Middle Tennessee

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the geographic region of Middle Tennessee. For the university in Murfreesboro, see Middle Tennessee State University. For that university's athletic program, see Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders.
The counties of Middle Tennessee in red

Middle Tennessee is one of the three Grand Divisions of the U.S. state of Tennessee that composes roughly the central portion of the state. It is delineated according to state law as 41 of the state's 95 counties.[1] Middle Tennessee contains the state's capital and largest city, Nashville, as well as Clarksville, the state's fifth largest city, and Murfreesboro, the state's sixth largest city and largest suburb of Nashville. The Nashville metropolitan area, located entirely within the region, is the most populous metropolitan area in the state, and the Clarksville metropolitan area is the state's sixth most populous. Middle Tennessee is both the largest, in terms of land area, and the most populous of the state's three Grand Divisions.

Geographically, Middle Tennessee is composed of the Highland Rim, which completely surrounds the Nashville Basin. The Cumberland Plateau is located in the eastern part of the region. Culturally, Middle Tennessee is considered part of the Upland South.[2] Crops such as cotton and tobacco were first cultivated in the region in the antebellum era, and the world-famous Tennessee Walking Horse was first bred in the region during this time. Middle Tennessee was extremely crucial during the American Civil War, and saw many battles and campaigns. In the 20th century, the Grand Ole Opry cemented Nashville as the home of country music. Since the early 1970s, the region has been transformed by many new economic sectors, including automotive manufacturing, healthcare, finance, technology, tourism, and professional services. Both the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas are among the fastest growing regions in the nation.

History[]

Native Americans and colonization[]

Throughout the past 10,000 years, a number of different Native peoples are believed to have inhabited what is now Middle Tennessee. The region is believed to have been rich in game animals favored by Ice Age hunter-gatherers.[3] During the Mississippian period (1000-1600 AD), Native Americans established chiefdoms and constructed numerous mounds in the region, such as Mound Bottom in Cheatham County and the Castalian Springs site in Sumner County.[4] By the late 17th century, for unknown reasons, there were few Native Americans left in Middle Tennessee, but the Cherokee and the Chickasaw claimed the region as their hunting grounds.[5] Natives that had occupied what is now Middle Tennessee prior to this time may have been wiped out by diseases introduced by European explorers.[4]

Postcard with an illustration of the reconstruciton of Fort Nashborough

The first Europeans to reach what is now Middle Tennessee were probably an expedition in 1540-1541 led by Spanish conquistador Hernando De Soto.[6][7] By the late 17th century, the French had begun to explore the Cumberland River valley in Middle Tennessee. In 1714, a group of French traders constructed a trading post at a site along the Cumberland River in modern-day Nashville that became known as French Lick. These settlers quickly established an extensive fur trading network with the local Native Americans, but by the 1740s the settlement had largely been abandoned.[8] In the 1750s and 1760s, longhunters from Virginia explored much of Middle Tennessee, especially the Cumberland Plateau.[9] In 1779, James Robertson and John Donelson led two groups of settlers from the Washington District in what is now East Tennessee to the French Lick.[10] These settlers constructed Fort Nashborough, which they named for Francis Nash, a brigadier general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.[11] The next year, the settlers signed the Cumberland Compact, which established the Cumberland Association, a representative form of government based on the government known as the Watauga Association that had been established by the settlers of East Tennessee.[12] Fort Nashborough later grew into the city of Nashville, and a number of other settlements were established nearby in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[13] The first settlements in Middle Tennessee became known as the Cumberland Settlements. In 1790, what is now Tennessee became the Southwest Territory, and the settlements in Middle Tennessee were organized into the Mero District, named after Spanish territorial governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró.[14]

In 1795, a survey conducted by the territorial legislature found that the majority of residents of Middle Tennessee were opposed to statehood, while the majority of residents of East Tennessee, of which there were approximately three times more, were in favor.[15][16] Nevertheless, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state the following year. During the antebellum era, a slavery-based agrarian economy took hold in Middle Tennessee, especially in the fertile soils of the Nashville Basin.[17] Planters primarily grew cotton in the Nashville Basin, and tobacco and corn took hold in the Highland Rim.[18] By 1860, slaves composed about 29% of the population of Middle Tennessee. After the election of Abraham Lincoln that year, a majority of Middle Tennesseans voted against the state's ordinance of secession in February 1861, many of whom supported the continuation of slavery, but were skeptical about leaving the Union.

