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Memon people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Memon People
Total population
1,800,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
India900,000 (including 200,000 in Mumbai and suburbs)[1]
Pakistan700,000[1]
Elsewhere200,000[1]
Languages
Memoni[2]

The Memon ethnic group originated in the Northwestern part of ancient India, currently the Sindh region of modern-day Pakistan. The majority of the Memon people around the world follow the Hanafi fiqh of Sunni Islam.[3] The Memon people have cultural similarities with the Khoja, Khatri (Vohra), and Gujarati peoples. Memon people speak the Memoni language as their first language. Some consider the Memon language to be a dialect of the Sindhi language.[2] The Memon language shares vocabulary with the Sindhi language, Kutchi language and Gujarati language. Today, the Memon people are connected through globally recognized organisations such as the World Memon Organisation (WMO)[4] and International Memon orgnisation (IMO).[5] Sindhi Memons and Kutchi Memons are related ethnic groups.

History

Sindhi, Gujarati origins

Gujarat, India, circa early 20th Century

Memon lineage traces back to Lohanas of Multan and Sindh, who practiced Hinduism.[6][7] The origin of the name comes from Mu'min (مؤمن, "believer" in Arabic) and later evolved to present name Memon.[8] The Memon community was founded in the 15th century by 700 families comprising 6,178 persons total.[9] According to Anthovan, those Lohanas of Thatta who converted from Hinduism to Islam became Memons and were invited by Rao Khengarji Jadeja, ruler of Bhuj in the 16th century, to settle in Bhuj.[6][7] It is from there that Kutchi Memons migrated to Kathiawar and mainland Gujarat. Surat in Gujarat was an important trading centre from 1580 to 1680 and Memons made their bounty there.[10] Memons became significantly affluent as a result of trading in Surat.[11]

Merchant tradesman

Memon men, from Photographs of Western India Series 1855-1862

Due to the mercantile nature of the community, Memons began a significant migration beyond the borders of India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This led to communities developing in the Middle East, South Africa, Sri Lanka and East Asia.[8][12] Memon traders set up a network of joint stock companies acting in coordination with other members in an area ranging from Central Africa to China.[3][13][14] Memon donors made significant financial contributions to construct mosques during this time, including Juma Masjid Mosque[8] and Jamia Mosque.[15] By late 19th century several thousand Memons had settled in Mumbai due to trading. Memon representative leaders traded with British capitalists to develop their Indian monopolies.[3] The area of Mumbai in which the Memon traders congregated later became known as the Memonwada.[16]

20th century

The early 20th century saw a consolidation of the Memon community in South Asia as well as South Africa. They began to organise important societies including and Memon Chamber of Commerce.[3] Memon community made significant financial contributions to preserve the Ottoman Empire but were unable to prevent its decline.[17][18] The partition of Pakistan and India led to significant migration in both directions for the community. During middle of the twentieth century, a handful of Memon financial dynasties were born. However, the dynastic wealth of the Memon families stagnated during the late twentieth century due to the partition of Pakistan as well as political turmoil of the country.[19]

Branches

Subgroups of Memons from Kathiawar

Main article: Memons (Kathiawar)

Languages

Main articles: Memon language, Sindhi language, and Kutchi language

Social structure

Cultural traditions

Memon women, from Photographs of Western India Series 1855–1862

While Memons are generally Sunni Muslims, many continue to follow Modern Hindu law in matters regarding property inheritance, community leadership structure and mutual support for members. Memon see themselves to be from the Buddhist Kshatriya lineage. Even within Memons, there are caste hierarchies that some follow regarding marriage practices.[3][20][need quotation to verify]

According to folklore, the blessings of the Islamic saint Sayad Kadiri upon the Memons are responsible for their success in business and trade.[8] A more pragmatic explanation for their success is that Memon have been historically considered honest brokers. Following commercial caste model, Memons also offer support community members in financial matters by giving loans and offering business assistance.[3] The community annually celebrates 11 April as "Memons Day" through acts of humanitarian service.[21]

Memons worldwide

Katchi Memon Masjid

Today, Memon communities are scattered throughout the world including the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.[22] However, major concentrations of Memon remain located in Karachi, Pakistan and Gujarat, India. In Karachi there is a community of Memon people from Bantva and their descendants known as Bantva Memons. United under the banner of Halari Memon General Jama'at, the Halari Memon are another category and followers of the Hanafi school.[23]

