Sanjak of Alexandretta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map showing the states of the French Mandate from 1921 to 1922
Reglement Organique of the Sandjak of Alexandretta, within the State of Syria, 14 May 1930
Part of a series on the
History of Syria
Bosra pano Syria.jpg
Prehistory
Bronze Age
Antiquity
Middle Ages
  • Tulunid dynasty
  • Ikhshidid dynasty
  • Zengid dynasty
  • Hamdanid dynasty
  • Mirdasid dynasty
  • Fatimid Syria
  • Seljuk Syria
  • Crusader states
    • County of Edessa
    • Principality of Antioch
    • County of Tripoli
  • Ayyubid Syria (1174–1260)
  • Mamluk Syria (1260–1516)
Early modern
Modern
  • Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–50)
  • Second Syrian Republic (1950–58, 1961–63)
    • United Arab Republic (1958–61)
  • Baathist Syria (1963–present)
Timeline

Asia (orthographic projection).svg Asia portal

P history.svg History portal
  • v
  • t

The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Arabic: لواء الإسكندرونة‎ / Liwa' Al-Iskandarūna, Turkish: İskenderun Sancağı, French: Sandjak d'Alexandrette) was a sanjak of the Mandate of Syria composed of two qadaas of the former Aleppo Vilayet (Alexandretta and Antioch, now İskenderun and Antakya) and became autonomous under Article 7 of the 1921 Treaty of Ankara: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".[1] That was because of the presence of Turkic peoples along with Syriacs and Arabs of various religious denominations: Sunni Muslims, Alawites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics and Maronites. There were also communities of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, Jews and Kurds.

In 1923, Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925, it was attached to the combined State of Syria,[2] with a sort of federal administrative status termed régime spécial.[3]

The 1936 elections in the sanjak returned two MPs favoring the independence of Syria from France, and this prompted communal riots as well as passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.[2]

Population[]

According to the estimates of the French high commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000, 46% were Arabs and among them 61% Alawites and 39% Sunni, 39% were Turks, 11% Armenians, , 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious plurality, Arabic speakers including Sunnis, Alawites and Christians were more numerous.[4]

Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[4]
Ethnic group Inhabitants %
Alawites 61,600 28%
Sunni Arabs 22,000 10%
Turks 85,800 39%
Armenians 24,200 11%
Melkites, Greeks and other Christians 17,600 8%
Circassians, Jews, Kurds 8,800 4%
Total 220,000 100%

1938 voter registration and "elections"[]

Turkish forces under Colonel Şükrü Kanatlı entering Alexandretta on July 5, 1938.

The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine for Alawi, five for Armenians, two for Sunni Arabs, and two for Antiochian Greeks. This repartition was the result of a Turkish military intervention from Payas and Hassa just beforehand, on July 5, 1938, with the ethnic cleansing of most of its Arab and Armenian inhabitants who constituted the majority of the population.[5] Turkey also trucked in tens of thousands of Turks into the Sanjak of Alexandretta to register as citizens and vote.[6] Moreover, the results seemed to be questionable because it happened for the sole purpose of seat repartition, and Turkish propaganda was very active among Alawis and Circassians, all of whom were considered as Turks by Ankara.[2]

According to the official registration numbers by July 22, 1938, 57,008 voters in the Sanjak were registered, belonging to the following ethnic groups.[7]

  • Turks: 35,847
  • Alawites: 11,319
  • Armenians: 5,504
  • Greek Orthodox: 2,098
  • Arabs (Sunni Muslim): 1,845
  • "Others": 359

40 seats of the sanjak assembly per qadaa were distributed as follows:

  • Antakya: 14 Turks, 7 Alawis, 2 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 1 Greek Orthodox
  • İskenderun: 3 Turks, 2 Alawis, 1 Armenian, 1 Greek Orthodox
  • Kırıkhan: 5 Turks, 2 Armenians
  • Total: 22 Turks, 9 Alawis, 5 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 2 Greek Orthodox

Despite the voter registration, no elections were held and an "approved" sanjak assembly was commissioned by Turkish and French authorities. Tayfur Sökmen who was appointed by Atatürk to lead the transition arrived in Antakya from Dörtyol on August 25, 1938.[8]

Hatay State[]

Protests in Damascus by women demonstrators against Turkey's annexation of the Sanjak of Alexandretta in 1939. One of the signs reads: "Our blood is sacrificed for the Syrian Arab Sanjak."
Main article: Hatay State

On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. The president Tayfur Sökmen was a member of Turkish parliament elected in 1935 (representing Antalya Province) and the prime minister Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep Province) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. The Hatay State became the Hatay Province of Turkey in 1939.

References[]

  1. ^ Sarah D. Shields, Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Picard, Elizabeth (January, February, March 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French). Paris: Documentation française (99). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Schmidinger, Thomas (2017-03-22). Krieg und Revolution in Syrisch-Kurdistan: Analysen und Stimmen aus Rojava (in German). Mandelbaum Verlag. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-85476-665-0.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  5. ^ Jack Kalpakian (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-7546-3338-1.
  6. ^ Robert Fisk (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335. ISBN 978-1400075171.
  7. ^ Bazantay, Pierre. "Un conflit de nationalités au Proche-Orient : le sandjak d'Alexandrette 1934-1939" (in French). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ HATAY TARİHİ Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Republic of Turkey Hatay Governorate

Further reading[]

  • Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  • Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Sanjian, Avedis K. "Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay): A Study of Franco-Turco Relations," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1956.
  • Shields, Sarah D. Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.


Coordinates: 36°24′50″N 36°15′09″E / 36.4140°N 36.2526°E / 36.4140; 36.2526

Retrieved from ""