Civil War and Reconstruction[]

The Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864

The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, which started the Civil War, and Lincoln's call for troops in response, resulted in many Middle Tennesseans changing their opinions about secession. In June 1861, Middle Tennessee voted in favor of Tennessee's second ordnance of secession, which resulted in Tennessee joining the Confederate States of America (CSA).[19]

A number of crucial campaigns and battles of the Civil War took place in Middle Tennessee. General Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862 at the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, essentially giving the Union control of Middle Tennessee.[20] Union strength in the area, however, was tested in a series of Confederate offensives beginning in the summer of 1862, which culminated in Union General William Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland routing Confederate General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee at the Battle of Stones River in Murfreesboro in December 1862 and January 1863.[21] This was one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war.[21] The next summer, Rosecrans's Tullahoma campaign forced Bragg's remaining troops in Middle Tennessee to flee to Chattanooga with little fighting.[22] The last major battles in Middle Tennessee occurred during the Franklin–Nashville campaign in the fall of 1864, when the Army of Tennessee under the command of General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully tried to lure Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was conducting the Atlanta campaign in Georgia, back into the region. Hood was defeated at the Battle of Franklin in November, then completely dispersed from the state by General George Thomas at the Battle of Nashville the following month.[23] The United States Colored Troops (USCT) played a major role in this campaign.[23]

During Reconstruction, Middle Tennessee's economy fell into a state of disrepair. The Ku Klux Klan was formed in Pulaski in December 1865 as a vigilante organization to advance the interests of former Confederates.[24] African Americans and their White allies in Middle Tennessee were targeted with acts of violence by former Confederates in the years following the Civil War. In the late 19th century, African Americans began fleeing Middle Tennessee to booming industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest. This mass migration, which occurred in every Southern state and accelerated between 1915 and 1930, became known as the first wave of the Great Migration. Coal mining grew extensively in the Cumberland Plateau in Middle Tennessee in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[25]

Late 19th century to present[]

In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its centennial of statehood one year late with the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition in Nashville.[26] A full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Athens was designed by architect William Crawford Smith and constructed for the celebration, owing to the city's reputation as the "Athens of the South."[27] The site of the exposition is now a city park called Centennial Park.[28]

The worst rail accident in U.S. history occurred on July 9, 1918 in Nashville when two passenger trains collided head on, killing 101 and injuring 171.[29]

The Grand Ole Opry was first broadcast in 1925 in Nashville, and remains the longest running radio program in the nation. This radio program helped cement Nashville as the home of country music.[30]

Since 1970, the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas have been two of the fastest growing regions in the United States. This growth has accelerated since 1990, causing Middle Tennessee to surpass East Tennessee as the most populous of the state's grand divisions in the 2000s. The region's economy has been transformed by new economic sectors, including the automotive,[31] healthcare,[32] banking,[33] technology,[34] and entertainment industries.

Geography[]

Middle Tennessee's principal city is Nashville, which is the state capital and largest city. Other major cities in Middle Tennessee include Clarksville, the state's fifth largest city, and Murfreesboro, which is the state's sixth largest city and the largest suburb of Nashville. The total land area of Middle Tennessee is 17,009.41 square miles (44,054.2 km2), representing 41.27 percent of the state's total land area.

According to custom, Middle Tennessee consists of the portion of the state east of the Tennessee River's western crossing of the state (in which it flows northward back into Tennessee after having flowed through northern Alabama) and west of the dividing line between the Eastern and Central time zones. Exceptions to this rule are that Hardin County, which is bisected by the Tennessee River, is defined by state law to be entirely within West Tennessee and that Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Marion counties are defined as part of East Tennessee despite being in the Central Time Zone. Consequently, Sequatchie County is often considered part of East Tennessee, despite being defined by law as part of Middle Tennessee. Some of the northeastern counties of Middle Tennessee that supported the Union during the American Civil War, including Fentress and Pickett, are sometimes culturally considered part of Middle Tennessee.

The Official Tourism Website of Tennessee has a definition of the eastern border slightly different from the legal definition.[35] The website includes Cumberland County in Middle Tennessee, while excluding Grundy and Sequatchie counties.