Memons were also one of three classes living in South Africa when Mahatma Gandhi went there in 1893, Memons were basically traders serving the Indian diaspora in South Africa. Memons are known for their involvement in business and philanthropy, with Memons having played a major part in the building of Pakistani industry.[3][24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Memon association to congregate today - Times of India".
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Fazal, Tanweer (18 October 2013). Minority Nationalisms in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781317966463.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levin, Sergey (1974). "The Upper Bourgeoisie from the Muslim Commercial Community of Memons in Pakistan, 1947 to 1971". Asian Survey. 14 (3): 231–243. doi:10.1525/as.1974.14.3.01p04292. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643012.
  4. ^ "World Memon Organisation | Serving Mankind". wmoworld.com. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  5. ^ "IMO - International Memon Organization". www.internationalmemon.org. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Pirbhai, M. Reza (30 September 2009). Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 978-90-474-3102-2. Thus, it was established that Khojas and Memons converted from Hinduism under the influence of Ismai'li and Sunni pirs, respectively.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Goswami, Chhaya (18 February 2016). Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-93-85890-70-3. Most of the Muslim traders were Hindus of different castes who had converted to Islam. The Memons were said to have been Lohanas
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Goolam, Vahed (2006). "'Unhappily Torn by Dissensions and Litigations': Durban's 'Memon' Mosque, 1880-1930". Journal of Religion in Africa. 36: 23–49. doi:10.1163/157006606775569631.
  9. ^ Ghadially, R (1991). "All for 'Izzat'" (PDF). Manushi (66): 17–20. PMID 12285436. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  10. ^ Islamic Perspective, a Biannual Journal. A special issue on Bohras, Khojas and Memons. Ed. by Asghar Ali Engineer, Bombay, Institute of Islamic Studies. vol.1, Jan 1988, pp. 41-48 [1]
  11. ^ Goolam, Vahed (2001). "Mosques, Mawlanas and Muharram: Indian Islam in Colonial Natal, 1860-1910". Journal of Religion in Africa. 31 (3): 305–335. doi:10.1163/157006601X00194.
  12. ^ Moore, Mick (1997). "The Identity of Capitalists and the Legitimacy of Capitalism: Sri Lanka since Independence". Development and Change. 28 (2): 331–366. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00045. ISSN 0012-155X.
  13. ^ Papanek, Hanna (1972). "Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship, and Partial Modernization". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 21 (1): 11. doi:10.1086/450605. S2CID 86853602.
  14. ^ Eisenlohr, Patrick (1972). "The Politics of Diaspora and the Morality of Secularism: Muslim Identities and Islamic Authority in Mauritius". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 12 (2): 400.
  15. ^ WAI-YIP, Ho (2001). "Historical Analysis of Islamic Community Development in Hong Kong: Struggle for Recognition in the Post-colonial Era". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. Taylor & Francis. 21: 65.
  16. ^ Chopra, Preeti (2007). "Refiguring the Colonial City: Recovering the Role of Local Inhabitants in the Construction of Colonial Bombay, 1854-1918". Buildings & Landscapes. 14: 109–125. doi:10.1353/bdl.2007.0007. S2CID 161702822.
  17. ^ Moosa, Ismail (2014). "Role of Memon Community during the Caliphate Movement". British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 11 (1).
  18. ^ Oishi, Takashi (1999). "Muslim Merchant Capital and the Relief Movement for the Ottoman Empire in India, 1876-1924". Minamiajiakenkyu. 11: 71–103.
  19. ^ "Caste capitalism in Pakistan". The News on Sunday.
  20. ^ Mallampalli, Chandra (2010). "Escaping the Grip of Personal Law in Colonial India: Proving Custom, Negotiating Hindu-ness". Law and History Review. American Society for Legal History. 28 (4): 1060. doi:10.1017/S0738248010000763.
  21. ^ Wajihuddin, Mohammed (12 April 2017). "Humanitarian work marks Memons' Day". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  22. ^ DH (17 April 2007). "KARACHI: 300-bed teaching hospital planned - Newspaper - DAWN.COM". DAWN. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  23. ^ "City Nazim praises services of Memon community". Pakistan Press International. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 13 October 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  24. ^ DH (15 October 2014). "CM wants constitutional path to resolve OGDC issue - Newspaper - DAWN.COM". DAWN. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

External links

Media related to Memon people at Wikimedia Commons

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