins of the first nomadic empire emerged the powerful First Turkic Khaganate, marking the beginning of a new era in the Great Steppe.
After gaining independence from the Xiongnu, the Kyrgyz had been developing their statehood, but were overrun by the Rouran Kaganate. The Rourans were then wiped out and the Kyrgyz integrated into the ascendant First Turkic Kaganate. After its fall in 603, the Kyrgyz gained independence and, under the wise leadership of Barsbek Kagan, avoided conquest by the second Turkic Kaganate and proclaimed the establishment of the Kyrgyz Kaganate. The title Kagan meant a claim to the entire Great Steppe and openly challenged the mighty First Turkic Kaganate. in the end, the Turkic Kaganate still captured the Kyrgyz Kaganate and declared themselves the only Great Kaganate in the Steppe.
Turkic Age | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
War against Rouran Khaganate (5th century) | Kyrgyz tribes | Rouran Khaganate | Defeat
|
War against the First Turkic Khaganate (6th century) | Kyrgyz tribes | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Coalition War against the Second Turkic Khaganate (688) | Coalition: | ![]() |
Defeat
|
First War against the Second Turkic Khaganate (695) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Second War against the Second Turkic Khaganate (710-711) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Age of the Kyrgyz Greatness (744-1207)[]
In 744, on the ashes of the Second Turkic Kaganate two great empires emerged: the Kyrgyz and Uyghur Kaghanates. After almost a century of confrontation, the Kyrgyz defeated the Uyghur Kaganate and began rapid expansion across the Great Steppe. Later the Soviet historian Vasily Bartold called this period "The Kyrgyz Greatness".
Age of the Kyrgyz Greatness | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
First Kyrgyz-Uyghur War (751-758) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Revolt against Uyghur Khaganate (795) | Kyrgyz tribes | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Second Kyrgyz-Uyghur War (820-840) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Campaign against the remaining Uyghur forces (840-843) | ![]() |
Uyghurs | Victory
|
Expansion of the Kyrgyz Khaganate (843-924) Kyrgyz Khaganate |
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Turkic and Mongol tribes | Victory
|
Mongol Age (1207-1293)[]
In 1206, the powerful Mongol Empire appeared in the Great Steppe, which subsequently expanded far beyond the Steppe under the leadership of Genghis Khan.
In 1207, the Kyrgyz voluntarily submitted to the new empire. However, the pressure of the Mongols on them was too great. A series of revolts were staged which were brutally suppressed. Each revolt resulted in the mass extermination of the Kyrgyz by the Mongol army. After the fourth major uprising, Kublai Khan ordered his army to wipe out most of the Kyrgyz and relocate the rest to Mongolia and China. however, upon learning of this, the remaining Kyrgyz fled from Siberia to Central Asia. They had good relations with the Chagatai Khanate's Kaidu Khan, so he took them under his patronage.
Mongol Age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result | |
Series of revolts against the Mongol Empire | First revolt (1218) | Kyrgyz tribes | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Second revolt (1261) | Defeat
| |||
Third revolt (1273) | Defeat
| |||
Fourth revolt (1293) | Defeat |
Confrontation with the Mongols (1293-1760)[]
After the Chagatai Khanate split into Transoxiana and Moghulistan, the Kyrgyz were part of the latter. They had already recovered from their flight from Siberia and so began to fight for their statehood again against Moghulistan. Led by Tagai Biy, they secured their state with a victory in the mid-16th century.
After the fall of the Mongol Empire, numerous Mongol tribes tried to reunite again. However, this was only succeeded by the Dzungars, who in 1634 organised their Khanate and made new claims to dominate the Great Steppe. However, they were opposed by the combined forces of Central Asian states, including the Kyrgyz. After a century of confrontation, the combined forces were able to push the Dzungars back to the borders of China.