Topography[]

Photograph of a cedar glade, a rare ecosystem found in Middle Tennessee
Cedar glades are an extremely rare ecosystem that is found in the Nashville Basin and Highland Rim where limestone bedrock is close to the surface

Most of Middle Tennessee is located within the Highland Rim and Nashville Basin, both of which are part of the Interior Low Plateaus of the larger Interior Plains.[36] The Highland Rim is an elevated plain which completely surrounds the Nashville Basin, a geological dome.[37] Both regions are characterized by porous limestone bedrock which lies close to the surface of the ground. This results in karst, which forms caves, underground streams, sinkholes, and depressions throughout the region.[38] The Highland Rim is often divided into eastern and western halves. The Eastern Highland Rim is relatively flat, with gentle rolling hills, and the eastern Nashville Basin has similar terrain, but is dotted with more distinct hills in places. The western Nashville Basin and Western Highland Rim are more rugged, consisting of irregular knob-like hills separated by steep ravines and crooked stream valleys.[37] The eastern Highland Rim has a higher average elevation, however, than the western portion.[37] The eastern portion of Middle Tennessee consists of the western portion of the Cumberland Plateau, part of the larger Appalachian Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains.[39] The Cumberland Plateau has an average elevation of 2,000 feet (610 m), and is characterized by flat-topped tablelands separated by long, crooked stream valleys and rocky cliffs with numerous waterfalls.[40][41] Middle Tennessee's highest elevation, at 2,382 feet (726 m), is found on the Cumberland Plateau in Grundy County.[42]

Counties[]

Under the most common definition, there are 41 counties in Middle Tennessee:

  • Bedford
  • Cannon
  • Cheatham
  • Clay
  • Coffee
  • Davidson
  • DeKalb
  • Dickson
  • Fentress
  • Franklin
  • Giles
  • Grundy
  • Hickman
  • Houston
  • Humphreys
  • Jackson
  • Lawrence
  • Lewis
  • Lincoln
  • Macon
  • Marshall
  • Maury
  • Montgomery
  • Moore
  • Overton
  • Perry
  • Pickett
  • Putnam
  • Robertson
  • Rutherford
  • Sequatchie
  • Smith
  • Stewart
  • Sumner
  • Trousdale
  • Van Buren
  • Warren
  • Wayne
  • White
  • Williamson
  • Wilson

Population and demographics[]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
17907,042—
180032,183357.0%
1810160,360398.3%
1820290,67481.3%
1830381,89231.4%
1840419,1299.8%
1850483,17915.3%
1860504,4314.4%
1870558,33610.7%
1880661,87018.5%
1890708,5847.1%
1900778,1929.8%
1910803,6723.3%
1920828,3823.1%
1930868,3964.8%
1940956,65910.2%
19501,023,9947.0%
19601,105,1387.9%
19701,236,61411.9%
19801,510,07722.1%
19901,684,82511.6%
20002,081,34623.5%
20102,455,91118.0%
20202,883,08617.4%
Source: 1910–2020[43]

Middle Tennessee is the largest in area and most populated of the state's three Grand Divisions. At the 2020 census it had 2,883,086 inhabitants living in its 41 counties, an increase of 427,175, or 17.39%, over the 2010 figure of 2,455,911 inhabitants.[44] This represented the region's largest net population increase in history.[43] Its population was 41.72 percent of the state's total. Its population density was 169.50 square miles (439.0 km2) inhabitants per square mile at the 2010 census, making it the second-most densely populated Grand Division, behind East Tennessee. Prior to the 2010 census, Middle Tennessee was the second-most populous of the state's Grand Divisions, behind East Tennessee.

Economy[]

A diversity of sectors drives Middle Tennessee's economy, including music and entertainment, automotive manufacturing, healthcare, and technology. The region's economy is reportedly one of the fastest growing in the United States.[45]

Music and entertainment[]

Nicknamed "Music City", Nashville is perhaps best known as the home of country music. The Big Three record labels, as well as numerous independent labels, have offices in Nashville, mostly in the Music Row area.[46] Today, Nashville is the second-largest music recording center, behind New York City.[47] Nashville's music industry is estimated to have a total economic impact of about $10 billion per year and to contribute approximately 56,000 jobs to the Nashville area.[48]

Business[]

