Sandila
Sandila | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Map of Sandila CD block | |
  Sandila Location in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 27°4′48″N 80°31′12″E / 27.08000°N 80.52000°ECoordinates: 27°4′48″N 80°31′12″E / 27.08000°N 80.52000°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Hardoi |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Council |
| • Body | Nagar Palika Parishad Sandila |
| Area | |
| • Total | 24.62 km2 (9.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 142 m (466 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 58,346 |
| • Density | 2,400/km2 (6,100/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Sandilivi |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| • Additional official | Urdu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-30 |
Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[1] It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district.[1] Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads leading in all directions and a major rail line passing through the south side of town.[2] Important industries include sweets[1] — its laddus are especially well-known[2] — as well as beedi production and zardozi work.[1]
Sandila is the oldest municipality in Hardoi district, established on 14 July 1868.[2] As of 2011, its population is 58,346, in 9,663 households.[1]
History[]
According to tradition, Sandila was originally founded by the Arakhs and called Sital Purwa.[2] The Arakhs were then driven out in the late 14th century by a Muslim force under Sayyid Makhdum Ala-ud-Din.[2] The town's name supposedly derives from an exclamation from Makhdum Ala-ud-Din, who had been given a charter by the Delhi Sultan but threw it into the Yamuna on the way there, saying "Sanad Allah", or "God be my charter".[2] The place he settled is called Makhdumpura in his honor, and his dargah still stands here.[2]
The growth of Sandila was sped up by an influx of refugees, many of whom are said to have been fleeing persecution by .[2] His successor Firoz Shah visited Sandila twice, once in 1353 on the way to Lucknow and again in 1374 on the way to Bahraich.[2] The oldest mosque in Sandila, now in ruins, was built in 769 AH on his orders.[2] The records that Sandila was ruled by Malik Hisam-ul-Mulk in 1375, and in 1394 it came under the control of , the first ruler of the Jaunpur Sultanate.[2]
By the time of Sher Shah Suri, Sandila had become so crowded that one Sayyid Husain founded a new town next to it, called Ashraf Tola.[2] The Sayyids were supporters of Sher Shah, and when Humayun was returned to power, he expelled them and looted the city.[2] The Sayyids' estates were given to the Chandelas instead, but the Sayyids gradually recovered them beginning during the reign of Aurangzeb and then especially under the Nawabs of Awadh.[2]
Up to this point, Sandila had never been a centre of government.[2] In fact, the lack of government officials here made Sandila a convenient refuge for people who wanted to avoid imperial writs.[2] That changed during the reign of Akbar, who transferred the qazi of Mahona to Sandila, and then the other pargana officials came to follow.[2] This is reflected in the Ain-i-Akbari, which lists Sandila as the seat of a pargana in Lucknow sarkar of Awadh subah.[2] It supplied the imperial treasury with a revenue of 10,623,901 dams and contributed a force of 5,000 infantry and 100 cavalry to the imperial army.[2] Sandila itself is recorded as having a brick fort at the time.[2] In addition, another mosque was built in Akbar's time, in 962 AH.[2] Another historic monument is the Bara Khambha, or "hall of twelve pillars", was built in 971 AH; it contains the tomb of Makhdum Sahib, the ancestor of Sandila's preeminent Muslim family.[2]
A third old mosque was built in 1121 AH according to its Persian-language inscription.[2] In 1850 the European traveller visited Sandila; he described it as somewhat in decline but "well-situated and possessing an excellent climate."[2]
At the turn of the 20th century, Sandila was the 7th-largest city in the Awadh region, with a population of 16,843 people.[2] A slight majority (8,876) were Muslim, while Hindus formed the second-largest religious group (7,948).[2] Sandila then comprised four mohallas: Ashraf Tola, Malkhana, Mandai, and Mahetwana.[2] The town had a tehsil office, a police station, and a town hall, along with a post office, a cattle pound, and a dispensary.[2] There was a middle school, a boys' lower primary school funded by the municipality, a private school in Ashraf Tola, and two girls' lower primary schools.[2] A new sarai, called the Quinn Sarai, had recently been built by Kunwar Durga Parshad near the railway station.[2] Sandila hosted markets on Tuesdays and Saturdays; the main items for sale were paan, ghee, and laddu.[2] It was also known for door pardahs and coloured cotton tablecloths "of a pretty design in large checks."[2] Firewood was also exported to Lucknow via train.[2] The largest source of income for the municipal government was through the collection of octroi.[2]
Apart from this, the Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (2 April 1909 – 1 August 2001) was the only Muslim woman in the Constituent Assembly of India that drafted the Constitution of India. Qudsia was married in 1929 to Nawab Aizaz Rasul, the taluqdar (landowner) of Sandila in Hardoi district of what was then Oudh (now a part of Uttar Pradesh). The match was arranged by Sir Malcolm Hailey and the marriage was entirely harmonious. Two years after the wedding, when Qudsia was fourteen, her father died in 1931. Shortly after this happened, her in-laws came and took her away to Sandila, which was to be her home in life and where she lies buried after her death. In Sandila, Qudsia came to be addressed after her husband's name as "Begum Aizaz Rasool," and this is the name by which she is known in all public records.