Confrontation with the Mongols | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
Revolt against Moghulistan (1504-1508) | Kyrgyz tribes | Moghulistan | Defeat
|
Series of wars against Moghulistan (16th century) | Kyrgyz tribes | Moghulistan | Victory
|
Series of wars against the Shaybanids (16th century) | Kyrgyz tribes
supported by: |
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Victory
|
Kyrgyz-Oirat campaigns (16th century) | Northern Kyrgyz tribes | Four Oirat | Victory |
War against the Khanate of Bukhara (1598) | ![]() supported by: |
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Victory
|
Campaign of the southern Kyrgyz tribes against Andijan (1642-1643) | Southern Kyrgyz tribes | Andijan | Inconclusive |
Dzhungar invasion (1643-1644) | ![]() |
Dzhungar Khanate | Victory
|
First War against Dzhungar Khanate (1653) | ![]() |
Dzhungar Khanate | Inconclusive |
Second War against Dzhungar Khanate (1658) | ![]() |
Dzhungar Khanate | Inconclusive |
Third War against Dzhungar Khanate (1678-1684) | ![]()
|
Dzhungar Khanate | Victory |
Fourth War against Dzhungar Khanate (1727) | Kyrgyz tribes | Dzhungar Khanate | Defeat
|
Kyrgyz campaign against Dzhungar Khanate (1747) | Kyrgyz tribes | Dzhungar Khanate | Victory |
Fifth War against Dzhungar Khanate (1748-1749) | Kyrgyz tribes | Dzhungar Khanate | Victory
|
Battle against the Qing dynasty (1759) | Kyrgyz tribes | ![]() |
Victory
|
Age of the Kyrgyz Khanate (1760-1855)[]
The Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, who were bonded by a military alliance, began feuding after defeating the Dzungars. This led to a series of military campaigns between the Kyrgyz and Kazakh khanates, which were interrupted by the Kokands, who declared war on the Kyrgyz. After 70 years of war, the Khanate of Kokand finally established control over the Kyrgyz tribes, but this prolonged conflict had a negative impact on the internal political situation of the state. The Khanate of Kokand began to collapse, allowing the Kyrgyz to re-establish their khanate. Meanwhile, the Russian Empire was rapidly taking over the Kazakh tribes, so the Kazakh Khan Kenensary decided to demand support from the Kyrgyz. But, having been refused, he declared war on them, in which he was killed. This allowed the Russian Empire to establish full control over the Kazakh Khanate.
After the triumphant victory over the Kazakhs, the heads of the two largest Kyrgyz tribes began an internal political struggle for power. This escalated into the Civil War in which Ormon Khan, head of the Kyrgyz and head of the Sarybagysh tribe, was assassinated. The Kyrgyz Khanate fell, after which the invasion of the Russian Empire began.
Kyrgyz Khanate | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
Kyrgyz-Kazakh campaigns (1760-1779) | Kyrgyz Khanate | ![]() |
Inconclusive |
Kyrgyz-Kokand War (1764-1831) | Kyrgyz Khanate | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Revolt of Jahangir Khoja (1820-1828) | Uyghurs
supported by: |
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Defeat
|
Kyrgyz-Kazakh War (1847) | Kyrgyz Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
Kyrgyz Civil War (1854) | Sarybagysh tribe
Ormon Khan's allies |
Bugu tribe
Borombai Biy's allies |
|
Colonial Age (1855-1916)[]
After the Russian conquest of the Kyrgyz tribes, Kyrgyz were integrated into the Russian Empire. Pressure began on the local population, which resulted in regular clashes between the Kyrgyz and the Russian army. With the outbreak of the World War I, the Tsar ordered to call the population of Central Asia to work to the front. Many disagreed and started the revolt, which was brutally suppressed. After that, the Russian Tsar ordered to exterminate the population of the region and use the land for agricultural needs. Hundreds of thousands of Kyrgyz and Kazakhs were exterminated, while the rest fled to China. Ethnic cleansing ended only with the arrival of Soviet power.