The largest service industry in Middle Tennessee is healthcare. More than 300 healthcare firms are based in the Nashville area, including Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), the world's largest private operator of hospitals, Community Health Systems, the largest provider of general hospital services in the United States, Envision Healthcare, Vanguard Health Systems, Ardent Health Services, and LifePoint Health.[49][50] Other important business sectors in the region include banking, finance, insurance, and publishing. The technology sector is also rapidly becoming an important aspect of Middle Tennessee's economy, with such tech giants as Amazon and Oracle pledging investments in the area in 2018 and 2021, respectively, that are expected to employ thousands.[34][51][52] Other major corporations headquartered in Middle Tennessee include Caterpillar Inc. in Nashville, Acadia Senior Living in Franklin, Dollar General in Goodlettsville, Tractor Supply Company and Delek US in Brentwood, and Cracker Barrel in Lebanon.[53]

Industry[]

Automotive manufacturing is the largest manufacturing sector in Middle Tennessee.[54] Nissan operates an assembly plant in Smyrna, which is the largest automotive assembly plant in north America, and also operates an engine plant in Decherd.[55] General Motors operates an assembly plant in Spring Hill that was formerly the sole manufacturing facility for Saturn Corporation. Nissan relocated its North American headquarters from California to Franklin in 2005,[56] and Mitsubishi Motors did the same in 2019.[57] Bridgestone has its North American corporate headquarters in Nashville, and operates manufacturing facilities throughout the region. Middle Tennessee is home to several automotive parts suppliers scattered throughout the region.[54] Other products manufactured in Middle Tennessee include processed foods, consumer electronics, electrical equipment, computer products, chemicals, and firearms.[58]

Agriculture[]

Soybeans and tobacco are grown throughout Middle Tennessee, and beef cattle is raised throughout the region. Middle Tennessee is perhaps best known for its horticultural products and for being a prime breeding ground for horses. Warren County is one of the top producers of nursery products in the nation, and is nicknamed the "Nursery Capitol of the World".[59] The soils of the Nashville Basin reportedly produce grasses which are favorable to horses, and as a result, the region is a top equestrian location. The Tennessee Walking Horse was first bred in the region in the late 18th century and is today one of the most recognized horse breeds in the world.[60] The Cumberland Plateau is a major source of timber, and reportedly ranks as one of the top producers of hardwood in the country.[61]

Energy[]

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provides electric power to Middle Tennessee. TVA operates coal and gas fired plants in the region, including the Cumberland Fossil Plant, Gallatin Fossil Plant, and the Johnsonville Combustion Turbine Plant, as well as several hydroelectric dams. In addition, TVA also purchases power from dams on the Cumberland River and its tributaries operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.[62][63] The largest provider of power to the region, however, is the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in northern Alabama, the second-largest nuclear plant in the United States.[64]

Tourism[]

Ryman Auditorium, known as the "Mother Church of Country Music"

Tourism plays a major role in Middle Tennessee's economy. Nashville has the largest tourism economy in the state, and contains many attractions, mostly related to its musical heritage.[65] Top attractions in the region include the Grand Ole Opry, Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Ryman Auditorium, Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, Johnny Cash Museum, National Museum of African American Music, Frist Art Museum, The Parthenon, the Tennessee State Museum, and Jack Daniel's Distillery. A number of antebellum residences are preserved in the region, including The Hermitage, the home of Andrew Jackson, the Belle Meade Plantation, and several homes in Franklin. The National Park Service preserves two Civil War battlefields in Middle Tennessee: Fort Donelson National Battlefield near Dover, and Stones River National Battlefield in Murfreesboro. In addition, the American Battlefield Trust operates the Franklin Battlefield. The Natchez Trace Parkway begins in Nashville, and runs through the southwestern part of Middle Tennessee. In addition, the state operates many state parks in Middle Tennessee that preserve historic sites and natural features of the region.

Education[]

Middle Tennessee has an abundance of institutions of higher learning—most notably Vanderbilt, Belmont, Lipscomb, and Tennessee State universities in Nashville and Tennessee Tech University in Cookeville. Other prominent universities are Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, the University of the South in Sewanee, Cumberland University in Lebanon, and Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, which is the state's second-largest institution of higher learning, just behind the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.