Geography[]
Sandila is located at 27°05′N 80°31′E / 27.08°N 80.52°E.[3] It has an average elevation of 142 metres (466 ft). It is around 50 kilometres away from Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh and is an important tehsil of the district Hardoi.
Demographics[]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 16,843 | — |
| 1911 | 15,241 | −9.5% |
| 1921 | 14,074 | −7.7% |
| 1931 | 15,034 | +6.8% |
| 1941 | 17,526 | +16.6% |
| 1951 | 17,400 | −0.7% |
| 1961 | 18,407 | +5.8% |
| 1971 | 22,365 | +21.5% |
| 1981 | 29,700 | +32.8% |
| 1991 | 38,605 | +30.0% |
| 2001 | 48,899 | +26.7% |
| 2011 | 58,346 | +19.3% |
| Source: 2011 Census of India[1] | ||
The 2011 Census of India recorded the population of Sandila as 58,346 people, of whom 30,400 were male and 27,946 female.[1] The corresponding sex ratio of 919 females to every 1000 males was the highest among towns in Hardoi district.[1] Among the 0-6 age group, the sex ratio was 910, which was slightly above the district urban average of 906.[1] Members of scheduled castes made up 8.13% of the town's population, and members of scheduled tribes made up 0.03%.[1] The literacy rate of Sandila was 65.79% (counting only people age 7 and up); it was higher among men and boys (70.99%) than women and girls (60.15%).[1] In terms of employment, Sandila had the highest percentage of main workers (i.e. people employed for at least 6 months per year) among towns in Hardoi district, with 27.15% falling into this category.[1] Marginal workers made up 3.91%, and non-workers made up 68.94%.[1] Employment status varied heavily according to gender, with 51.34% of men but only 9.01% of women being either main or marginal workers.[1]
Economy[]
As of 1971, the economy of Sandila was described as a mixture of the industrial, service, and commercial sectors (in that order).[4] The main items imported were groundnuts, cloth, and grains; the main items manufactured were handloom cloth, brass utensils, and beedies; and the main exports were groundnuts, grain, and handloom cloth.[4]
In 1981, Sandila was home to four medium- and large-scale factories, including two each in the public and private sectors.[5] These included the Laxmi Sugar & Oil Mills Ltd., the oldest large-scale factory in the district, which was established in 1935 and as of 1981 was producing 24,000 tonnes of sugar.[5] Raw sugarcane was supplied from Hardoi as well as parts of Sitapur district.[5] There was also a textile mill, run by U.P. State Textiles Corporation Ltd., which at the time employed almost 1,000 weavers and was equipped with 25,000 spindles; an expansion was planned at the time that would double its size.[5] A medium-scale factory run by U.P. Metal Industries Ltd. had been functioning since 1976 and was producing some 1,000 tonnes of metal pipe annually.[5] The fourth, the Hardoi Co-operative Vanaspati Mills Ltd., was still under construction at the time.[5]
Also described in 1981, the main powerlines connecting Lucknow's hydroelectric power supply to Hardoi run through Sandila; they include both a 132-kilovolt line and a 66-kilovolt one.[5] The lion's share of electricity consumption in the district at the time was for irrigation and water supply, making up 57.34% of the total consumption.[5]
Sanitation[]
