Sacred lotus in religious art

The lotus, Nelumbo nucifera

The lotus, Nelumbo nucifera, is an aquatic plant that plays a central role in the art of Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

In Asian art a lotus throne is a stylized lotus flower used as the seat or base for a figure. It is the normal pedestal for divine figures in Buddhist art and Hindu art, and often seen in Jain art. Originating in Indian art, it followed Indian religions to East Asia in particular.

Confucianism[]

In Chinese culture, Confucian scholar Zhou Dunyi 1017–1073) wrote:

I love the lotus because while growing from mud, it is unstained.

Chinese: 予獨愛蓮之出淤泥而不染。^[1]

The lotus is the emblem of Macau and appears on its flag.^[2]

Hinduism[]

The Hindu goddess Lakshmi holding and standing on a lotus, Raja Ravi Varma; modern.

Hindus revere it with the divinities Vishnu and Lakshmi often portrayed on a pink lotus in iconography; historically, many deities namely Brahma, Saraswati, Lakshmi, Kubera usually sit on a stylized lotus throne. In the representation of Vishnu as Padmanabha (Lotus navel), a lotus issues from his navel Brahma on it. The goddess Saraswati is portrayed on a white-colored lotus. The lotus is the symbol of what is divine or immortal in humanity, and is also a symbol of divine perfection. The lotus is the attribute of sun and fire gods. It symbolizes the realization of inner potential and in Tantric and Yogic traditions the lotus symbolizes the potential of an individual to harness the flow of energy moving through the chakras (often depicted as wheel like lotuses) flowering as the thousand -petaled lotus of enlightenment at the top of the skull.^[3]

Vishnu is often described as the "Lotus-Eyed One" (Pundarikaksha).^[4] The lotus's unfolding petals suggest the expansion of the soul. The growth of its pure beauty from the mud of its origin holds a benign spiritual promise. In Hindu iconography, other deities, like Ganga and Ganesha are often depicted with lotus flowers as their seats.

The lotus plant is cited extensively within Puranic and Vedic literature, for example:

One who performs his duty without attachment, surrendering the results unto the Supreme Lord, is unaffected by sinful action, as the lotus is untouched by water.

— Bhagavad Gita 5.10:

Buddhism[]

The boy Buddha rising up from a lotus. Crimson and gilded wood, Trần-Hồ dynasty, Vietnam, 14th-15th century

In the Aṅguttara Nikāya, the Buddha compares himself to a lotus (in Pali, paduma),^[5] saying that the lotus flower raises from the muddy water unstained, as he raises from this world, free from the defilements taught in the specific sutta.^[6][7]

In Buddhist symbolism, the lotus represents purity of the body, speech and mind, as if floating above the murky waters of material attachment and physical desire. According to legend, Gautama Buddha's first steps made lotus flowers appear everywhere he stepped.^[8] In Tibet, Padmasambhava, the Lotus-Born, is considered the Second Buddha, having brought Buddhism to that country by conquering or converting local deities; he is normally depicted holding a flower.^[9] Lotus thrones are the normal pedestal for most important figures in Buddhist art.

Jainism[]

The founders (tirthankaras) of Jainism are portrayed seated or standing on lotus thrones.^[10] As his name suggests, the Jain tirthankara Padmaprabha is also represented by the symbol of a lotus. Padmaprabha means 'bright as a red lotus' in Sanskrit. It is said in Śvetāmbara sources that his mother had a fancy for a couch of red lotuses – padma – while he was in her womb.^[11]

Manichaeism[]

From left-to-right, Mani, Zoroaster, Shakyamuni, and Jesus depicted seated atop lotus flowers.

Chinese Manichaeism borrowed the iconography of Chinese Buddhism, frequently depicting religious figures revered in Manichaeism seated upon lotus thrones in its religious art.

Christianity[]

Since the introduction of Christianity to India, the iconography of the Saint Thomas Christians has depicted the Saint Thomas Christian cross, also called the Persian cross, atop a stylised lotus flower. Likewise, following the introduction of Christianity to China by the Church of the East, the Nestorian cross was frequently depicted atop a lotus flower in Chinese Christian iconography.

Baháʼí Faith[]

The international Baháʼí Faith community adopted the symbolism of the lotus in the design of the Lotus Temple in New Delhi, India.^[12]

Cultural[]

In the classical written and oral literature of many Asian cultures the lotus is present in figurative form, representing elegance, beauty, perfection, purity and grace, being often used in poems and songs as an allegory for ideal feminine attributes. In Sanskrit the word lotus (पद्म padma) has many synonyms: since the lotus thrives on water, ja (denoting birth) is added to words for water to derive synonyms for lotus, like rajiv, ambuja (ambu (water) + ja (born of)), neerja (neera (water) + ja (born of)), pankaj, pankaja, kamal, kamala, kunala, aravind, arvind, nalin, nalini and saroja and names derived from the lotus, like padmavati (possessing lotuses) or padmini (full of lotuses). These names and derived versions are often used to name girls, and to a lesser extent boys, throughout South and Southeast Asia.^[13][14]

The lotus flower is the state flower of several Indian states, including Karnataka, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.^[15] The lotus flower is the election symbol of the Bharatiya Janata Party, one of the two major political parties in India.^[16]

See also[]

• Lotus position
• Ashtamangala (Eight Auspicious Symbols)
• Om mani padme hum - "the jewel in the lotus"

References[]

Further reading[]

• Dallapiccola, Anna L. (2002). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
• Lawlor, Robert (1991). Voices Of The First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 0-89281-355-5.
• Shakti, M. Gupta (1971). Plant Myths and Traditions in India. Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 65–67.

External links[]

• Media related to Padma (attribute) at Wikimedia Commons