Legal structure[]

Unlike the geographic designations of regions of most U.S. states, the term Middle Tennessee has legal as well as socioeconomic meaning.[66] Middle Tennessee, West Tennessee, and East Tennessee are the state's three Grand Divisions. According to the Tennessee State Constitution, no more than two of the state supreme court's five justices can come from any one Grand Division. The Supreme Court rotates meeting in courthouses in each of the three divisions. The Supreme Court building for Middle Tennessee is in Nashville. A similar rule applies to certain other commissions and boards, in order to prevent a geographic bias.[67]

Health care[]

See also: List of hospitals in Middle Tennessee

Climate[]

  • v
Climate data for Nashville (Nashville Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1871−present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 78
(26) 		84
(29) 		89
(32) 		91
(33) 		96
(36) 		109
(43) 		107
(42) 		106
(41) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		88
(31) 		79
(26) 		109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 68
(20) 		73
(23) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		97
(36) 		97
(36) 		93
(34) 		86
(30) 		78
(26) 		70
(21) 		98
(37)
Average high °F (°C) 49.1
(9.5) 		53.8
(12.1) 		62.7
(17.1) 		72.6
(22.6) 		80.4
(26.9) 		87.7
(30.9) 		90.9
(32.7) 		90.4
(32.4) 		84.4
(29.1) 		73.5
(23.1) 		61.4
(16.3) 		52.2
(11.2) 		71.6
(22.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 39.6
(4.2) 		43.4
(6.3) 		51.5
(10.8) 		60.8
(16.0) 		69.3
(20.7) 		77.1
(25.1) 		80.7
(27.1) 		79.7
(26.5) 		73.1
(22.8) 		61.7
(16.5) 		50.3
(10.2) 		42.7
(5.9) 		60.8
(16.0)
Average low °F (°C) 30.1
(−1.1) 		33.0
(0.6) 		40.2
(4.6) 		48.9
(9.4) 		58.3
(14.6) 		66.4
(19.1) 		70.5
(21.4) 		69.0
(20.6) 		61.8
(16.6) 		49.9
(9.9) 		39.2
(4.0) 		33.3
(0.7) 		50.1
(10.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 11
(−12) 		15
(−9) 		23
(−5) 		33
(1) 		43
(6) 		55
(13) 		62
(17) 		60
(16) 		47
(8) 		33
(1) 		24
(−4) 		17
(−8) 		9
(−13)
Record low °F (°C) −17
(−27) 		−13
(−25) 		2
(−17) 		23
(−5) 		34
(1) 		42
(6) 		51
(11) 		47
(8) 		36
(2) 		26
(−3) 		−1
(−18) 		−10
(−23) 		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.02
(102) 		4.47
(114) 		4.52
(115) 		4.72
(120) 		5.02
(128) 		4.36
(111) 		4.16
(106) 		3.79
(96) 		3.80
(97) 		3.36
(85) 		3.86
(98) 		4.43
(113) 		50.51
(1,283)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 2.0
(5.1) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.7
(1.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.4
(1.0) 		4.7
(12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.6 10.7 10.3 9.4 7.8 8.4 9.0 11.4 123.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.0 1.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 5.5
Average relative humidity (%) 70.4 68.5 64.6 63.2 69.5 70.4 72.8 73.1 73.7 69.4 70.2 71.4 69.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 139.6 145.2 191.3 231.5 261.8 277.7 279.0 262.1 226.4 216.8 148.1 130.6 2,510.1
Percent possible sunshine 45 48 52 59 60 64 63 63 61 62 48 43 56
Average ultraviolet index 2 4 6 7 9 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[68][69][70]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV index)[71]

The weather in Nashville is a decent mix of extremes. Plenty of sunshine in the summer, and crisp, cold air throughout the winter.

Transportation[]

Roads[]

Interstate 40 (I-40) traverses Middle Tennessee in an east to west alignment, passing through Nashville and its suburbs to the east. Interstate 65 (I-65) runs north to south through the region, serving Nashville and its suburbs to the north and south, including Brentwood, Franklin, and Spring Hill. Interstate 24 (I-24) enters the region in Clarksville and runs in a southeast to northwest alignment, passing through Nashville and its southeastern suburbs of La Vergne, Smyrna, and Murfreesboro, before exiting the region in the southeast. I-440 serves as a bypass around downtown Nashville, and I-840 is an outer bypass around Nashville, passing though suburban counties to the south. Other important freeways in Middle Tennessee include State Route 155 (SR 155/Briley Parkway), a northern bypass around downtown Nashville, Ellington Parkway, part of U.S. Route 31E (US 31E) in Nashville, SR 386 (Vietnam Veterans Boulevard), which serves Nashville's northwestern suburbs of Hendersonville and Gallatin, and SR 396 (Saturn Parkway), which connects Spring Hill and its General Motors plant to I-65. Middle Tennessee also has several other important corridors that are part of the National Highway System (NHS), including U.S. Routes 43, 64, 70S, 79, and 231, and State Routes 55 and 111.[72][73]