As of 1971, Sandila was one of two towns in Hardoi district (along with Hardoi itself) that had arrangements for mechanical transport and removal of night soil.[4]
As of 2011, the drainage system employed in Sandila is open sewers, and 6,000 flush toilets have been installed in the town.[1]
Villages[]
At the turn of the 20th century, it was noted that many villages in Sandila pargana were unusually large because of past political instability.[2] In (then-) recent years, "numberless hamlets have sprung up as offshoots of the larger villages," due to secure conditions.[2]
As of 2011, Sandila CD block has the following 97 villages:[1]
| Village name | Total land area (hectares) | Population (in 2011) |
|---|---|---|
| 137.5 | 1,625 | |
| 183.1 | 1,038 | |
| 50.4 | 249 | |
| 188.9 | 975 | |
| 217.6 | 1,576 | |
| 43.4 | 553 | |
| 1,165.4 | 8,057 | |
| 54.1 | 579 | |
| 165.7 | 1,758 | |
| 60.6 | 593 | |
| 43 | 370 | |
| 164.8 | 1,190 | |
| 100.6 | 1,019 | |
| 326.6 | 2,332 | |
| 190.5 | 1,144 | |
| 211.3 | 1,393 | |
| 173.5 | 1,252 | |
| 236.8 | 1,594 | |
| 678.3 | 5,546 | |
| 182.6 | 2,146 | |
| 898.8 | 6,060 | |
| 920.5 | 5,846 | |
| 1,177.8 | 5,537 | |
| 37.6 | 271 | |
| 97.2 | 1,052 | |
| 355.8 | 1,782 | |
| 550.5 | 3,745 | |
| 136.8 | 1,035 | |
| 239.2 | 1,157 | |
| 244.1 | 1,331 | |
| 373.9 | 1,373 | |
| 107.8 | 654 | |
| 146.3 | 897 | |
| 44.4 | 625 | |
| 467.9 | 2,386 | |
| 861.6 | 6,690 | |
| 45.9 | 454 | |
| 276.8 | 515 | |
| 34.7 | 2 | |
| 128.6 | 2,082 | |
| 206.8 | 1,146 | |
| 440 | 3,707 | |
| 376.9 | 2,299 | |
| 296.2 | 2,407 | |
| 311.4 | 1,689 | |
| 596.6 | 3,778 | |
| 437.7 | 2,132 | |
| 168.2 | 917 | |
| 165.8 | 1,151 | |
| 222.6 | 1,026 | |
| 351.4 | 2,960 | |
| 44.6 | 152 | |
| 92.6 | 1,294 | |
| 275.1 | 2,607 | |
| 332.3 | 2,711 | |
| 356.8 | 2,541 | |
| 734.3 | 4,178 | |
| 80.8 | 749 | |
| 756.8 | 3,290 | |
| 247 | 983 | |
| 174.4 | 1,111 | |
| 651.4 | 4,732 | |
| 89.2 | 923 | |
| 278.9 | 2,131 | |
| 235 | 1,123 | |
| 431.1 | 5,324 | |
| 129.4 | 851 | |
| 474.8 | 2,909 | |
| 246.1 | 2,836 | |
| 256.3 | 2,021 | |
| 193.8 | 1,599 | |
| 58.9 | 270 | |
| 300.2 | 2,315 | |
| 147.9 | 1,648 | |
| 195.4 | 1,235 | |
| 748.8 | 4,966 | |
| 939 | 4,536 | |
| 223.7 | 1,707 | |
| 125.6 | 536 | |
| 268.6 | 2,527 | |
| 384.3 | 2,908 | |
| 111 | 1,019 | |
| 1,089.2 | 4,520 | |
| 324.4 | 262 | |
| 265.4 | 2,185 | |
| 241.8 | 2,259 | |
| 549.3 | 3,028 | |
| 69.6 | 552 | |
| 419.5 | 2,375 | |
| 275.4 | 1,623 | |
| 209.2 | 1,331 | |
| 51 | 159 | |
| 633.2 | 4,065 | |
| 275 | 3,886 | |
| 422.9 | 3,471 | |
| 68 | 657 | |
| Som | 528.4 | 5,040 |
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory)" (PDF). Census 2011 India. pp. 15–16, 32–52, 435–54, 578–82, 589. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Nevill, H.R. (1904). Hardoi - A Gazetteer. Allahabad: Government Press. pp. 121, 133–5, 249–57. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sandila
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Census 1971 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part X-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi (PDF). 1972. pp. viii–xi, 8–9. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi (PDF). 1982. pp. 4, 6–7. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
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