Practolol

Practolol
Clinical data
ATC code	C07AB01 (WHO) ;
Identifiers
	show IUPAC name
CAS Number	6673-35-4 ;
PubChem CID	4883;
IUPHAR/BPS	555;
DrugBank	DB01297 ;
ChemSpider	4715 ;
UNII	SUG9176GRW;
KEGG	D05587 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:258351 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL6995 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0021179 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.027.012
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H22N2O3
Molar mass	266.341 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	show SMILES
	show InChI
	(what is this?)

Practolol (Eraldin, Dalzic, Praktol, Cardiol, Pralon, Cordialina, Eraldina, Teranol) is a selective beta blocker (beta-1 blocker) that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propranolol.^{[citation needed]} After its introduction, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, conjunctival scarring, fibrosis, metaplasia, and shrinkage developed in 27 patients as an adverse reaction to practolol. Rashes, nasal and mucosal ulceration, fibrous or plastic peritonitis, pleurisy, cochlear damage, and secretory otitis media also occurred in some cases.^{[citation needed]} Three patients suffered profound visual loss though most retained good vision. Symptoms and signs improved on withdrawal of the drug, but reduction of tear secretion persisted in most patients. (British Medical Journal, March 15, 1975)

History[]

The compound was studied by scientists at the Research Department of the ICI Pharmaceuticals Division in Alderley Park with physiologists at the University of Leeds in the early 1970s when it was known as compound ICI 66082; they utilised dogs, cats and rats in their investigations. Earlier research had also been carried out as early as 1967 on this and similar molecules by other research teams also with ICI.^[1]^[2]

Side effects[]

Side effects are similar to those of other beta blockers, such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac failure, cold extremities, fatigue and depression, hypoglycaemia.^[3]

Furthermore, chronic use of practolol may cause oculomucocutaneous syndrome,^[3] a severe syndrome whose signs include conjunctivitis sicca and , otitis and . This syndrome has not been observed with other such beta blockers.^[4]

Ban[]

This drug has been withdrawn from the market in India.^[5]

Synthesis[]

The part of the structure coming from (1) is based on paracetamol.

Practolol synthesis:^[6] Howe, Smith, NL 6512676; eidem, U.S. Patent 3,408,387 (1966, 1968, to I.C.I.).

A synthesis is available which relates the absolute configuration of the more potent optical isomer to (+)-lactic acid. The glycerol derivative (2) is available from D-mannitol and retains optical activity as the two 1° alcohol functions are differentially protected. Displacement with sodium p-acetamidophenoxide (1, deprotonated paracetamol) gives 3 which is deprotected with dilute acid, the primary alcohol function is selectively reacted with one molar equivalent of tosyl chloride and pyridine, then treated with NaOH in dimethylsulfoxide to yield 3. Epoxide opening with isopropylamine leads to optically active prolactolol (4).^{[citation needed]}

References[]

^ Barrett AM, Carter J, Fitzgerald JD, Hull R, Le Count D (June 1973). "A new type of cardioselective adrenoceptive blocking drug". British Journal of Pharmacology. 48 (2): 340P. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb06921.x. PMC 1776195. PMID 4147428.
^ Dunlop D, Shanks RG (January 1968). "Selective blockade of adrenoceptive beta receptors in the heart". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 32 (1): 201–18. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00444.x. PMC 1570292. PMID 4384337.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Flower R, Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (2007). Rang & Dale's pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06911-6.
^ "Nadolol". rxmed.com. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ "Drugs banned in India". Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
^ Danilewicz JC, Kemp JE (February 1973). "Absolute configuration by asymmetric synthesis of (+)-1-(4-acetamidophenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-propan-z-ol (practolol)". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (2): 168–9. doi:10.1021/jm00260a020. PMID 4405110.

External links[]

Scientific information / studies

General information

Diseases Database (DDB): 10479

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[1] Barrett AM, Carter J, Fitzgerald JD, Hull R, Le Count D (June 1973). "A new type of cardioselective adrenoceptive blocking drug". British Journal of Pharmacology. 48 (2): 340P. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb06921.x. PMC 1776195. PMID 4147428.

[2] Dunlop D, Shanks RG (January 1968). "Selective blockade of adrenoceptive beta receptors in the heart". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 32 (1): 201–18. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00444.x. PMC 1570292. PMID 4384337.

[Rang&Dale6th-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Flower R, Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (2007). Rang & Dale's pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06911-6.

[4] "Nadolol". rxmed.com. Retrieved 1 July 2010.

[ban-5] "Drugs banned in India". Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2013-09-17.

[6] Danilewicz JC, Kemp JE (February 1973). "Absolute configuration by asymmetric synthesis of (+)-1-(4-acetamidophenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-propan-z-ol (practolol)". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (2): 168–9. doi:10.1021/jm00260a020. PMID 4405110.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

show v t Beta blockers (C07)
β, non-selective	Alprenolol Bopindolol Bupranolol Carteolol Cloranolol Mepindolol Nadolol Oxprenolol Penbutolol Pindolol/Iodopindolol Propranolol^# Sotalol Tertatolol Timolol^#
β₁-selective	Acebutolol Atenolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol^# Celiprolol Epanolol Esmolol Landiolol Metoprolol Nebivolol Practolol Talinolol
β₂-selective	Butaxamine
α₁- + β-selective	Arotinolol Carvedilol Labetalol
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III

Clinical data

ATC code	C07AB01 (WHO)
Identifiers
show IUPAC name (RS)-N-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy]phenyl}acetamide
CAS Number	6673-35-4^Y
PubChem CID	4883
IUPHAR/BPS	555
DrugBank	DB01297^Y
ChemSpider	4715^Y
UNII	SUG9176GRW
KEGG	D05587^N
ChEBI	CHEBI:258351^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL6995^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0021179
ECHA InfoCard	100.027.012
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₃
Molar mass	266.341 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
show SMILES O=C(Nc1ccc(OCC(O)CNC(C)C)cc1)C
show InChI InChI=1S/C14H22N2O3/c1-10(2)15-8-13(18)9-19-14-6-4-12(5-7-14)16-11(3)17/h4-7,10,13,15,18H,8-9H2,1-3H3,(H,16,17)^Y Key:DURULFYMVIFBIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
^NY (what is this?)