Air, rail, and water[]

Interior of the terminal of the Nashville International Airport

Nashville International Airport (BNA) is the region's primary airport and the busiest airport in Tennessee.[74] The Music City Star is a commuter rail service that serves Nashville and its eastern suburbs of Mt. Juliet and Lebanon.[75] CSX Transportation operates most freight trackage in Middle Tennessee, and runs a classification yard in Nashville called Radnor Yard.[76] Both the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers are navigable in Middle Tennessee.[77]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Nashville were kept at downtown from May 1871 to December 1939, and at Nashville Int'l since January 1940. For more information, see Threadex

References[]

  1. ^ "Tennessee Blue Book 2015-2016" (PDF). sos.tn.gov. Nashville: Tennessee Secretary of State. 2015. p. 639. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  2. ^ Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. (2003). The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape. Center for American Places. p. 9. ISBN 9781930066083. Retrieved June 13, 2021 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Satz, Ronald (1979). Tennessee's Indian Peoples. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p. 3-4. ISBN 978-0-87049-285-3 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Satz (1979), pp. 8–11
  5. ^ Satz (1979), p. 14
  6. ^ Corlew 1981, pp. 25–26.
  7. ^ Langsdon 2000, p. 4-5.
  8. ^ Albright 1909, pp. 18–19.
  9. ^ Finger 2001, pp. 40–42.
  10. ^ Corlew 1981, pp. 53.
  11. ^ Albright 1909, pp. 49–50.
  12. ^ Albright 1909, pp. 68–72.
  13. ^ "Founding of Nashville". Nashville Metropolitan Government Archives. Nashville Public Library. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  14. ^ Albright 1909, pp. 152–154.
  15. ^ Langsdon 2000, p. 22.
  16. ^ Corlew 1981, p. 95.
  17. ^ Corlew 1981, pp. 209–212.
  18. ^ Lamon 1980, pp. 9–12.
  19. ^ Corlew 1981, p. 294.
  20. ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 24–30.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Connelly 1979, pp. 54–65.
  22. ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 65–68.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Corlew 1981, pp. 314–315.
  24. ^ Coulter, E. Merton (1999). William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-050-4. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ Lamon 1980, pp. 75–80.
  26. ^ Official Guide To The Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition and City of Nashville. Nashville: Marshall & Bruce. 1897. doi:10.5479/sil.999616.39088016962151. Retrieved May 23, 2021 – via Smithsonian Libraries.
  27. ^ Corlew 1981, pp. 411–414.
  28. ^ Coleman, Christopher K. (Fall 1990). "From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 49 (3): 140. JSTOR 42626877.
  29. ^ Coggins, Allen R. (January 15, 2012). Tennessee Tragedies: Natural, Technological, and Societal Disasters in the Volunteer State. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-57233-829-6. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2012 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ "Grand Ole Opry". National Radio Hall of Fame. National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program
  31. ^ Grigsby, Karen (March 27, 2018). "Tennessee's huge auto industry: 7 things you may not know". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  32. ^ Haggard, Amanda (September 13, 2018). "How Nashville Changed Health Care for the Nation". Nashville Scene. Nashville, TN. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  33. ^ McGee, Jamie (June 18, 2018). "Big financial companies increasingly choosing Nashville". The Tennessean. Nashville, TN. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Layden, Melanie (April 6, 2021). "Booming tech industry in Middle Tennessee". WSMV-TV. Nashville. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  35. ^ Official Tourism Website of Tennessee
  36. ^ Safford, James M. (1869). Geology of Tennessee. Nashville: S.C. Mercer. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-1-4585-0040-3 – via Google Books.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b c Safford (1869), pp. 83–85, 98–100
  38. ^ Moore, Harry; Drumm, Eric G. "Karst Geology in Tennessee" (PDF). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  39. ^ "Geology and History of the Cumberland Plateau" (PDF). nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  40. ^ Maertens, Thomas Brock (June 10, 1980). The Relationship of Maintenance Costs to Terrain and Climate on Interstate 40 in Tennessee (PDF) (MSc). The University of Tennessee. Docket ADA085221. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  41. ^ Moore, Harry (1994). A Geologic Trip Across Tennessee by Interstate 40. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 68–72. ISBN 9780870498329. Retrieved May 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
