Sahih al-Bukhari

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Sahih al-Bukhari

Author	Muhammad al-Bukhari
Language	Arabic
Series	Kutub al-Sittah
Subject	Hadith
Genre	Hadith collection
Publication date	9th century
ISBN	978-1567445190
OCLC	47899632
Text	Sahih al-Bukhari at Wikisource

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Sahih al-Bukhari

Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (Arabic: صحيح البخاري‎, Ṣaḥīḥ may be translated as "authentic"^[1] or "sound." ^[2]) ^[3] is the common name for al-Bukhari's The Authentic, Abridged, Chain-Supported Collection Regarding Matters Pertaining to the Messenger of God, His Traditions, and His Times.^[4] Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī is one of the six major hadith collections of Sunni Islam (kutub al-sittah). It was believed compiled by Persian scholar Muhammad al-Bukhari around 846 CE / 232 AH.

The (ʿilm al-rijāl; lit 'Knowledge of Men') refers to the discipline of biographical evaluation within Islamic hadith studies in which the narrators of hadith are evaluated to establish their credibility using both historic and religious knowledge. The aim is to distinguish authentic and reliable hadiths from unreliable.^[5] Sunni Muslims view this as one of the two most trusted collections of hadith along with Sahih Muslim.^[6][7]

Sahih al-Bukhari, together with Sahih Muslim is known as Sahihayn. There are total 34,126 Hadiths^{[clarification needed]}

Actual title[]

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According to Ibn al-Salah (d.1245), the book is entitled: al-Jaami’ al-Ṣaḥīḥ al-Musnad al-Mukhtasar min Umuri Rasooli-llahi wa sunanihi wa Ayyaamihi (The Authentic, Abridged, Chain-Supported Collection Regarding Matters Pertaining to the Messenger of Allah, His Traditions, and His Times).^[8] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d.1449) mentioned the same title, replacing the word umur (English: matters) with hadith.^[9]

Overview[]

It is reported that Bukhari traveled widely throughout the Abbasid Caliphate from the age of 16, collecting those traditions he thought trustworthy. He devoted 16 years to sifting the hadiths he included in his Sahih from a collection of nearly 600,000 narrations.^[10] Sources differ on the exact number of hadiths in Bukhari's Sahih, depending on whether a hadith is defined as a Prophetic tradition or a narration of that tradition. Experts, in general, have estimated the number of full-isnad narration at 7,563, and without considerations to repetitions or different versions of the same report, the number of Prophetic traditions reduces to approximately 2,602.^[10] At the time when Bukhari saw the earlier works and conveyed them, he found them, in their presentation, combining between what would be considered sahih (correct) and hasan (good) and that many of them included daʻīf (weak) hadith. This aroused his interest in compiling hadith whose authenticity was beyond doubt. What further strengthened his resolve was something his teacher, hadith scholar Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Hanthalee – better known as Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh – had told him. "We were with Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh who said, If only you would compile a book of only authentic narrations of the Prophet.' This suggestion remained in my heart so I began compiling the Sahih." Bukhari also said, "I saw the Prophet in a dream and it was as if I was standing in front of him. In my hand was a fan with which I was protecting him. I asked some dream interpreters, who said to me, 'You will protect him from lies.' This is what compelled me to produce the Sahih."^[11]

Sahih al-Bukhari contains around 2,600 ahadith without repetitions and 7,563 ahadith with repetitions.^{[12][citation needed]} It is an important book in Islamic literature. It is the first book to only include the ahadith without interpretations of the companions (ra) and their successors. Al-Bukhari is considered to be the most authentic source of Hadith.