Colonial Age | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
Russian conquest of Kyrgyz tribes (1855-1876) | Kyrgyz tribes | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Andijan Uprising of 1898 | Rebels: | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Central Asian Revolt of 1916 | Rebels: | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Soviet Age (1916-1991)[]
With the advent of the Soviet Union, massive repression, rapid industrialization and the struggle against class inequality began. The Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was established. In 1941, the Great Patriotic War began, to which every third resident of the Kyrgyz SSR was called up. After the victory, the region continued to actively develop. Infrastructure, education, science and culture were at a higher level than ever.
Soviet Age | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
Basmachi Revolt (1916-1934) | ![]() |
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Victory |
World War II (1941-1945)![]() Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei |
Allied Powers: | Axis Powers:
|
Victory |
Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) | ![]() |
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Defeat |
Kyrgyz Republic (1991-present)[]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz Republic gained independence. the country was admitted to the UN and a number of other international organizations. Due to internal political confrontations, Kyrgyzstan has experienced three revolutions, as well as several major border conflicts.
Kyrgyz Republic | |||
---|---|---|---|
Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result |
Osh Riots (1990) |
Kyrgyz | Uzbeks | Ceasefire
|
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) |
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|
United Tajik Opposition
|
Military stalemate
|
Batken Conflict (July 30 – September 27, 1999) | ![]() Supported by: |
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Victory
|
Tulip Revolution (22 March–11 April 2005) |
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|
Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 (6 April–14 December 2010) |
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|
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010) |
Pro-Bakiyev forces[6][7]
|
Kyrgyzstani Uzbeks
Uzbekistani Uzbek civilians1
|
|
Kyrgyzstan Revolution of 2020 | ![]()
|
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Mass Looting in Bishkek (2020) | People's Volunteer Militia | Looters |
|
Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes (2021) | ![]() |
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Ceasefire |
References[]
- ^ "Tajikistan: President Meets With Popular Front Commanders". Radio Liberty Archives. 9 July 1997.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Jonson, Lena (2006-08-25). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 9781845112936. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, by Rohan Gunaratna, pg. 169
- ^ Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests Archived 2006-09-08 at the Wayback Machine CRS Report for Congress
- ^ "The Associated Press: Mobs burn villages, slaughter Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan". Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Mass Exodus as Death Toll Rises in Kyrgyzstan's Restive South - News from Antiwar.com". News.antiwar.com. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan: Ferghana.Ru sources confirm the involvement of Tajik contractors in the Osh massacre – Ferghana Information agency, Moscow". Enews.ferghana.ru. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ "Kyrgyz police arrest riot suspects : Voice of Russia". 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service". AlertNet. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Orange, Richard (17 June 2010). "Kyrgyzstan troubles to spur rise of al Qaeda in Central Asia". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ Loiko, Sergei L. (15 June 2010). "Kyrgyzstan riots: Kyrgyzstan will get aid, no troops from regional security group". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Kyrgyz Authorities Raid Uzbek Village in South". .voanews.com. 20 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ "U.S. mulls more help for Kyrgyzstan, rules out unilateral action". CNN. 16 June 2010.
- ^ Schwirtz, Michael (11 June 2010). "Kyrgyzstan Fighting Poses Challenge to Government". The New York Times.
- ^ "Turkey says backs Kyrgyzstan's territorial integrity | Diplomacy". World Bulletin. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Schwirtz, Michael (14 June 2010). "Russia Weighs Pleas to Step in as Uzbeks Flee Kyrgyzstan". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan: State of emergency imposed after ethnic violence kills two, wounds dozens | Spero News". Speroforum.com. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "ReliefWeb t Document t Provisional Government Grappling with Simmering Ethnic Tension in Kyrgyzstan". Reliefweb.int. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Uzbek troops leave Kyrgyzstan". United Press International. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Najibullah, Farangis. "Uzbek, Kyrgyz, And Tajik Lives Collide in Sokh – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2010". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "eng.24.kg". eng.24.kg. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "What's behind the pullout of the Uzbek forces from Sokh?". EurasiaNet.org. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- Wars involving Kyrgyzstan
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