  42. ^ "Tennessee County High Points". Peakbagger. November 1, 2004. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  44. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
  45. ^ Strauss, Karsten (August 9, 2017). "The 10 Big U.S. Cities With the Fastest-Growing Economies". Forbes.
  46. ^ "Country Music Labels". ClubNashville.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007.
  47. ^ "Hoedown on a Harpsichord". Time. November 14, 1960. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  48. ^ "Nashville Music Industry: Impact, Contribution and Cluster Analysis" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of America. September 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  49. ^ Hill, Melanie (September 12, 2011). "Nashville's Health-Care Industry has Great Prognosis". Businessclimate.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  50. ^ Genova, Jane (December 17, 2010). "Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) has 4,000 Job Openings". AOL Jobs. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011.
  51. ^ "Amazon's Operations Center bringing 5K jobs to Nashville". WTVF. November 13, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  52. ^ Gonzalez, Tony (April 14, 2021). "Oracle Pitches Nashville On Record-Setting 8,500-Person Tech Hub". WPLN-FM. Nashville: Nashville Public Radio. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  53. ^ Kolmar, Chris (June 7, 2021). "The 100 Largest Companies in Tennessee For 2021". zippia.com. Zippia.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b Grigsby, Karen (March 27, 2018). "Tennessee's huge auto industry: 7 things you may not know". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  55. ^ "Who makes the most cars in North America? Who has the largest auto factory in the U.S.? Don't be embarrassed, few get it right". DailyKanban. 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  56. ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (November 10, 2005). "Nissan to Move U.S. Headquarters to Tennessee". The New York Times.
  57. ^ McGee, Jamie; West, Emily R. (June 25, 2019). "Mitsubishi North America to move headquarters to Nashville area". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  58. ^ "Advanced Manufacturing" (PDF). nashvillechamber.com. Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  59. ^ Mozo, Jessica (February 10, 2012). "McMinnville, Tennessee: Nursery Capital of the World". Tennessee Home & Farm (Winter 2011-12). Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  60. ^ "Tennessee Walking Horse". International Museum of the Horse. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  61. ^ Ummey Honey (2019). Economic Impacts of Forestry and Forest Product Industries in Tennessee (Report). Tennessee State University. AAI22585121. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  62. ^ Clem, Clayton L.; Nelson, Jeffrey H. (October 2010). The TVA Transmission System: Facts, Figures and Trends (PDF) (Report). Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application. Retrieved 2021-04-18 – via Zenodo.
  63. ^ "Our Power System". tva.gov. Tennessee Valley Authority. 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  64. ^ Popovich, Nadja; Plumer, Brad (October 28, 2020). "How Does Your State Make Electricity?". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  65. ^ 2019 Economic Impact of Travel on Tennessee (PDF) (Report). Tennessee Department of Toursit Development. August 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  66. ^ Tennessee Department of State, A History of Tennessee, Tennessee Blue Book, 2005-2006.
  67. ^ Tennessee State Constitution
  68. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  69. ^ "Station: NASHVILLE INTL AP, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  70. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for NASHVILLE/METRO ARPT TN 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  71. ^ "Nashville, Tennessee, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  72. ^ 2020 Official Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  73. ^ National Highway System : Tennessee (PDF) (Map). Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration. September 30, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  74. ^ "Nashville, TN: Nashville Metropolitan (BNA)". United States Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  75. ^ "A Star is born: Nashville commuter trains to begin Sept. 18". Trains. August 31, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  76. ^ "Freight Rail in Your State". aar.org. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Railroads. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  77. ^ Economic Impact of Tennessee's Inland Waterways (PDF) (Report). National Waterways Foundation. 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-25.

Bibliography[]

External links[]

Coordinates: 35°48′N 86°36′W / 35.8°N 86.6°W / 35.8; -86.6

Retrieved from ""