The book is divided into a variety of chapters covering a range of issue regarding Fiqh as well as other subjects. It covers almost all aspects of life in providing proper guidance of Islam such as the method of performing prayers and other actions of worship directly from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Bukhari finished his work around 846/232 AH, and spent the last twenty-four years of his life visiting other cities and scholars, teaching the hadith he had collected. In every city that Bukhari visited, thousands of people would gather in the main mosque to listen to him recite traditions. In reply to Western academic doubts as to the actual date and authorship of the book that bears his name, scholars point out that notable hadith scholars of that time, such as Ahmad ibn Hanbal (855 CE/241 AH), Yahya ibn Ma'in (847 CE/233 AH), and Ali ibn al-Madini (848 CE/234 AH), accepted the authenticity of his book^[13] and that the collection's immediate fame makes it unlikely that it could have been revised after the author's death without historical record.

During this period of twenty-four years, al-Bukhari made minor revisions to his book, notably the chapter headings. Each version is named by its narrator. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his book Nukat asserts the number of hadiths is the same in each version. The most famous one today is the version narrated by (d. 932 CE/320 AH), a trusted student of Bukhari, from which all printed editions derive today. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi in his book History of Baghdad quoted Firabri as saying: "About seventy thousand people heard Sahih Bukhari with me".

Firabri is not the only transmitter of Sahih al-Bukhari. Many others narrated the book to later generations, such as Ibrahim ibn Ma'qal (d. 907 CE/295 AH), (d. 923 CE/311 AH), (d. 931 CE/319 AH) and (d. 941 CE/330 AH). There are many books that noted differences between these versions, the best known being Fath al-Bari.

Much later, Muhammad Fuad Abdul Baqi numbered Bukhari's hadiths 1–7563, and its books 1–97. Hadiths may be cited by book name, chapter name, and narrator name; by Baqi's hadith number ("Bukhari 3894"); or by Baqi's book number plus the hadith's offset ("Bukhari 34.176"). The popular USC-MSA English hadith numbering system of volume number, book number, hadith number ("Bukhari Vol. 4 Book 56 Hadith 791") contains many errors, does not correspond to any printed edition, and is now deprecated.

Distinctive features[]

Amin Ahsan Islahi, the Islamic scholar, has listed three outstanding qualities of Sahih al-Bukhari:^{[14][non-primary source needed]}

1. Quality and soundness of the chain of narrators of the selected ahādīth. Muhammad al-Bukhari has followed two principal criteria for selecting sound narratives. First, the lifetime of a narrator should overlap with the lifetime of the authority from whom he narrates. Second, it should be verifiable that narrators have met with their source persons. They should also expressly state that they obtained the narrative from these authorities. This is a stricter criterion than that set by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj.
2. Muhammad al-Bukhari accepted the narratives from only those who, according to his knowledge, not only believed in Islam but practiced its teachings. Thus, he has not accepted narratives from the Murjites.
3. The particular arrangement and ordering of chapters. This expresses the profound knowledge of the author and his understanding of the religion. This has made the book a more useful guide in understanding of the religious disciplines.

Manuscripts[]

The Orientalist Manjana said in Cambridge in 1936 that the oldest manuscript he had come across up to that point was written in 984 CE/370 AH, according to the narration of al-Mirwazi from al-Farbari^[15] The oldest full manuscript which was printed by ISAM is from 1155/550 AH.^[16]

Contents[]

For convenience Bukhari's collection was bound into books. The standard Arabic edition was published by E.J. Brill in 4 volumes from 1862 to 1908, editors Ludolf Krehl & Theodor Juynboll, and from which the English standard referencing derives.^{[17] [18]}

Under the deprecated USC-MSA web English reference numbering scheme, al-Bukhari's collection is divided into 93 chapters.^[19][20]

Authenticity[]

In the , Ibn al-Salah (Shafiʽi school) said: "The first to author a Sahih was Bukhari, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Juʿfī, followed by Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj an-Naysābūrī al-Qushayrī, who was his student, sharing many of the same teachers. These two books are the most authentic books after the Qurʾān. As for the statement of Al-Shafi‘i, who said "I do not know of a book containing knowledge more correct than Malik's book," – others mentioned it with a different wording – he said this before the books of Bukhari and Muslim. The book of Bukhari is the more authentic of the two and more useful."^[8]

Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani quoted as saying, "After Bukhari had written the Sahih, he read it to Ali ibn al-Madini, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Yahya ibn Ma'in as well as others. They considered it a good effort and testified to its authenticity with the exception of four hadith. Al-‘Uqailee then said that Bukhari was actually correct regarding those four hadith." Ibn Hajar then concluded, "And they are, in fact, authentic."^[22]

Ibn al-Salah said in his Muqaddimah ibn al-Ṣalāḥ fī ʿUlūm al-Ḥadīth: "It has been narrated to us that Bukhari has said, 'I have not included in the book al-Jami’ other than what is authentic and I did not include other authentic hadith for the sake of brevity.'"^[8] In addition, al-Dhahabi said, "Bukhari was heard saying, 'I have memorized one hundred thousand authentic hadith and two hundred thousand which are less than authentic.'"^[23]

Criticism[]

At least one famous ahaad (solitary) hadith in Bukhari, regarding women's leadership,^[24] based upon its content and its hadith narrator (Abu Bakra), is believed by some authors to be inauthentic. Shehadeh uses gender theory to critique the hadith.^[25]

Another hadith ("Three things bring bad luck: house, woman, and horse."), reported by Abu Hurairah, has been criticized by Fatema Mernissi for being reported out of context and without any further clarification in Bukhari's collection. The clarification is given in a hadith reported by Aisha in Imam Zarkashi's (1344-1392) hadith collection: "...He [Abu Hurairah] came into our house when the Prophet was in the middle of a sentence. He only heard the end of it. What the Prophet said was: 'May God refute the Jews; they say three things bring bad luck: house, woman, and horse.'" This case raises the question of whether other hadith in Bukhari have been reported incompletely and lacking proper context.^[26]

Others have criticised the apparent contradictions within Bukhari regarding Ahruf of the Quran. Some hadith state the Qur'an was revealed only in the dialect of the Quraysh (Muhammad's tribe), while others state it was revealed in seven styles.^[27][28][29]

Rachid Aylal, a Quranist,^{[30][note 1]} published a critical book on Bukhari's work in 2017, Sahih Al-Bukhari... The End of a Legend. It was banned in Morocco for disturbing spiritual security, purportedly due to pressure from Islamists.^[31]

Certain Prophetic medicine and remedies espoused in Bukhari, such as cupping, have been noted for being unscientific.^[32] Sunni scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, on the basis of contrary archaeological evidence, criticised the hadith^[33] which claimed that Adam's height was 60 cubits and human height has been decreasing ever since.^[34]

Number of hadith[]

The number of hadiths in Sahih al Bukhari is 7563 Hadiths,^[35] including hadith occurring repeatedly. It has been said that this number of repeated hadiths is 2,230."^[8] This is referring to those hadith which are musnad,^[36] those from the Companions originating from Muhammad which are authentic.^[37]

Commentaries[]

Fathul Bari bisyarhi Shahih al-Bukhari by Ibn Hajar Asqalani

Shahih al-Bukhari

Several detailed commentaries on this collection have been written, estimated to number around 400,^[38] such as:

1. by ^[39]
2. ^[40] by Mufti Saeed Ahmed Palanpuri^[41]
3. by ^[42]
4. ^[43][44](died 1880)
5. by (died: 449 AH); published in 10 volumes with an additional volume containing indexes
6. Tafsir al-gharib ma fi al-Sahihayn by al-Humaydī (died 1095 AD).
7. Al-Mutawari 'Ala Abwab al-Bukhari by Nasir al-Din ibn al-Munayyir (died: 683 AH): An explanation of select chapter titles; published in one volume
8. Sharh Ibn Kathir (died: 774 AH)
9. Sharh ‘Ala’ al-Din Maghlatay (died: 792 AH)
10. Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (died: 852 AH)
11. Al-Kawkab al-Darari fi Sharh Al-Bukhari by al-Kirmani (died: 796 AH)
12. Sharh Ibnu al-Mulaqqin (died: 804 AH)
13. Al-Tawshih by al-Suyuti (died: 811 AH)
14. Sharh al-Barmawi (died: 831 AH)
15. Sharh al-Tilmasani al-Maliki (died: 842 AH)
16. Fath ul-Bari fi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari by al-Hafith Ibn Hajar (died: 852 AH)^[45]
17. by al-Qastallani (died: 923 AH); one of the most well known of the explanations of Sahih al-Bukhari^[45][46][47]
18. (died: 995 AH)
19. ^[48]' written by Badr al-Din al-Ayni and published in Beirut by Dar Ihya’ al-turath al-`Arabi^[45][49]
20. Al-Tanqih by al-Zarkashi
21. Sharh Ibni Abi Hamzah al-Andalusi
22. Sharh Abi al-Baqa’ al-Ahmadi
23. Sharh al-Bakri
24. Sharh Ibnu Rashid
25. "Nuzhat Ul Qari Sharah Sahih Al Bukhari" by Mufti Shareeful Haq
26. Hashiyat ul Bukhari by Tajus Shariah
27. ^[50] by Maulana Anwar Shah Kashmiri
28. Kausar Yazdani
29. ^[51] by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (9 Volumes; 7 published)
30. by , 16 volumes
31. Kanzul Mutawari Fi Ma'adini Lami' al-Darari Wa Sahih Al-Bukhari by Syaikh ul Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhalawi -24 volumes. This book is initially a compilation of lectures by Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and was made complete with additional explanations by Maulana Zakariyya.^[52]

One of the most important aspects in Sahih al-Bukhari is tarjamah al-bab^[53] or giving name of the chapter. Many great scholars adopted a common saying: "The Fiqh of Bukhari in His Chapters". Not many scholars have commented on this aspect except Hafiz Ibn Hajar Asqalani and a few others. Shah Waliyullah Muhadith Dehlawi had mentioned 14 usul (methods) to understand Abwab wa Tarajim, then added by Hind Maulana Shaykh Mahmud Hasan Ad-Deobandi to make it 15 usul. A study conducted by Syaikhul Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya had found as many as 70 usul. He wrote specifically about Tarajim Saheeh Al-Bukhari in his book, Al-Abwab wa At-Tarajim li Shahih Al-Bukhari^{[53] [52]}

Translations[]

In 2019, the Arabic Virtual Translation Center in New York translated and published the first complete English translation of Sahih Al-Bukhari with full sanad and commentary. This work, titled Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari, includes explanatory notes, a glossary of every term, and biographies of all characters.

Sahih Al-Bukhari in English, the 9 volume set

Sahih al-Bukhari was originally translated into English by Muhammad Muhsin Khan under the title "The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al Bukhari Arabic English" (1971) in nine volumes.^[54] The text used for this work is Fath Al-Bari, published by the Egyptian Press of Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi in 1959.^{[clarification needed]} It is published by Al Saadawi Publications and Dar-us-Salam and is included in the USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts.^[55] Large numbers of selected hadith from it have been translated by Muhammad Ali and Thomas Cleary.

The book is also available in numerous languages including Urdu, Bengali, Bosnian, Tamil, Malayalam,^[56] Albanian, Malay, Hindi among others.

See also[]

• Sahih Muslim
• Jami al-Tirmidhi
• Lāmiʽ al-Darārī ʽalā Jāmiʽ al-Bukhārī
• Sunan Abu Dawood
• Sunan al-Sughra
• Sunan ibn Majah
• Muwatta Malik
• Abu Tha'alba
• Quran

Notes[]

References[]

Sahih Al-Bukhari, Hadith 181

External links[]

• Sahih Bukhari (html) & (pdf) – digitized English translation by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, corrected and published by Darussalam Publishers
• Sahih Bukhari – Translation by Muhammad Muhsin Khan from Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement (USC-MSA)
• A Manual of Hadith by Muhammad Ali, pdf – a selected compendium of Sahih al-Bukhari with commentary
• History Fabrication of Fake Hadith